8-07-2016, 15:07 |
Pyramids of Egypt
Egyptian pyramids are the most unique structure of the era Of the ancient world... The land of ancient Egypt has always been a place of unique scientific discoveries by archaeologists. Most of the finds naturally gave us the pyramids - the ancient tombs of the pharaohs. They were created in order to provide immortality to the spirit of the pharaoh. Pharaoh Djoser, the first king of the 3rd dynasty, became the first sovereign to build a pyramid. It consists of six steps, about 60 meters high. The authorship is attributed to Imhotep, a scientist, physician and architect. Djoser was very pleased with the construction, so he was allowed to engrave the name of the architect on his statue - this is truly an unheard of honor for that time. Excavations on the pyramid of Djoser have opened the eyes of scientists to many tombs of the king's family members and his entourage.
Egyptian pyramids pyramid of Cheops
The largest pyramid is the pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu or Cheops. Its age is about five thousand years, the height was 147 meters earlier, and now, due to the collapse of 137 meters, the side length is 233 meters. Before late XIX v. the pyramid of Cheops was considered the highest architectural structure in the world. It was found that it was built from 2,300,000 known boulders, they were polished and weighed about two tons. The most interesting thing is that the gap between the blocks is extremely insignificant, it is even problematic to stick a knife blade there. This is amazing ... Many people still argue how the Egyptians managed to move them. It is also important to understand how laborious this work was, because those artisans who were engaged in grinding also used stone tools. On the right bank of the Nile there were kamelomni, it was there that stones were mined for the construction of pyramids. In the rock, the boundaries of the stone were marked, along these cutoffs the workers hollowed out a furrow. Then a dry tree was placed there, it was watered with water, it expanded and the stone broke off from the mountain. The stones were polished here on the spot. The workers had to work in any weather. Further, the blocks were transported on boats to the other side of the Nile, on wooden skids they were transported to the place where the pyramid was built. They were built for many years, many workers died. According to the information of the ancient scientist Herodotus, the pyramid of Cheops was built for about twenty years, every three months the workers changed, and they employed about 100,000 people. Two-ton boulders were lifted only with the help of human strength.
A new hypothesis about the date of the erection of the Egyptian pyramids was born in Ulyanovsk. Its author is one entrepreneur Sergey Bayderyakov, he has already sent his developments to Moscow scientists and Egyptologists and is now waiting for a response from them. And we decided not to wait for the verdict of pundits and ask the author how he, living on the Volga, studied the overseas wonder of the world? And how old are the pyramids actually? It turned out that you can study the unsurpassed architectural structures of the Egyptians without leaving your home. One has only to stock up on the necessary books. Based on the information obtained from the books, Sergei Bayderyakov, in fact, put forward his hypothesis.
Science has not yet determined the exact date of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids, scientists in their definitions differ not even by hundreds, but by thousands of years. According to the traditional version, they have been standing for 4.5 thousand years. This age was shown by the study by the method of radiocarbon decay. There are other methods as well, like star reference. Astronomers claim that the pyramids copy the arrangement of stars in the constellation Orion, which was observed 12.5 thousand years ago. Our Ulyanovsk researcher Evgeny Menshov determined that 12.5 thousand years ago the planets Earth, Mars, Venus in the starry sky were also located exactly as the pyramids now stand. The soothsayers also had their say on this issue: the famous American psychic Edgar Cayce, who lived at the pyramids and studied them, gave the pharaohs a haven for 12.5 thousand years. There is a hypothesis that estimates their age at one hundred thousand years, but it has not been confirmed by anything.
All this information was studied by Sergei Bayderyakov. Then I noticed one interesting fact, which is not particularly advertised anywhere: the sphinx located next to the pyramids, judging by radiocarbon studies, has been "living" for 8.5 thousand years. That is, older than the pyramids themselves. A similar discrepancy intrigued the Ulyanovsk businessman: it is known that both the pyramids and the Sphinx were built from the same stones, using the same technology. The age of the Sphinx is not advertised because it does not fit into the age of the pyramids, Baideriakov concluded. This means that something is unclean in this hypothesis.
I have long been interested in such a phenomenon as the uneven aging of buildings built at the same time, says Bayderyakov. There are, for example, "Khrushchevs" that grew up in different cities forty years ago. They are standing side by side, built using the same technology, from the same materials, and the same housing construction. But they look different: some are more intact, others are worn out. This gave me the idea that in some zones, time changes faster and houses age faster, perhaps the same is true for the people living in them. This means that these houses could be in geopathogenic zones.
For your information, a pathogenic zone is a place that negatively affects a person or physical objects. And "geo" means that this impact is caused by geological faults.
There are numerous studies on these disadvantaged areas, including the buildings located in them.
If there are destructive, geopathogenic, zones, then there must be others - geomantical, with a rejuvenating effect, Bayderyakov decided. This idea inspired him. He associated this version with the pyramids - maybe they are younger than the age when they were erected. Simply put, well preserved.
- I am satisfied with the age of the pyramids - 12.5 thousand years. It can be assumed that they were built in a positive energy zone, which prevents them from aging. Perhaps this positive energy is formed by the location of the pyramids themselves. Today it is not a secret for anyone that the pyramid creates a certain energy. It is no coincidence that small pyramids are used for medicinal purposes. This energy field may well support the youth of the pyramids. If we take into account that they are of the same proportion, strictly identically oriented in space, then in resonance they can create a single field, respectively, keep the same age. The Sphinx stands alone, but not far away, and falls into this rejuvenating field of action of the pyramids. Accordingly, the sphinx also rejuvenates, but not as much as the pyramids themselves. I believe that this hypothesis deserves attention, since it explains the discrepancies in the age of the pyramids and the difference in the longevity of the pyramids and the sphinx.
Of course, the hypothesis needs to be tested. To confirm or refute it, it is necessary to conduct an examination of at least the "Khrushchevs" and understand whether there is a difference in time.
Pyramids keep a lot of secrets and magnetically attract scientists. Who knows, maybe a new road was laid in their solution, and this happened in our Ulyanovsk.
Pyramids of Ancient Egypt: secrets, riddles, structure, architecture and internal structure of the pyramids of Ancient Egypt
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Djoser's pyramid
It is definitely worth deciding on this trip, if only out of curiosity. After all, the pyramid of Djoser is recognized as the oldest surviving Egyptian pyramid. Yes, yes, this is the first pyramid of Egypt, and it was built in honor of the ruler Djoser by the architect and close associate of the pharaoh Imhotep.
The pyramids of Egypt are a unique architectural monument that has remained for centuries thanks to mysterious builders who managed to create structures so strong that no natural disasters and destructive wars could completely destroy these ancient Egyptian necropolises. The mystery of the pyramids has not yet been solved: it is impossible to speak with certainty about the method of their construction, or about who acted as the main labor force. Now in Egypt, there are about 118 pyramids, the largest of which were built during the reign of the III and IV dynasties of the pharaohs, that is, during the period of the so-called Of the ancient kingdom... There are two types of pyramids: stepped and regular. The most ancient structures are considered to be of the first type. For example, the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser, dating back to 2650 BC. e.
Necropolis translated from Greek means “ City of dead”And is a cemetery, usually located on the outskirts of the city. The Egyptian pyramids - one of the varieties of this kind of burial - served as monumental tombs for the pharaohs.
What do we know about the pyramids of Egypt?
For the first time, they learned about the pyramids thanks to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC. Traveling through Egypt, he was amazed famous pyramids Giza and immediately ranked one of them, dedicated to Cheops, to the seven wonders of the world. Moreover, it was Herodotus who created the legend about how these structures were built. As soon as the pyramids became the object of research by scientists, and this happened only two hundred years ago, this legend immediately became a historical truth, the reliability of which was refuted not so long ago.
How the ancient pyramids were built
Until our time, not so much has survived as we would like. Numerous vandals who plundered the pyramids for the treasures hidden inside, and locals, breaking out stone blocks for the construction of palaces and mosques, destroyed part of the external and internal appearance. So, the Pink or Northern Pyramid from Dakhshur (26 km south of Cairo) got its name from the color of the stone turning pink in the rays of the setting sun. However, she was not always like this. Previously, the structure was covered with white limestone, which was completely used for the construction of houses in Cairo.
For a long time it was believed that people who disturb the peace of the pharaohs are doomed by the ancient gods to death. This was confirmed by the legend of the curse of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, according to which everyone who participated in the opening of the grave had to die within several years. Indeed, by 1929 (the tomb was opened in 1922) 22 people, one way or another involved in the autopsy, had died. Whether the reason was the magic of Ancient Egypt or the poison put into the sarcophagus during burial - it remains to be wondered.
It is believed that the famous Great Sphinx, which lies not far from the pyramids of Giza, is the guardian of the rest of the buried pharaohs.
Architecture and internal structure of the pyramids
The pyramids were only part of the ritual and burial complex. Next to each of them there were two temples, one side by side, and the other much lower, so that its foot was washed by the waters of the Nile. The pyramids and temples were connected by alleys. An analogue of a similar alley can be seen in Luxor. The famous Luxor and Karnak temples were united by the alley of the sphinxes, which has partially survived to our time. The pyramids of Giza practically did not preserve their temples and alleys: only the lower temple of Khafre remained, the pharaoh of the IV dynasty, which for a long time was considered a temple Great Sphinx.
The internal structure of the pyramids implied the obligatory presence of a chamber where the sarcophagus with the mummy was located, and the cut passages to this chamber. Sometimes religious texts were placed there. Thus, the interior of the pyramids in Saqqara, an Egyptian village 30 km from Cairo, contained the most ancient works of funeral literature that have come down to us.
It is believed that the famous Great Sphinx, which lies not far from the pyramids of Giza, is the guardian of the rest of the buried pharaohs. The ancient Egyptian name for this first monumental sculpture in the world has not survived to our time. Only the Greek version of the designation remained in history. Medieval Arabs called the Sphinx "the father of horror".
Modern Egyptologists suggest that the construction of the pyramids was carried out in several stages. Moreover, sometimes the size of the tomb in the process of creation increased several times in comparison with the original project. Pharaohs have been building their tomb for many years. Only land work and leveling the site for the future construction required at least ten. Pharaoh Cheops took twenty years to build the largest pyramid to date. The workers who built the tombs were not slaves tortured to death at all. Moreover, archaeological excavations showed that they were kept in fairly decent conditions, treated and fed normally. However, it is still not known exactly how the huge stone blocks got to the very top. It is only obvious that the construction technique has changed over time, and later structures were built differently than the first.
At the end of the 20th century, architects established that pyramids are perfect structures, with mathematically correct proportions.
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Egyptologists have no doubt that the pyramids were built in Egypt when it entered the dynastic period. But for many authors of popular science books, this is far from a fact. As a last resort, they agree that this statement is true for all such structures, except for the pyramid of Cheops. According to some authors, it is a monument that we inherited from an extraterrestrial civilization that visited our planet tens of thousands of years ago. The already mentioned Zakaria Sitchin, one of the many dozen defenders of this theory, claims that Great pyramid served as a beacon for spacecraft arriving on earth (as well as a "transit prison" for aliens). Others believe that this is a memorial built by the Atlanteans who survived the death of their civilization. According to some researchers, the Cheops pyramid is a monument that we inherited from some civilization that existed before the Flood. For example, John Anthony West cites the nearby Sphinx as an example and states that there are "quite distinct" traces of water erosion on it. According to him, what we now "clearly" see could not have arisen only as a result of the rains that have passed on this territory since 2500 BC. Thus, he also relates the date of the construction of the pyramid of Cheops to 10 400 BC, a mythical date that forces many to accept the interpretation of Seis. Unfortunately, it is often implied that the prediction itself carries more weight than the rationale for a theory, or at least supports it. Therefore, it is quite logical that serious scientists, including Egyptologists, oppose people who want to bring guesswork and predictions into scientific debate. As you know, scientific discussions do not require unfounded statements and prophecies.
So on what basis does science determine the age of the pyramids? In 1984, a large-scale project was launched to determine the dating of the pyramids based on the method of radiocarbon analysis, during which 64 samples of organic matter were taken for research in the pyramids. The results showed that the Egyptologists were wrong by about 400 years - the pyramids were older than previously thought. However, measurements of some samples showed that the pyramids are "only" 120 years older, but this is also significant. Mark Lenner summed up the new discoveries, said: “Now this is really important ... I mean, this discovery caused a very big stir. It turns out that the pyramids at Giza are four hundred years older than most scientists believed. Although Lenner himself is an Egyptologist, it must be admitted that he is distinguished by a much more scientific approach to the problem than many scientists associated with this topic. Perhaps only because he just sincerely wants to understand her. Unfortunately, he is not very well versed in another science, psychology, because he “clearly” does not understand his colleagues: no such “strong hype” has arisen. Most Egyptologists would rather simply ignore the research results than dispute them.
Based on the examination of 15 samples, the age of the Cheops pyramid was clarified and the conclusion was drawn that it was not built earlier than 2985 BC. - five hundred years earlier than previously thought. However, the specified date is not enough to attribute the construction of the pyramid to the Atlanteans, who allegedly lived more than 10,000 years ago. At this point, most commentators stop, but I would like to go one step further in my reasoning, since radiocarbon analysis has posed several new questions for researchers. And one of them - were the pyramids on the Giza plateau built by the very pharaohs who are credited with building them?
The pyramid of Khafre was built twenty-five years after the completion of the construction of the Great Pyramid in 2960. This suggests with a high degree of probability that both pyramids were integral parts of a single complex and were built at the behest of the pharaohs who lived one after the other (or maybe one and the same). It would also be logical to expect the Mykerin pyramid to be built over the next twenty to fifty years. However, radiocarbon analysis determines the date of its construction to be about 2572 BC. - almost four centuries later than the Cheops pyramid! Moreover, during the analysis of samples of the Sphinx, it turned out that it was built around 2416 BC, that is, almost five centuries after the pyramid of Khafre, and it was assumed that this pyramid and the Sphinx were built together ...
However, a new date for the completion of the construction of the Great Pyramid is 3000 BC. - did not suit both camps: neither Egyptologists, nor supporters of the Atlantean version. And this proves once again that scientific experiments can sometimes be unpopular even among representatives of science. Both sides of the "scientific dispute" tried not to notice the important results of the experiment, since they do not correspond to their ideas. As a result, it is now possible to read articles in which there are such paragraphs: “Even if the radiocarbon analysis of fifteen samples from the Great Pyramid was carried out, it is said, with the utmost care, we still cannot be sure that based on its results it is possible accurately talk about the age of the entire structure. Samples for analysis were taken from the outer cladding of the pyramid or from the space between the cladding slabs and the blocks of the pyramid, where they could have been taken at a later time during the repair work. As for the temple of the Great Sphinx, the dates of its construction, determined by the method of radiocarbon analysis (2085 and 2746 BC), cannot be considered accurate, since the large limestone blocks that make up the temple were made simultaneously with the Sphinx itself. And the results of the weathering of the rocks of this statue, in the opinion of most geologists (but not Egyptologists), leave no doubt that its age is at least seven or nine thousand years ”(8).
In fact, it is true, there is only one geologist representing this "majority", and his name is Robert Schoch. But these fervent statements in favor of one point of view become even more caustic when we mention that new studies were carried out in 1995 with different but similar materials, and they completely confirmed the results of the 1984 analyzes!
In the end, it becomes clear that the status of the Great Pyramid cannot but arouse pity. How arrogantly we treat the only wonder of the world that has come down to us! However, the same can be said about the entire legacy of the Age of the Pyramids. Egyptologists for too long and with some childish stubbornness clung to outdated dogmas and did not come close to understanding the true nature of these structures. One should only welcome the contribution to the development of the science of Ancient egypt researchers like Davidowitz and subject their hypotheses to serious, thoughtful analysis and criticism. Instead, we hear only caustic attacks from official science and observe idiotic neglect. The method of radiocarbon analysis should be adopted by scientists and become the main tool for determining the true age of different pyramids. It should also be recognized that since no mummies have yet been found in any of the pyramids, it means that there is a possibility that these structures were not built as tombs, even though some of them have images on the walls with scenes of the pharaoh's journey to sky. I would also like to note that many rather controversial conclusions about the nature of the pyramids are made on the basis of completely ridiculous assumptions, and often completely absurd theories acquire immense popularity (such as, for example, the theory that “they were built by the descendants of the Atlanteans in 10400 BC). BC "). Nevertheless, it is clear that both sides are doing nothing to truly understand what the pyramids are, let alone the fact that no one has been able to answer the question of who built them, when and why.
The pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (in the Greek version of Cheops), or the Great Pyramid, is the greatest of the Egyptian pyramids, the oldest of the seven wonders of the world of antiquity and the only one that has survived to our time. For over four thousand years, the pyramid was the largest building in the world.
The pyramid of Cheops is located in the distant suburb of Cairo, Giza. Nearby are two more pyramids of the pharaohs Khafre and Menkaur (Khafren and Mikerin), according to ancient historians, the sons and successors of Khufu. These are the three most large pyramids Egypt.
Following ancient authors, most modern historians consider pyramids to be burial structures of ancient Egyptian monarchs. Some scientists believe that these were astronomical observatories. There is no direct evidence that the pharaohs were buried in the pyramids, but other versions of their purpose are less convincing.
When the pyramid of Cheops was built
On the basis of ancient "royal lists" it is established that Cheops ruled around 2585-2566. BC. The construction of the "Sacred Height" lasted 20 years and ended after the death of Khufu, around 2560 BC.
Other versions of the construction time, based on astronomical methods, give dates from 2720 to 2577. BC. The radiocarbon method shows a spread of 170 years, from 2850 to 2680. BC.
There are also exotic opinions expressed by supporters of the theories of aliens visiting the Earth, the existence of ancient civilizations, or adherents of occult movements. They determine the age of the Cheops pyramid from 6-7 to tens of thousands of years.
How the pyramid was built
The Pyramid of Cheops is to this day the largest stone building on the planet. Its height is 137 m., The length of the side of the base is 230.38 m., The angle of inclination of the face is 51 ° 50 ", the total volume is about 2.5 million cubic meters. However, over the past centuries, almost the entire lining of the pyramid has been dismantled.Natural factors have also done their job - temperature drops and winds from the desert carrying clouds of sand.
Ancient Greek historians reported that the labor of millions of slaves was used in the construction. Modern researchers believe that with the correct organization of work and engineering, the Egyptians would have had several tens of thousands of workers for construction. For the supply of materials, temporary workers were involved, the number of whom, according to Herodotus, reached 100 thousand. Modern scientists fully agree with this, as well as with the reality of the 20-year construction period.
The construction of the pyramid was supervised by the head of the royal works, Khemiun. The tomb of Hemiun is located next to his creation, in which a statue of the architect was discovered.
The main material for the construction was gray limestone, which was cut in the nearest quarries or brought from the other side of the Nile. The pyramid was faced with light sandstone, which made it literally shine in the sunlight. For interior decoration, granite was used, which was delivered over a thousand kilometers from the area of present-day Aswan. The structure was crowned with a hewn gilded granite block - a pyramidion.
In total, the construction of the pyramid took about 2.3 million blocks of limestone and 115 thousand facing slabs. The total mass of the building, according to modern estimates, is almost 6 million tons.
The block sizes differ among themselves. The largest ones are laid in the base, their height is one and a half meters. The higher the blocks are, the smaller they are. The height of the block at the top is 55 cm. The length of the facing slabs ranged from 1.5 to 0.75 m.
The work of the builders of the pyramid was extremely hard. It took a lot of time and effort to extract the stone, trim the blocks and fit them to the desired size. In those days, neither iron nor bronze was known in Egypt. The tools were made of relatively soft copper, so they were quickly grinded and at the same time very expensive. Flint tools were widely used - saws, drills, hammers. Many of them were found during excavations.
The delivery of materials was carried out by the river, and the stone was brought to the construction site on a wooden sled or roller. It was a hell of a job, because the average weight of one block is 2.5 tons, and some of them weighed up to 50 tons.
A variety of devices were used to lift and install the monoliths, and inclined embankments were erected to drag up the most massive elements that make up the lower rows. Images of construction work have been found in a number of Egyptian temples and tombs.
Recently, an original theory has emerged regarding the building methods of the Egyptians. Scientists who studied the microstructure of the blocks in order to establish their origin found foreign inclusions. According to experts, these are the remains of animal hair and human hair, from which the scientists concluded that limestone was crushed at the mining sites and delivered to the construction site in crushed form. Directly at the place of laying, blocks were made of limestone mass, which thereby were a semblance of modern concrete structures, and the traces of tools on the blocks are in fact imprints of the formwork.
Be that as it may, the construction was completed, and the grandiose size of the pyramid fully justifies the supporters of the theories of Atlanteans and aliens, who do not believe in the possibility of human genius.
What's inside the pyramid
The entrance to the pyramid was made at a height of almost 16 meters in the form of an arch made of granite slabs. It was later sealed with a granite plug and covered with cladding. The current entrance, 10 meters lower, was pierced in 831 by order of the Caliph Al-Mamun, who hoped to find gold here, but did not find anything of value.
The main premises are the pharaoh's chamber, the queen's chamber, the Great Gallery and the underground chamber. The passage made by Al-Mamun leads into a 105-meter inclined corridor, ending in a chamber carved into the thickness of the rock below the base of the pyramid. Its dimensions are 14x8 m, the height is 3.5 m. For unknown reasons, the work here was not completed.
At 18 meters from the entrance, the descending corridor is separated by an ascending one with a length of 40 meters, ending in the Great Gallery. The Gallery itself is a high (8.5 m.) Tunnel 46.6 m long, leading to the pharaoh's chamber. The corridor to the queen's chamber branches off from the Gallery at its very beginning. In the floor of the Gallery, a rectangular ditch in cross section, 60 cm deep and 1 m wide, has been pierced, its purpose is unknown.
The pharaoh's chamber is 10.5 m long, 5.4 m wide, 5.84 m high. It is faced with black granite slabs. There is an empty granite sarcophagus here. The queen's chamber is more modest - 5.76 x 5.23 x 6.26 m.
Channels 20-25 cm wide lead from the burial chambers to the pyramid's surface. The channels of the queen's chamber begin 13 cm from the wall and do not reach 12 m to the surface, and both ends of the channels are closed by stone doors with handles. It is assumed that the ducts were made to ventilate the premises during the work. Another version, associated with the beliefs of the Egyptians, claims that this is the path to the afterlife, which the souls of the deceased had to pass.
No less mysterious is another small room, the Grotto, to which an almost vertical passage leads from the beginning of the Great Gallery. The grotto is located at the junction of the base of the pyramid and the hill on which it stands. The walls of the grotto are fortified with rather rough-cut stone. It is assumed that this is part of some structure older than the pyramid.
It is necessary to mention one discovery related to the pyramid. In 1954, at the southern edge, two pits lined with stone were discovered, in which were the pharaoh's boats made of Lebanese cedar. One of the boats has been restored and is now in a special pavilion next to the pyramid. Its length is 43.5 m, width is 5.6 m.
The study of the Cheops pyramid continues. Research using the latest methods used in the exploration of the earth's interior shows with a high degree of probability the existence of unknown caverns within the pyramid. So it is quite possible that scientists are expecting new and most interesting discoveries and discoveries.
In the meantime, the Great Pyramid keeps its secrets, proudly towering in the middle of the desert, as thousands of years ago. After all, as the ancient Arab proverb says, everything in the world is afraid of time, but time is afraid of the pyramids.
