Waterborne passenger public transport are examples. Moscow water transport: Traffic jams, private yachts and music programs of motor ships. They are mainly used for

Water transport is a type of transport that is used for freight and passenger transport by waterways. These can be either natural (rivers, lakes, seas and oceans) or artificial (canals, reservoirs) waterways. The ship is used as the main transport.

The history of water transport begins in Ancient Egypt. Until the second half of the 19th century, when transcontinental railways were created, the most important mode of transport was water (both river and sea). And today this type of transport plays an important role: from 60 to 67% of the world cargo turnover falls on river and sea vessels.

A seagoing ship of the ancient world.

The device of the vessel

In the classical concept, water transport is a ship, boat, yacht. But the category of ships also includes kayaks, inflatable boats, barges, catamarans, a hovercraft, as well as drilling operations, ekranoplanes, ekranolets, seaplanes.

Most sea and river vessels have a number of common structural elements:

• Frame
• Superstructures, deckhouses
• Power plants of the ship
• Ship devices
• Ship systems and piping
• Equipment and electrical equipment of premises

Part of the hull of a dry cargo ship

But there are also distinctive features for some categories of ships, such as ekranoplan and seaplane. For the most part, the structure is aircraft, only their hull is made on the principle of a boat.

A ship's hull is a waterproof shell that allows a ship to float on water. The end of the body is equipped with beams, which are called pins. Stem is a beam that is installed in the bow of the ship's hull. Also, at the ends, not pins, but end vertical walls can be installed - they are equipped with tugs or pushers. The ship's hull is usually made of steel.

Passenger ships have decks, river and mixed navigation, have one deck - the main one. Marine passenger ships are distinguished by the presence of several decks - upper (main), middle, lower. Large passenger ships sailing on lakes have two decks.

To keep the ship unsinkable, its hull is divided by internal watertight transverse bulkheads. This results in several rooms - compartments.

Use of watercraft

River transport

Depending on the water area in which this type of transport is used, river and sea transport are distinguished.

The first type of water transport is also called IWT (inland waterway transport). These are ships that carry out cargo and passenger transportation along inland waterways - rivers, canals, reservoirs, lakes.

River transport has an ancient history. Even in Ancient Egypt, river ships were built, rowing or sailing type. Later, they used the traction of horses or people (barge haulers) who walked along the shore. The first river steamers appeared in the 19th century. And in 1903 the history of the ship begins - this ship was built in Russia and became part of the river fleet.

River vessels occupy an important place in cargo transportation. Despite such disadvantages as seasonality of operation and low speed (from 10 to 20 kilometers per hour), water freight transport is profitable due to the fact that the cost of transportation is quite low. There are self-propelled vessels and barges - the second type of river vessels is not self-propelled, a tug vessel is used for pushing. Self-propelled river transport carries either trucks with one or another cargo, or containers - such ships are called river container ships. Barges carry either liquid cargo (for example, oil products or crude oil) or bulk cargo (for example, grain, coal, sand).

In passenger transportation, river vessels occupy a relatively small share. This is due to the fact that the usual speed of such transport reaches 20-30 kilometers per hour, which is why a river vessel cannot compete with faster buses and trains. With the help of so-called hydrofoils and an air cushion, the speed of ships can be increased to 80 kilometers per hour. However, in this case, the cost of transportation significantly increases - due to the high fuel consumption. But recently, more and more hovercraft (hovercraft) for the transport of people began to appear on the rivers. The hovercraft has the properties of an amphibian, so the vessel does not need specially equipped berths. In the spring thaw, this is the only transport capable of ferrying people and goods from one coast to another.

Hovercraft SVP-50

River passenger ships are used for tourist cruises or for transporting passengers to places with which there is no communication by land transport.

Sea transport

Maritime transport is ships moving across the seas, oceans and adjacent waters, capable of maintaining buoyancy, as well as serving passengers and participating in various operations with cargo.

The largest share of the world's freight traffic is carried by sea transport. In terms of the volume of transportation, the first place is occupied by a variety of liquid cargo: vegetable oil, liquid products of the chemical industry, crude oil and products of its processing.

The second place in terms of the volume of cargo transportation is occupied by container transportation. Specialized vessels, called container ships, have become an alternative to their predecessors, the multipurpose vessels. This is due to the fact that in an ordinary container (20-foot or 40-foot), you can transport various goods - both small and large enough, such as cars.

Dry cargo ship

There are other types of sea transport:

• Lighter carriers
• Livestock vessels
• Heavy ships
• Towing vessels
• Refrigerated trucks
• Bulk carriers for the transport of bulk cargo - e.g. coal, grain, sand

Some ships move according to a schedule between several seaports, adhering to a certain route. These are liner ships - passenger, cargo, and ferries.

Other vessels are not tied to specific geographic points and carry incidental and incidental cargo, this type of sea transport is called tramp. When carrying out tramp cargo transportation, a so-called charter agreement is carried out, in which both the carrier (charterer) and the consignor of the cargo participate. Trump shipping is carried out in cases where it is necessary to carry out the transportation of piece low-value cargo.

A mixed - in relation to waterways - type of water transport is also known. Such vessels can navigate both rivers and lakes, and seas and oceans.

For river transport, as well as ships plying the Northern Sea Route, seasonality is typical. Freight transport by water transport is the cheapest, but tied to geographic areas. When carrying out intercontinental cargo transportation, water transport is used, because the delivery of goods by air is too expensive, and the carrying capacity of aircraft is significantly lower than that of a sea vessel.

Examples of BT and a brief description

Modern water transport can be roughly divided into sports ships, cargo and passenger ships. In sports courts, traditions that have come from antiquity are preserved, for example, kayaks, canoes, sailboats, rowing boats. Often, the manufacture of such water products is a real art, as a result of the work of the masters, unique works are created. But since the beginning of the 20th century, motorized means of transportation have become a mass type of water transport - steam engines have been replaced by gasoline (in motor boats) and diesel engines.
Features of VT, the main differences from other types of vehicles.

There are many varieties of water transport. Distinguish between small vessels (most often personal), medium and large vessels. First of all, it is worth noting personal vessels - boats, motor boats, yachts.

Blohm & Voss GOLDEN ODYSSEY II

Personal water transport is used for various purposes: fishing, tourism, recreation, various activities. For recreation and tourism, vessels such as motor boats and motor boats are used. Fishing enthusiasts use inflatable motor boats. Yachts are used for events.

Unlike boats, the motors of which are stationary, motor boats are equipped with easily removable outboard gasoline engines. Also, motor boats usually have oarlocks for oars, which can be useful if, for any reason, the boat's engine fails, or it is necessary to make silent (or slow) movements.

For long-distance tourist trips along the rivers, transport and tourist motor boats are used. These ships carry both passengers and their luggage. The hulls of such motor boats are made of light metal material - aluminum or its alloy with magnesium.

It is interesting to note that many types of motor boats are planing type water transport - such vessels can slide on the surface of the water and in this way safely pass shallow water areas. In order for the engine power to be sufficient for the transition to planing, the motor boat must be moderately loaded.

Motor boats are used for hunting, fishing, tourism and recreation, as well as search and rescue operations. Depending on the scope of application, the dimensions of such a vessel, as well as its contour, differ. For example, sports motor boats are small in size and weight and have such a hull contour that allows you to move at high speed.

Boats were originally called light ships with one mast. Today, this is the name for small ships equipped with a stationary engine. In the Soviet Union, a boat of the Amur type was produced for retail sale to a wide range of buyers. Nowadays LLC "Tom" is engaged in the production of boats. This shipbuilding company produces both boats themselves with a light hull made of aluminum, and trailers for the transport of these ships.

Boats are used for boating and recreation, boating, fishing, hunting, as well as sporting events. In addition to a stationary motor, boats are usually equipped with water-jet propellers. It is the jet propulsion unit that allows the boat to enter the planing mode and easily overcome the shallow sections of the river.

Advantages and disadvantages of water transport

Cargo transportation by water transport has a number of significant advantages:

• The capacity of sea trade routes is practically unlimited
• The presence of a single legal and legal field, which has a 400-year history
• The cost of such transportation is quite low.
• High rates of carrying capacity, due to which a large amount of cargo can be transported on the ship

These advantages, especially the latter, are especially important for intercontinental transportation of large quantities of cargo (for example, oil or oil products). At the same time, water transport has a number of serious disadvantages:

• The ship moves at a relatively low speed
• It is necessary to have specially equipped port facilities
• The construction of ships and ports requires serious financial costs

Motor boats are a very popular type of small water transport due to a number of advantages:

• Such small boats are cheaper than yachts and boats
• Simple construction
• Easy handling, thanks to which the motor boat can be driven by persons without special education
• The service life is long, due to the possibility of storing the vessel on the shore
• Speed
• It is possible to provide a safe anchorage of the vessel at an unprepared shore
• The motor boat can be transported by a passenger car by installing it on a special trailer
• Due to the fact that the engine is outboard, it is easy to remove and replace; also, if necessary, the motor can be removed for safe storage

Also, motor boats have disadvantages:

• Low payload rates
• Small amount of cabins (habitable space)
• The outboard motors of these vessels are uneconomical compared to stationary boat motors.

Ways of VT evolution

The first large ships were built in ancient Egypt, wood was used as a structural material. The simplest sail was installed on the ships, catching the favorable wind. If there was no tailwind, the force of the rowers was used.

In the 15th century, large seagoing vessels with several sails appeared. At the beginning of the 19th century, the first steamship was built, used as a river vessel. Metal - iron began to be used as a material for the hull of such a ship. And the driving energy is steam. The next stage in the development of water technology was the discovery made in 1876 by Nicholas Otto - an internal combustion engine that runs on gasoline. It was internal combustion engines that began to appear more and more on boats, yachts, ferries, ships. Today it is the main engine, but not the only one installed on VT. Another stage in the development of technology was the rapid development of the petrochemical industry. At the moment, many watercraft are made of plastics polymer materials. Firstly, plastics and polymers are lighter than metal, secondly, in terms of strength, they either approach, are the same or stronger than metal alloys, and thirdly, they are corrosion-resistant.

At the moment, the greatest interest from water technology is caused by an ekranoplane, a hovercraft and planing boats, because they develop the highest speeds. The most high-speed is the ekranoplan, on it you can reach a screen flight speed of up to 700 km / h. It also differs in absolute smoothness and allows you to overcome small obstacles (isthmus, shallow). The only drawback is its high power-to-weight ratio for transferring the vehicle and maintaining it in the screen flight mode, which leads to high fuel consumption. The hovercraft and the boat have a lower speed, of the order of 150 km / h, the smoothness of the VSP is also at the level of the ekranoplan, but the boat's smoothness suffers, but the hovercraft and the boat spend much less fuel than the ekranoplan.

At the moment, the crown of technical thought is an ekranoplan. With the development of new materials and an increase in the efficiency of power units, ekranoplans may well replace private passenger air transportation. And in the future, it will become private means for long-distance transportation and world travel, displacing yachts and cars.

Sea transport is important primarily because it provides a significant part of Russia's foreign trade relations. Domestic transportation (cabotage) is essential only for the supply of the northern and eastern coasts of the country. The share of sea transport in cargo turnover is 8%, although the mass of transported goods is less than 1% of the total. This ratio is achieved due to the longest average distance of transportation - about 4.5 thousand km... Passenger transportation by sea is insignificant.

Globally sea ​​transport ranks first in terms of cargo turnover, standing out for the minimum transportation of goods. In Russia, it is relatively poorly developed, since the main economic centers of the country are far from the sea coasts. In addition, most of the seas surrounding the country's territory are freezing, which makes the use of sea transport more expensive. A serious problem is outdated fleet of the country... Most of the ships were built more than 20 years ago and should be decommissioned by world standards. There are practically no ships of modern types: gas carriers, lighter carriers, container carriers, horizontal loading and unloading vessels, etc. There are only 11 large seaports on the territory of Russia, which is not enough for a country of this scale. About half of Russian cargo transported by sea is served by ports of other states. These are mainly the ports of the former Soviet republics: Odessa (Ukraine), Ventspils (Latvia), Tallinn (Estonia), Klaipeda (Lithuania). The use of seaports of other states leads to financial losses. To solve this problem, new ports are being built on the coasts of the Baltic and Black Seas.

The Far Eastern basin is currently the leading sea basin in terms of cargo turnover. Its main ports are the rarely freezing Vladivostok and Nakhodka. A modern port of Vostochny with terminals for the export of coal and timber was built near Nakhodka. The port of Vanino, located on the final section of the Baikal-Amur railway, is also of great importance. A ferry operates in this port, connecting the railway network of mainland Russia with the network of Sakhalin Island (port of Kholmsk).

The Northern Basin is in second place in terms of cargo turnover. The main ports in it are Murmansk (non-freezing, although located beyond the Arctic Circle) and Arkhangelsk (timber export, both sea and river). Large ports also operate at the mouth of the Yenisei. These are Dudinka, through which ore concentrates are exported from Norilsk, and Igarka, through which timber and forest products are transported. The section of the Northern Sea Route between the mouth of the Yenisei and Murmansk is operating year-round, which is ensured by the use of powerful icebreakers, including nuclear-powered ones. Navigation east of the mouth of the Yenisei is carried out only 2-3 months in the summer

The third most important is the Baltic basin. The main ports in it are St. Petersburg (freezing) and Kaliningrad (non-freezing). The use of the convenient Kaliningrad port is difficult, since it is separated from the main part of Russia by the territories of foreign states. There is a small port of Vyborg near St. Petersburg, through which mainly timber goods are transported. The ports of Ust-Luga and Primorsk are under construction.

The Cheriomorsko-Azov basin is in fourth place in terms of cargo turnover. There are two ice-free oil export ports here - Novorossiysk (the most powerful in Russia) and Tuapse. The sea transport also includes transportation on the Caspian Sea. The largest here are the ports of Astrakhan (both sea and river) and Makhachkala, through which mainly oil cargoes go.

River transport

River transport (or inland waterway) was the main one in Russia until the end of the 19th century... Currently, its significance is small - about 2% of cargo turnover and weight of transported goods... Although it is a cheap form of transport, it has serious drawbacks. The main thing is that the directions of the flow of rivers often do not coincide with the directions of transportation of goods. Expensive canals have to be built to connect adjacent river basins. On the territory of Russia, river transport is a seasonal mode of transport, since rivers freeze for several months a year. The total length of navigable river routes in Russia is 85 thousand km. 3/4 of the cargo currently transported by river transport in Russia is mineral construction materials. Carriage of passengers by river transport is insignificant, as well as by sea.

More than half of the cargo turnover of the country's river transport falls on the Volga-Kama basin. It is connected by canals with neighboring basins (Don, Neva, Northern Dvina, White Sea), being the basis of the Unified deep-water system of the European part of the country. The largest river ports are also located here: Nizhny Novgorod, North, South and West in Moscow, Kazan, Samara, Volgograd, Astrakhan. In second place in terms of cargo turnover is the West Siberian basin, which includes the Ob with its tributaries. In addition to construction materials, oil cargoes account for a significant share in transportation. The main ports are Novosibirsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Labytnangi, Tyumen. The third in Russia is the Northern Dvina basin with the Sukhona and Vychegda tributaries. Timber cargo constitutes a significant share in the transportation. The main ports are Arkhangelsk and Kotlas.

River transport is of great importance in the northeastern part of Russia, where there are virtually no other types of transport networks. The bulk of cargo is delivered to these territories in summer either from the south of the railway (along the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk, along the Lena from Ust-Kut), or from the mouths of rivers, where cargo is delivered by sea.

1. Complete the tasks.

1) Mark (fill in the circle) in different colors ground, water, air and underground transport on p. 74-75.

2) Mark passenger, cargo and special transport on the same pages with the first letters of these words (write a letter in the box).
Within this framework, decipher the symbols, that is, show what color or letter each type of transport is designated.

2. Give examples of transport that is at the same time:

a) ground, passenger, personal: a car;

b) ground, passenger, public: bus, passenger train, tram, trolleybus;

c) water, passenger, personal: boat, boat, jet ski;

d) water, passenger, public: motor ship, river tram.

3. Write down the phone numbers that are called:

a) firefighters - 01

b) the police - 02

c) "Ambulance" - 03

Write down a single emergency telephone number:112

4. Compare the dimensions of the vehicles shown in the figure. In the red squares, number them in the order of increasing size, and in the blue squares - in the order of decreasing size. Ask your deskmate to check on you.

5. Make and write a general outline of the story of the history of different modes of transport.

1) Transportation in ancient times.
2) The invention of the steam engine.
3) The appearance of transport on an internal combustion engine.
4) The emergence of aviation.
5) Space flights.
6) Electric motors are the future of transport.

History of different modes of transport

In ancient times, people also used various types of transport. Most of them are still used by people. For example, even now you can see a horse pulling a cart, and wooden boats, hollowed out of tree trunks, participate in sports competitions. Also, people traveled and transported goods on dogs, camels, elephants, donkeys and other domestic animals.

In the 19th century, an event occurred that dramatically changed transport - the steam engine invented in the 17th century began to be used in transport. So in 1801, the first steam locomotive in history was built and several carriages were built, running on steam. It was also around this time that the first steamer was built.

At the end of the 19th century, a more advanced engine was invented - the internal combustion engine. The first motorcycle was built in 1885, and the first automobile in 1886. A little later, more advanced motor ships began to be mass-produced in comparison with steamships. A few decades later, diesel locomotives also went by rail.

In the 20th century, the development of transport went by leaps and bounds. in 1903, the Wright brothers flew an airplane for the first time. Aircraft were rapidly improved. A variety of types of air transport began to appear: sports, passenger, cargo, military. The engines that powered the planes also quickly became more powerful. Airplanes now fly on jet engines, some of which are capable of surpassing the speed of light.

On April 12, 1961, the greatest event took place - the first manned flight into space. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made one revolution on the Vostok spacecraft and landed safely. This event marked the beginning of the era of space transport.

Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, mankind uses a variety of modes of transport, powered by various engines. The speed of their movement, ease of use and environmental friendliness (safety for nature) increase. By the way, special attention is now paid to the environmental safety of transport. That is why now on the streets of cities trolleybuses and trams are considered the best transport, electric locomotives and electric trains are used in railway transport, and electric vehicles are becoming more and more popular as personal transport.

6. Our cheerful Parrot invites you to color the balloon so that it becomes beautiful and cheerful. You can hold a competition in the class for the funniest balloon.
Have you ever seen real balloons? If yes, please tell us about your impressions. In the frame on the right, you can paste a photo of the balloon.

River transport carries out transportation of goods and passengers along waterways of natural and artificial origin, and is relevant for local transportation within the borders of the country.

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It occupies an important place in the transport system of Russia. Most often, freight and passenger traffic takes place along the Volga, Lena, Amur, Yenisei, Ob and Angara.

Statistics

According to general statistics that do not take into account distances, 0.11 percent of the population use inland waterway transport services, which is negligible in comparison with other modes (public transport - 90.52%, rail - 8.54%).

If we take into account the distance of transportation and capacity, then the statistics will not change much: the same 0.11 percent, in comparison with rail (27%) and public (25%) transport.

In general, we can conclude that passenger river transport has a very small share among the popular modes of transport, surpassing only the sea. There is a trend towards an increase in the number of passengers using this type of transport, but it is not significant.

In the transportation of useful resources to remote riverside areas, this type of transport plays a more important role.

Inland waterway transport has been teetering on the brink of unprofitability for many years: longstanding problems with the financing of the industry have played a huge role in this.

Most of the ships currently in use are obsolete, still Soviet. At the moment, only a quarter of the hydraulic structures are in a normal state, which allows to ensure the safety of transportation.

Advantages and disadvantages

Despite the sad statistics described above, river transport has enough advantages and remains relevant today.

The advantages of this type of movement are the following:

1. The paths of natural origin are used: they do not require such costs as for the construction of roads or the laying of rails.
2. The cost of transportation is cheaper than using trains.
3. Energy consumption is less than that of land transport.
4. High carrying capacity.

But, river transportation also has negative sides. Among them are:

1. Low travel speed.
2. Seasonal: irrelevant when rivers freeze or shallow (depending on the climate of the region). In the northern regions 120-150 days a year are used, in the southern regions - 200-240 days, in regions with a mixed climate - something in between.
3. The use is limited by the format of the rivers: tortuosity, direction, length.
4. Strongly dependent on weather conditions.
5. River pollution.
6. Staggered depth; leads to additional passes when using large vessels.

Rules for the safe delivery of children by river

In any case, when traveling on water with children, do not forget about the safety rules and official instructions reflecting the rules of conduct when traveling on water:

1. First, the basic rules will be the same for both adults and children.
2. Ensure that the ship has evacuation instructions, an exit plan, and the location of lifejackets and lifeboats. In the absence of them, it is not recommended to use this water transport.
3. Once on board the ship, you enter the territory controlled by the ship's crew, including its captain. Observe their instructions and disciplinary obligations. Your safety and sailing will depend entirely on the crew on board.
4. After settling in the cabin, carefully read the instructions regarding the safety of passengers and the vessel again.
5. Make sure you have a swim vest and are fit for use. Read the instructions for use beforehand so that emergencies do not catch you by surprise.
6. It is worth making sure that the vessel is completely ready for work and from the documentary side, and has all the necessary licenses. It is worth finding out whether and

Do not forget that when buying a ticket, you are entering into a contract with the company that owns the ship.

If we take the rules relating specifically to passengers with children, the following points can be highlighted (according to and):

1. Children under 5 years of age are entitled to free travel (one child), and children from 5 to 10 years old are entitled to reduced travel (Inland Waterway Transport Code).
2. Minors under 14 years of age are not entitled to travel without being accompanied by a capable passenger. (Chapter 1, clause 8 Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of 05.05.2012 No. 140).
3. There must be children's individual lifejackets on board, one for each child on board. (Chapter 1, clause 12, Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of 05.05.2012 N 140).

Separately, you can take out the requirements from the Rules for the provision of services for the carriage of passengers, baggage, cargo for personal (household) needs in inland water transport, approved.

According to this Decree, an accompanying person with a child under 7 years old can use the services of a mother and child room:

• sleeping places and bedding for a child and an adult;
• acceptance of extraordinary orders for all types of services provided;
• use of a bath, shower, towels and other bathing accessories;
• health care;
• provision of children's games.

bypassing these rules is:

Passenger river transportation along the Volga

Passenger transportation by river transport is in demand on large rivers, including the Volga.

They are mainly used for:

1. River cruises: boat trips and speedboats.
2. Passenger transportation: in some localities, this method is the only way to arrive.

Major ports and transshipment points on such routes will be:

• Moscow;
• Yaroslavl;
• Kostroma;
• Kaluga;
• Kolomna;
• Serpukhov;
• Rybinsk;
• Samara.

The main passenger flows are concentrated in the Volga-Kama river basin. River stations of cities in this area offer many options for intracity, transit, local and suburban directions of travel along the Volga by transport, both simple and tourist.

The longest lines are Moscow - Astrakhan / Perm / Rostov / Ufa:

The largest river station is the capital.

In the Volga-Vyatka basin, the largest river terminals are located in the following cities:

• Nizhny Novgorod;
• Volgograd;
• Moscow;
• Permian;
• Astrakhan;
• Kazan;
• Yaroslavl.

The main ports in the Volga basin:

• Kalininsky;
• Cherepovetsky;
• Rybinsky;
• Yaroslavsky;
• Gorkovsky;
• Kazansky;
• Ulyanovsky;
• Kuibyshevsky;
• Saratov;
• Volgograd;
• Astrakhan;
• Permian.

Price

River transportation prices vary greatly, depending on the distance and duration of the journey, ending with the number of stops. Also, the price is strongly influenced by the type of trip - tourism or simple transportation. Plus, the price for each kg of baggage is added to the ticket price:

A simple trip will cost about t 60 to several hundred rubles, with tourist and recreational flights, the situation is more interesting. Depending on the format and content of the trip, prices vary from 5 to tens of thousands of rubles.

For example, the fare on the Krasnoyarsk - Dudinka route will be from 7 to 30 thousand rubles(depending on the category of the piece and the weight of the baggage).

How to choose the best value for money? Consider the following points:

1. Decide what is more important for you - comfort or the price of travel, because depending on the level of the cabin, the payment can differ 4 times.
2. Seasonal discounts, especially with pre-booked. The earlier you buy a ticket, the cheaper it will cost you, and the easier it will be to choose the most comfortable option.
3. It is worth examining the available offers from the companies carrying out the ferry and choosing the most optimal option.
4. The choice of the ship on which you have to sail. Today, in Russia there are ships with 2-4 decks, the number of which depends on the vessel's capacity. For some, the large size will be a plus, but since this leads to an increase in the number of people on board, this option is not suitable for everyone.
5. Examine the photos of the vessel, the interior, read reviews on different sites to make sure that there is sufficient comfort on the territory.
6. The peak of tourism and crossings usually occurs in June-July, which causes a spike in cruise prices. Try to look at the tariffs in May or August - the demand will be less, as will the price of the issue. You can, of course, try to find a ticket for October and April - but the weather is unlikely to contribute to a comfortable travel.
7. The choice of direction and length of the trip also plays an important role:
   • Surprising as it may seem, but the road Moscow - St. Petersburg, Moscow - Arkhangelsk and, for example, Naryan-Mar - Salekhard will differ significantly in price.
   • The main thing in this point is to decide on the city of departure, because the prices for the route depend on it.
   • In addition, due to the fact that large waterways in our country flow either from north to south or from south to north, it is not always possible to find a direct river path even with nearby cities, for example Khabarovsk and Birobidzhan.

Compensation for damages

Passenger transportation by this method is regulated by the 2001 “Code of Inland Water Transport of the Russian Federation”.

According to this doc:

1. The carrier bears full responsibility for passengers and accepted baggage, from the moment of boarding until the moment they leave at their destination.
2. Losses, damage or incomplete delivery of things, committed through the fault of the crew, must be compensated to the passenger, as well as the payment for the carriage of cargo in full, if the carrier does not prove that the loss was the result of circumstances beyond his control.
3. Baggage will be considered lost if it does not arrive at its destination within 30 days after the appointed date.
4. Also, the carrier is responsible for the lives of passengers and the safety of the vessel.

Transport companies

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I.V. Makeev

WATER PASSENGER TRANSPORT OF SAINT-PETERSBURG. IN SEARCH FOR POINTS OF GROWTH

A comprehensive analysis of the current state of water passenger transport in St. Petersburg is presented in order to identify new growth points. Based on the use of statistical methods, problematic situations have been identified that have an inhibitory effect for shipowners: the problem of water use, insufficient infrastructure development, planned work to clear bottom sediments, etc. The author also identified the reasons for the "boom" in this industry: from an increase in the volume of domestic tourism to changes in legislation. The practical significance of the presented approaches is due to the development of recommendations for the further development of water tourism in St. Petersburg.

Keywords:

association of shipowners of the city, waterways of St. Petersburg, water city transport, canals, passenger transportation, rivers.

Makeev I.V. Water passenger transport of St. Petersburg. In search of growth points // Society. Wednesday. Development. - 2018, No. 1. - P. 152-157.

© Makeev Ivan Vladimirovich - Postgraduate student, Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen; General Director, Odisseya Shipping Company, St. Petersburg; e-mail: [email protected]

The indisputable fact is that St. Petersburg is the center of international tourism. The city currently ranks first in the country in terms of the number of individual tourists. So, if Moscow "passes" through itself about 15% of the total number of tourists, then the share of the tourist flow received by St. Petersburg in 2017 exceeded 50%. And the number of the population employed in tourism is already more than two hundred thousand people. At a meeting of the city government, a special program for the development of tourism was developed for the next 5 years, until 2023, where it was decided to increase the share in the gross regional product from 1 to 6%.

It is known that the most prestigious award in the world of tourism is the World Travel Awards, which has been awarded since 1993 by tourists, experts and industry leaders. In 2017, our city received awards in two nominations at once: "The world's leading tourist destination", as well as the "World's leading urban destination"

The following reasons became the main reasons for identifying the winner city: safety of the city for tourists, developed urban infrastructure, hotel network of the tourist destination. One of the problematic situations on the eve of the largest world sports forum - the IEA-2018 FIFA World Cup - is the integrated development of all types of urban transport: ground, underground and water, where safety and comfort for passengers are unconditional priorities, especially in the summer, when the city literally crowded with tourists from all parts of the world. The total annual tourist flow shows a steady growth. In 2016, the Northern Capital was visited by about 6.9 million people, which is 0.4 million more than in 2015. About 2.9 million citizens of other states passed the customs checkpoints at the offices in the Northwestern Federal District.

St. Petersburg is a special city, which is the undisputed leader in

the authorities of inbound and domestic tourism in the Russian Federation. The development of water city transport is a strategically priority area that requires painstaking analysis and interaction between federal and regional authorities, as well as representatives of this traditional market for services for the city on the Neva. Along with the increase in the number of guests of our city, the indicators of passengers transported by water city transport are also growing. From 2008 to 2016, the number of tourists visiting St. Petersburg increased by 43.8%, and the number of passengers transported annually on intracity routes increased by 38.9%. It should be admitted that, according to unofficial data, much more passengers are transported per year, it is just that not all trips are carried out through fiscal documents (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Growth dynamics in St. Petersburg of tourism and passenger traffic on intracity water transport routes 2008-2016. Compiled according to the data of the St. Petersburg State Institution "Agency for External Transport".

Currently, there are about 50 shipping companies operating in St. Petersburg, providing excursion services on rivers and canals. Of these, about 75% of passenger traffic is carried out by 12 companies that are members of the "Association of Passenger Ship Owners". Boat routes with stops are gaining more and more popularity, where, with a pre-purchased ticket, you can get on board or get off at any stop, while the route is circular. It should be admitted that the future belongs to such routes, thus the movement of water passenger transport in European cities, where there is much more experience in organizing excursion and pleasure navigation, is organized. Perhaps goodwill is needed to expand the city's largest shipowners association to discuss

issues of interaction between business and government. Thus, in the historical center of the city, you can get a number of well-functioning, popular circular routes with a high level of integrated safety; such plans can only be realized within the framework of the association. Thanks to the collective work, it turned out to "save" for domestic and foreign tourists the layout of bridges on the Neva, which officials wanted to cancel for viewing from the excursion ship, due to unfinished security requirements. The most pressing issues for most shipowners are the following problem situations:

For more than 10 years there has been a problem of water use, in which the use of surface water bodies or their parts falls on the shipping companies. In 2016, at a meeting of the State Council, the President gave an order by 03/01/2017 to cancel such agreements altogether for passenger water transport, but this process, unfortunately, has not been completed by 2018 either.

Starting in 2016, the Federal Antimonopoly Service issued a decree that obliges ships carrying out intracity excursion and tourist routes, even slightly entering the sea waters (because it is not possible to pass through the Neva delta otherwise, due to geography), to pay the fees of FSUE Rosmorport ". Previously, such deductions were not made. Thus, instead of the government's policy to support small businesses, new fees have been introduced.

Currently, there are only two specialized berths in St. Petersburg for the collection of household waste, including fecal water. These points are located at a sufficient distance from the historical center - the main navigation area for water excursion transport (the first is near the River Station, which is very far away, and on the Makarov embankment behind the Tuchkov bridge, which is overloaded). The lack of this kind of infrastructure provokes unscrupulous navigators to unauthorized dumping of waste into the Neva and the Gulf of Finland, which undoubtedly has an adverse effect on the environment and sanitary conditions on rivers and canals.

In 2016, planned work on clearing bottom sediments of the Moika River channel in the area of ​​"colored" bridges during almost the entire navigation made it impossible to carry out excursions.

activity, blocking the river bed during daylight hours. The presented process was extremely extended, since only one dredger was involved in its implementation, due to the lack of funds allocated by the city. It is logical to assume that two dredgers would have coped twice as fast with clearing the Moika River, which was last cleaned 60 years ago.

As you can see from the table. 1, over two years of tracking statistics on passenger traffic by water transport, passenger traffic increased by almost 25%. It should be noted, however, that this sample does not include carriers in the shadow sector that are not members of the association. According to unofficial data, this is still about 600,000 "unaccounted for" passengers per year, where, however, there is also an increase in passenger traffic of about 20%. At the same time, most of the traffic is carried out along the rivers and canals of the city, where the heaviest traffic is observed during the peak load of the high season.

In 2016, about 1.5 million people were transported on excursion and walking routes, which is 59% of the total passenger traffic on water transport routes in St. Petersburg. Thus, we can say that the industry is experiencing a "real boom" and this is due to several factors at once:

Increase in the volume of domestic tourism. For economic reasons, citizens of the Russian Federation choose St. Petersburg, preferring Europe and traditional beach holidays.

Increase in the volume of inbound tourism. Due to the change in the exchange rate in favor of the euro and the dollar, the flow of foreign tourists to St. Petersburg has significantly increased.

Changes in legislation in terms of simplifying the procedure for obtaining a license for passenger transport by water transport, including the use of small vessels, which was not the case before.

A significant increase in the number of ships for passenger traffic. For 10 years, the number of ships has increased 3 times. It became possible to use ships or spare parts for them of foreign production, not produced according to standards, developed

Table 1

Dynamics of the volume of passenger traffic by water transport in St. Petersburg in 2014-2016, people

Year In high-speed fleet On the river. Neva and the Gulf of Finland Through the city's canals Total Change in total passenger traffic to last year's level%

2014 401 176 267 531 703 591 1 372 298 -

2015 476 773 299 797 780 607 1 557 177 13,47

2016 549 035 310 468 848 759 1 708 262 9,7

botanized back in Soviet times. The development and construction of passenger ships of new projects is underway.

Speaking about the development of public water transport in St. Petersburg, a comparative analysis suggests itself with Venice, where water transport occupies a dominant position. The passenger traffic of water buses "Vaporetto" (literally "ferry") reaches a colossal amount of 200 million passengers per year, comparable to underground transport. For comparison: the busiest line of the St. Petersburg metro, Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya, carries about 250 million passengers a year. Public (liner) water transport in Venice of the North began to appear about 10 years ago and occupies a small market share, although the Venetian water bus was launched in 1881, and since 1978 it has been operated by a state-owned monopoly company. It is more common for the city on the Neva to rent pleasure boats for events - weddings and school proms or for guided group excursions. Due to the high cost of services and seasonality, the small-sized water transport of St. Petersburg cannot perform the functions of a taxi, as in Venice, while residents and guests of Venice simply have no choice. The congestion of the canals by the small fleet of gondolas in Venice is being addressed by limiting the number of licenses issued to operate these classic rowing boats. There can be no more than 425 gondoliers in total, and they are obliged to work in different shifts: day and night no more than 12 hours. With such measures, the authorities wanted to achieve not only the ability to unload narrow Venetian canals from clumsy (11 meters long and 1.4 meters wide) wooden gondolas, but also to “protect” them in this way. The residents of the city themselves asked to add this most important historical symbol of Venice to the UNESCO list of cultural heritage sites. The craft of making them passed from father to son, many

For centuries, the standards and materials of their construction were unchanged, recently they began to be created from plastic, and not according to old technologies, which indignant the inhabitants of the city with age-old traditions.

In St. Petersburg, with the rapid growth in the number of small vessels and in the conditions of a sharp shortage of water space, it would not have been possible to do this. We do not have such traditions and continuity; among the many shipping companies of St. Petersburg, all of them are initially in different "weight categories" due to the different duration of their presence on the market. Private shipbuilding in Russia is a very costly project that allows you to "return" investments, sometimes only after 10 years. If we keep the number of small vessels now, this would not allow new shipping companies with modern modernized vessels to appear on the market, which means that competition would disappear, the quality of services would decrease, and the modernization of the fleet would slow down. And this is one of the most important conditions for the development of urban shipping.

One of the sensitive problems on the rivers and canals of the historic center is the safety of navigation and navigation in a narrow space bounded by granite embankments and low spans of vaulted bridges. The installation of traffic lights on the bridge spans did not lead to the desired effect of eliminating water congestion, since it was impossible to predict where the vessel was heading - downstream or upstream. Everywhere on the ships under the technical control of the Russian River Register of Shipping, the AIS observation system and the GLONASS satellite navigation system were introduced, so that ships did not enter prohibited areas at the wrong time. Conversations via radio are recorded in case of emergency situations, and they are now the most effective for eliminating possible accidents on the water. In a closed system, boatmasters of motor ships have been working for years, they constantly monitor the water level and are well aware of the dimensions of their own and "neighboring" vessels in order to agree on the radio station, who will let whom and which sides are convenient to leave. Everyone knows each other literally by name or call sign, which are the names of ships. Vessels sailing downstream take priority by default.

Based on global trends and forecasts for the development of foreign small-sized

fleet in St. Petersburg, in the future until 2025 it is possible to predict an annual increase in the number of ships in St. Petersburg in the range of up to 5%. While maintaining such positive dynamics of passenger traffic growth and an increase in excursion water transport units, a real shortage of water space is expected in the historical part of St. Petersburg. So, already in 2020, movement along the circular route "Fontanka River - Kryukov Canal - Moyka River - Winter Canal - Neva River - Fontanka River" will be significantly hampered. The route, which previously took 60-70 minutes, will take 90-100 minutes even on weekdays. And in 2025, on certain turning and cross sections of inland waterways, forced stops in traffic jams will reach 20-25 minutes to allow oncoming convoys of ships to pass. In this state of affairs, it is extremely important to forecast and find a way out of this situation. Practice has shown that in the conditions of a closed channel space, the installation of traffic lights on the bridge dimensions does not work, but only slows down the movement. In 2013, in test mode, such a traffic light system was introduced, and then at the end of navigation it was eliminated. The decision to split routes seems to be quite simple. In other words, some of the ships based on the Neva can be launched exclusively along the front part of the Neva, and the ships that start their route in the canals can be closed without going out to the Neva. Such a kind of "synchronization" of course, will allow for some time to unload small rivers and canals, but from the point of view of the quality of the services provided, it will be difficult to justify. As a rule, the majority of consumers want to see the front Neva and small rivers and canals, and few will want to buy a ticket twice. Therefore, more radical ways of solving this problem suggest themselves.

The fact is that at the moment passenger ships can get into the internal rivers and canals from the Neva in only one way - through the Laundry Bridge on the Fontanka River. The exit from the canals is carried out in two ways through the Winter Canal, as well as through the Fontanka, through the same Prachechny Bridge. And if inside the system of small rivers 150-200 ships simultaneously go in different directions, which in their dimensions cannot disperse under the vaulted bridges, then due to the limited connection with the main waterway of the city of Neva, a transport begins.

collapse, which is no longer uncommon even now, not only on weekends or holidays, but also on days with sunny weather.

Administratively, all waterways of St. Petersburg can be divided into three categories, where different rules and laws apply (Fig. 2):

1. Inland sea waters, including seaports. In St. Petersburg, these include all the waters west of the Blagoveshchensky Bridge, Tuchkov Bridge and the west of the Krestovsky and Elagin Islands.

2. Inland waterways of the Russian Federation. This includes the Neva River and its branches east of the Blagoveshchensky and Tuchkov bridges along the entire length of the city limits.

3. Inland waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. These are practically all the small rivers and canals of the city, starting from the Karpovka River in the north and ending with the Obvodny Canal on the southern border of the historical building.

4. The section of the Bolshaya Neva with a length of 1350 meters, related to the internal sea routes, necessary to expand the zone of movement of excursion and pleasure boats.

All these waterways interact with each other and have different administrative

active submission. Now passenger, excursion ships cannot enter the west of the Blagoveshchensky Bridge, since there is already a zone of the Big Port of St. Petersburg, special port services work there, cargo ships are in the roadstead, large ferries moor. And for a long time this state of affairs was absolutely justified. But the city's hydrographic network is practically static, and the needs of city excursion transport are changing, and especially rapidly in recent years.

The Moika River flows into the Bolshaya Neva just between Novo-Admiralteisky Island in the north and Matisov Island in the south. And theoretically, this is another missing exit or entrance to the Neva, which, over time, will definitely be required to unload small rivers and canals. The Novo-Admiralteisky Canal located nearby can serve as an additional exit to the Neva for small vessels, and the Moika River, by its characteristics in this area, is excellent for entering and exiting single-deck vessels of any type. Due to the overhaul of the Tuchkov Bridge on the Malaya Neva in 2015-2016. an exception has already been made, and double-decker, as well as high-speed passenger ships were allowed

Rice. 2. Waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. 1 - inland sea waters. 2 - inland waterways of the Russian Federation. 3 - inland waterways of the city of St. Petersburg. 4 - a section of the Bolshaya Neva River, related to the internal sea routes.

south of Vasilievsky Island to the Gulf of Finland in the directions to Petrodvorets and Kronstadt. In the foreseeable future, the need to open a section of the Bolshaya Neva from the Mining Institute to the Blagoveshchensky Bridge looks more than justified. A joint search for a compromise is needed for the entire water transport of the city. If only in the daytime you open a section of the Bolshaya Neva with a length of only 1350 meters, then this will certainly help to relieve small rivers and canals by 40%. Thus, in this part of the Moika, the necessary berthing infrastructure will appear, new interesting routes will appear, with a transfer hub in the cluster of New Holland Island, which was originally conceived for the needs of the fleet. The integration of urban water transport will take place. This will give a real impetus to the development of this historical part of the city, located on the periphery and away from metro stations and public transport highways. It should be admitted that the ceremonial ensembles of the Promenade des Anglais and the Lieutenant Schmidt Embankment from the water are also very interesting for guests and residents of our city.

The status of the customs inspection zone for ferry vessels mooring in this section of the water area is, of course, difficult in terms of changes in legislation. The process of bureaucratic changes and approvals can take more than one year, the more important it is to start the analysis

the current situation together with the authorities before. Recognizing the importance of St. Petersburg as the largest transport and transit hub for freight transport, which begins to take a queue before drawing bridges, for further movement towards Lake Ladoga, it is possible to limit access to the Bolshaya Neva, say, until midnight. Thus, it is possible to exclude various emergency situations in matters of safety of navigation and transportation of passengers, since we know that barges and dry cargo ships in their dimensions can only pass at night, when the bridges are already opened, and there is no pleasure and excursion fleet in the Bolshaya Neva according to the rules of navigation at night.

Water excursion and walking transportation is an integral part of the culture of the city, which was conceived as the sea capital of Russia. It is not without reason that almost every third guest of our city uses the opportunity to see the Venice of the North from the board of a motor ship or boat. Water tourism continues its development at the intersection of various industries, taking on the challenges of the new time. Decisions on the development of passenger shipping in the historical part of the city are possible only in the context of deep interaction of interested departments and participants in the transportation market to develop measures aimed at developing the unused waterways of St. Petersburg for various reasons.

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