Asian countries. Mountain ranges in Asia Which mountains are located along the western border of Asia

Mountains of asia

Himalayas - the highest mountain system in the world, rising on the border between High and South Asia and separating the Tibetan plateau from the lowlands of the Indus and Ganges. In the north, the border of the Himalayas is the longitudinal intermontane valleys of the Indus and Brahmaputra, in the south - the edge of the Indo-Gangetic lowland, in the north-west the Himalayas border on the Hindu Kush, in the southeast with the Sino-Tibetan mountains. The Himalayas stretch in a huge arc, convex to the south - southwest. The total length of the mountain system is more than 2400 km, width is 200-300 km. The Himalayas represent a system of parallel ridges with steep slopes facing the Indo-Gangetic plain, and relatively gentle - towards Tibet. It is customary to divide the Himalayas into three mountain levels: the foothills, the Lesser Himalayas and the Greater Himalayas. The strip of foothills lies at an altitude of 700-1000 m above the Indo-Gangetic lowland. The foothills of the Himalayas are known collectively as the Sivalik Mountains. The Lesser Himalayas are composed of crystalline rocks. The heights of the ridges reach an average of 3500-4500 m, and individual peaks rise up to 6000 m.In the north-west, the Pir-Panjal ridge stretches up to 5000 m in height, then to the southeast it is replaced by the Jaoladhar ridge (2500-3000 m) and the Small The Himalayas, which adjoin the Main ridge by the high-mountainous massive Jaulagiri, reaching an altitude of 8172 m. Further to the east, the entire Himalayan system narrows, the zone of the Small Himalayas is pressed against the Main Ridge, forming the medium-altitude mountains of Mahabharat, and even to the east - the high and highly dissected mountains. Between the Lesser Himalayas and the Main Ridge lies a strip of tectonic depressions, which in the recent past were occupied by lakes. North of the hollows, the Big, or Main, Himalayas rise, reaching an average height of 6000 m. This is a well-defined alpine ridge, over which the highest peaks of the world rise. More than 130 peaks of the Greater Himalayas are higher than 7000 m, eleven peaks rise above 8000 m. The glaciers of the Himalayas do not exceed 30 km in length (Gangotri glacier - 26 km, Zemu glacier - 25, Rongbuk glacier - 19 km). The total area of ​​glaciation is more than 1000 km2. The snow line is located very high and fluctuates in different regions of the Himalayas from 4800 to 5500 m. The Greater Himalayas are divided into 4 sectors: Assam Himalayas - stretch between the Brahmaputra and Testa rivers, begin in the east with the Namcha-Barva mountain range (7755 m). The length of this section of the Himalayas is 720 km. The main peaks are Kulakapgri (7554 m) and Chomo-Lari (7314 m). There are more than 15 seven-thousanders with a height from 7100 to 7554 m. The Nepalese Himalayas are located between the Tista and Kali rivers, the length is about 800 km. This is the highest part of the Himalayas In addition to Chomolungma (Everest, 8882 m), the highest peaks of the Nepal Himalayas are Kanchenjunga (8598 m), Makalu (8470 m), Annapurna (8078 m), Gozayntan (8018 m), Dhaulagiri (8172 m) , Cho-Oyu (8189 m), Shisha-Pangma (8013 m), Manaslu (8128 m), Lhotse Main (8501 m) There are also hard-to-reach peaks - the southern peak of Kanchenjung (8476 m) and Lhotse Western (8420 m) and more than 20 seven-thousanders. Kumaon Himalayas - located between the rivers Kali and Sutlej They have a length of more than 300 km. There are many mountain lakes in the area. The highest peaks are Nanda Devi (7816 m) and Kamet (7755 m). Punjabi Himalayas - stretches 560 km between the Sutlej and Indus rivers. Their average height is 5000-5500 m. Some peaks exceed 6500 m, the highest peak is Nangaparbat (8126 m).

Karakorum- a mountain range stretching southeast of the Pamirs and Hindu Kush, between Kun-Lun and the Himalayas, within 74-82 ° E. e. It is separated from the Pamirs by the wide valley of Karachukur; The conditional border with the Hindu Kush is considered to be the r. Carambar. Karakorum is the second highest (after the Himalayas) ridge in the world. Its average height is about 6000 m. Many peaks exceed 7000 m (there are about 80 seven-thousanders). The highest peaks are Chogori (8611 m), Hidden Peak (8068 m), Gasherbrum (8073 m), Broad Peak (8047 m). The relief of the Karakorum is sharply dissected. The transverse valleys have the character of deep narrow gorges. The height of the snow line on the northern slope is about 5900 m, on the southern - about 4700 m. Karakorum is distinguished by powerful glaciation. The glaciers of Siachen (75 km), Baltoro (57 km), Batura (58 km) reach the greatest length.

Hindu Kush- one of the largest mountain ranges in Central Asia, the fifth highest mountainous region in the world after the Himalayas, Karakorum, Kun-Lun and Pamir. The Hindu Kush system includes the Central Afghan Mountains stretched from west-south-west to east-north-east, the Kokhi Baba ridge and the Hindu Kush proper (Western and Eastern). The length of this system is about 1000 km, width is 50-500 km. The prevailing heights of the peaks are 4000-7000 m. Along the Hindu Kush there is a watershed between the river basin. The Indus and the drainless region of Central Asia From the Kokhi-Baba ridge (the highest point is Shakhfuladi, 5143 m) the Paropamiz and Central Afghan mountains diverge. The Hindu Kush itself enters behind Kokhi Baba in the form of a backstage. The Hindu Kush proper is divided into a lower (4000-5000 m) western part and a higher (5000-7000 m) eastern part. At the junction of these sections is the highest peak of the Hindu Kush - Tirichmir (7690 m). The western Hindu Kush is made up of ridges between the Bandi-Amir gorge and the Khavak pass (3350 m). Central Hindu Kush - unites the Khvach-Mukhamed ridge (northeast of the Khavak pass), the Bandakor mountains, the Main Hindu Kush ridge from Gulbahar to the Dorah pass. The highest point of the Central Hindu Kush is Kohi-Bandak (6843 m). Eastern Hindu Kush - includes the Main and Southern ridges between the Dorah and Kvalandor-Uvin passes (4000 m), behind which the Wakhan Pamir ridge begins. All 29 seven-thousanders of the Hindu Kush are concentrated here. The second highest peak of the Hindu Kush - Nushak (7492 m) is located in the Main ridge. Significant glaciation only occurs in the Eastern Hindu Kush. A number of glaciers of the Eastern Hindu Kush are not inferior to the glaciers of the Karakorum (Tirichmir is 31 km long), the snow line runs at an altitude of 5000 m.

Across the mountains to the sea with a light backpack. Route 30 passes through the famous Fisht - this is one of the most grandiose and significant natural monuments in Russia, the highest mountains closest to Moscow. Tourists travel lightly through all the landscape and climatic zones of the country, from the foothills to the subtropics, and spend the night in shelters.

General characteristics of the mountain system of Asia

The mountain range of Asia includes the largest and highest mountains in the world. The highest point of the planet is in the Himalayas - Mount Everest (Chomolungma) with an altitude of 8882 m.

The highest mountains in Asia are located in the southern regions of Central Asia and southern Asia:

• Himalayas,
• Hindu Kush,
• Pamir,
• Tibetan plateau,
• Tien Shan.

In the northern regions of Asia, there are medium-high mountains: the Stanovoe Upland, the Central Siberian Plateau, the Verkhoyansk Range, the Chersky Range, the Altai Mountains, and the Sredinny Range.

Sikhote-Alin, Big and Small Khingan are located in the eastern regions of Asia; in the western, on the border with Europe - the Urals and the Caucasus.

Himalayas

The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world and in Asia. The Himalayas are located on the border of East and South Asia; they delimit the lowlands of the Indus and Ganges rivers from the Tibetan plateau. The total length of the Himalayas is 2,400 km, the width of the mountain range ranges from 200 to 300 km.

The northwestern regions of the Himalayan mountains border on the Hindu Kush - the high mountain system of Asia.

The steepest slopes of the Himalayan mountains are directed to the south, towards the Indus and the Ganges. More gentle slopes are directed towards Tibet.

There are 130 mountain peaks in the Himalayas with a height of more than 7000 m. 11 peaks, located mainly in the Nepal Himalayas, have a height of more than 8000 meters:

• Everest (8882 m),
• Kapchenjunga (8598 m),
• Lhotse Main (8501 m),
• Makalu (8470 m),
• Cho-Oyu (8180 m),
• Dhaulagiri (8172 m),
• Manaslu (8128 m),
• Apnapurna (8078),
• Gozayntan (8018),
• Shisha-Pangma (8013) and others.

Mountain range Karakorum. Kun-Lun and Hindu Kush

The Karakorum mountain range is the second highest mountain range in Asia. Karakorum is located between the Himalayas and Kun-Lun, southeast of the Hindu Kush and Pamir. The average height of the Karakorum is 6000 m.

In the Karakorum mountain range, more than 80 mountains have a height of more than 7000 m.

The eight-thousanders of the Karakorum: Chogori (8611 m), Gasherbrum (8073 m), Hidden Peak (8068 m), Broad Peak (8047 m).

The Kun-Lun mountain range stretches from the west from the Pamirs to the east in the Sino-Tibetan mountains. Kun-Lun goes around the Tibetan plateau from the north.

The total length of the ridge is 2500 km, the width in some parts of the ridge reaches 600 km. The highest point of the Kun-Lun is the Aksai-Chin peak (7167 m).

The Hindu Kush mountains stretch for 1000 km in the south of Central Asia. Their width ranges from 50 to 500 km. The Hindu Kush Mountains delimit the Indus rivers and the drainless basin of Central Asia. The highest point of the Hindu Kush is Tirichmir (7690 m).

Pamir

The Pamir is located on the territory of Afghanistan, China and Tajikistan in the south of Central Asia.

The Pamir is located at the junction of the spurs of the mountain systems of Central Asia - Karakorum, Hindu Kush, Tien Shan and Kun-Lun.

The highest point of the Pamirs is Kongur peak (7719 m).

Peaks with an altitude of more than 7000 m also include:

• Ismail Samani peak (Communism peak) (7495 m);
• Peak Abu Ali ibn Siba (Lenin Peak) (7134 m);
• Peak Korzhenevskaya (7105 m).

Remark 1

On the territory of the Pamirs there is a huge number of different genesis and types of glaciers. The largest glacier is Fedchenko, located in Central Tajikistan. The Fedchenko glacier belongs to the mountain-valley type of glaciers. Its area is about 700 sq. km.

Numerous glaciers of the Pamirs, during their movement, smooth the sides and bottoms of the valleys, grind and carry down the clastic material of rocks, cool the surface air layers, have a significant effect on the daily rhythm of the movement of mountain-valley air masses, give rise to rivers, melting below the snow line.

The northern border of the Pamirs is the Trans-Alai Range. Its length from west to east was 200 km. The average height of the ridge is 5500 m. The highest point of the ridge is Lenin Peak (7134 m).

The Trans-Alai Mountains have practically no foothills. They rise like a wall over the Altai Valley. Western Zaalai is located slightly west of the Tersagar Pass. An extensive network of spurs is observed here. The peaks of the Western Trans-Alai have sharp shapes. The ridge is deeply cut into the valleys. The highest peak of the Western Trans-Alai is Sat Peak (5900 m).

From the Tersagar pass in the west to the Kyzylart pass in the east stretches the Central Zaalai - the highest region of the ridge. The highest peaks are located in the Central Zaalai: Lenin Peak (7134 m), Zhukov Peak (6842 m), Oktyabrsky Peak (6780 m), Dzerzhinsky Peak (6717 m), Kyzylagyn (6683 m), Edinstvo Peak (6640 m).

The central Zaalai is weakly dissected and looks like a continuous wall. Passes of ice and snow origin.

The southern parts of the Central Trans-Alai have highly branched spurs extending to the south. The region of the central Zaalai from the rest of the Pamir is isolated by the Muksu and Sauksay rivers.

From the Kyzylart pass in the eastern direction to the Chinese border, the Eastern Zaalai stretches for 52 km. A characteristic distinguishing feature of the East Trans-Alai from other areas of the Trans-Alai is the presence of steep northern slopes and a relatively low altitude. Highest mountains: Kurumda (6613 m), Zarya Vostoka (6349 m), Nameless peak (6384 m).

Strong winds are characteristic of the Central and Eastern Trans-Alai on the crest of the watershed ridge. The main factor determining the weather on the ridge is the Atlantic cyclones.

On the Zaalayskiy ridge, there is a powerful glaciation - 550 glaciers covering an area of ​​1329 sq. km. The largest glaciers include glaciers: Dzerzhinsky, Korzhenevsky, Kuzgun, Oktyabrsky, Eastern Kyzylsu, Bolshaya and Malaya Saukdara, Nura.

Remark 2

The most popular passes: Zaalaysky, Minjar, Surkhangou, Constitution, Dzerzhinsky, Abris, 30 years of Victory, 60 years of October, Spartak, Razdelny, a bunch of Mir, Beletsky, Golden and Western Calf.

Turkestan ridge is a high-mountain ridge belonging to the Gissar-Alay mountain system, framing the Fergana Valley from the south-west and located in the south-west of Kyrgyzstan. The border of Tajikistan with Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan runs along the Turkestan ridge.

The length of the Turkestan ridge is 340 km. The ridge through the Matcha mountain knot connects in the east with the Alay ridge and extends further in the west to the Samarkand plain.

The northern slope of the Turkestan ridge is gentle and long, the southern one is steep and short with rocks and talus. The Turkestan ridge is separated from the Zeravshan ridge in the south by the valley of the Zeravshan River.

The highest points of the Turkestan ridge are Pyramidalny Peak (5509 m) and Skalisty Peak (5621 m). The eastern ridges are covered with glaciers. The largest glaciers of the Turkestan ridge: Shurovsky, Tolstoy, Zeravshansky.

The most ambitious mountain systems in our country stretched from Altai to the Kopetdag for almost 2 thousand kilometers and formed powerful natural borders on its borders with China and Afghanistan.

It is not by chance that the southernmost link of the mountains of Central Asia, the Pamir Highlands, is raised above all others: it is the most complex node at the junction of the two great mountain belts of the planet - the Alpine-Himalayan and Pamir-Chukotka. In the first of them, it is to this node that the greatest uplifts gravitate: the alpine garlands of the Iranian Highlands, just at the junction with the Pamirs, reach more than seven kilometers (up to 7690 meters) in the ridgesThe Hindu Kush; even higher ridges of the Karakorum, Kunlun and Himalayas approach here from the southeast.

At the same time, the Pamir Upland also serves as the southwestern section of the Pamir-Chukotka belt, the neighboring links of which, starting from the Gissar-Alai, are located as if by the wings, of which each more northern one is shifted to the east. Behind the huge Ferghana Basin, the colossal Tien Shan was erected, not much inferior in height to the Pamirs. The isolated northeastern link of the Tien Shan is formed by the mountains of the Dzungarian Alatau; behind them are Tarbagatai and Saur.

An exception in the picture of the latitudinal structure of irregularities is represented only by single "oblique" ridges like the Fergana ridges and a fan of spurs at the western ends of the Gissar-Alay and Tien Shan. In this play of strikes, different directions of tectonic stresses affected: some were latitudinal, others reflected the oblique orientation of deep faults - along them the western parts of the Kunlun and the Himalayas were uplifted, and in our country - the Kopetdag and Mangyshlak. It is no accident that large depressions in the relief of the neighboring plains are stretched diagonally to the degree network - the Karakum, Kyzylkum, Chuy; this helped to rush to the northwest and lower reaches of the largest Central Asian rivers. Thus, the listed areas are inherited from the ancient structural plan of the subsoil. Only the Pamir is reared on the bend of young alpine folds, convex to the north. The bowels of the Gissar-Alai and Tien Shan were crumpled back in the Paleozoic within the limits of a single Ural-Tien Shan arc, which deviated here to the southeast.

The present-day height of these mountains is the result of the enormous scope of the newest uplifts. They captured both the young structures of the Pamirs and the ancient parts of the Ural-Tien Shan arc. For 24 million years of the Neogene, the Pamir was raised by 3400, and over the last million years (for the Quaternary period) by another 700 meters. And the scope and rate of uplifts in the Tien Shan and Gissar-Alai are even greater.

The uplifted blocks were often crushed, hummocked, or even crumpled. Even ancient rigid structures have been corrugated with a large bending radius. These bends - banks and valleys - ran parallel to the strikes of the nearest arc of the Alpine-Himalayan zone. It is to this corrugation that the elongation of the largest Central Asian ridges along the parallels is due.

The depressions dividing the mountains have a life of their own. Sometimes the basins, the bottom of which also rises, only lag behind the ridges growing nearby - this is how the Issykkul and Naryn basins of the Tien Shan behave. But there are cases when the depressions themselves sink, and their bottoms are above sea level only because, and sagging, they are filled with sediments from neighboring mountains. On the outskirts, these sediments themselves experience crumples - this is how the Fergana, Ili, and South Tajik depressions behave.

The mountains of Central Asia are among the most seismic in the world. In 1887 and 1911, Verny was destroyed, now Alma-Ata, in 1902 - Andijan. In 1911, a shock shook the west of the Pamirs and caused a landslide that created Lake Sarez. In 1948, Ashgabat was badly destroyed, in 1949 - Garm and Khait, in 1966 - Tashkent. The quick restoration of both capitals in an earthquake-resistant version showed how to resist the elements in the most seismic foothill zones.

These mountains are an important climatic division, a barrier that has grown in the path of humid western air masses inland. Like mysterious ghosts, snow ridges are visible through the dusty haze from the sultry desert plains of Turan. But it often happens that they are not visible, and not because the haze is thick, but because of the density of the clouds. The deserts do not receive a drop of rain for months, and the invisible Atlantic moisture, far from saturation, does not reach the earth. Only when it encounters mountain barriers does the air rise, moisture becomes visible and forms lingering fogs, heavy rains and snowfalls at levels above 2-3 kilometers. Humidification increases tenfold from the foothills to the ridges. Glaciers conserve moisture in order to water the rivers of deserts with it. The water supply of the foothill plains, and with it the irrigation of fields, depends on the regime of replenishment and melting of these "ice storages". Therefore, it is important to study glaciers.

In the mountains of Central Asia, they are the longest in the country. "Rivers of ice" take into themselves ice tributaries. Treelike glaciers are so characteristic here that they are called Turkestan glaciers. Each of their tributaries brings its lateral moraine to the rod, and it begins to accompany the axial moraine of the main glacier. Therefore, the middle moraines of tree-like glaciers usually consist of several parallel embankments and resemble the picture of multi-track railways.

Often you even have to struggle with water. With summer showers and with the breakthrough of lake dams, it happens that mud and stone streams rush to the foothills of the mountains - mudflows. Now the whole areas are provided with anti-mudflow service: the supervision of “suspicious” mountain lakes, which may threaten with a breakthrough, are being carried out, barriers are being erected on the paths of possible mudflows.

Snow-capped peaks are visible from the streets of almost any major city in Central Asia. For many townspeople, these mountains look like an unreal world. But how much of an attractive force they have for those who have at least once tasted the temptations of mountain tourism! This is a world of striking greatness of nature, one of the cradles of our mountaineering. Above all the sky-highs are dominated by the seven-thousanders - Communism Peak (7495 meters), Pobeda Peak (7439), Lenin Peak (7139) and Evgenia Korzhenevskaya Peak (7105).

The mountains of Central Asia are not only high, but also multi-tiered. Raised foothill trails and terraces are densely dissected by ravines and form strips of mountain-desert and semi-desert bad lands - adyrov... The lower mountain steps are the leading ridges - counters... In the ridge zones, scraps of ancient leveled surfaces survived, and in the east of the Pamirs and in the Central Tien Shan - whole plateaus. Even at the pointed ridges, uniform levels with heights of the order of 4-6 thousand meters are visible over long distances.

Wildlife is also multi-storey, changing from deserts at the foothills to eternal snow and ice at the tops by zones of mountainous semi-deserts and steppes, forest-steppe and meadows; there are pistachio and juniper woodlands. In rocky areas, there are many thorny cushion shrubs. In the shadow of the wind, where the descending currents of air move away from saturation, meadows are replaced by mountain steppes and even high-mountainous deserts.

Although it is now customary to separate the Tien Shan and Gissar-Alai, there is no reason to ignore many of their similarities. First of all, deep conjugations of the structures of the southeastern branches of the Urals and Inner Kazakhstan, submerged under the Aral part of the Turan plate, with the Tien Shan and Gissar-Alai ones, remind of it. Both mountain systems rise on the raised flank of the Ural-Tien Shan arc, in both of them young latitudinal corrugation crumpled into folds of a large radius a very ancient complex-folded substrate. The youngest Alpine folds were superimposed on pre-existing structures. Combined with a powerful general uplift, this created a revitalized mountainous country. Nowhere in our country have such ancient folded structures been subjected to such intense recent uplifts and soared so high.

The two mountainous countries are related to each other by powerful modern glaciation, susceptibility to mudflows. The high-altitude zoning of the landscape has many common features. But the mountain-spruce forest-steppe, so characteristic of the northern slopes of the Tien Shan ridges, is replaced by juniper woodlands on similar slopes of the Gissar-Alai. But in the south of both mountainous countries there are surviving tracts of lush deciduous forests.

The depths of these mountains are comparable in terms of the abundance of minerals. Their ore content is especially remarkable - the richness of ores of non-ferrous, small and rare metals, as well as the presence of oil in the basins.

On the border of Siberia and Central Asia... To get from the mountains of Southern Siberia to the Tien Shan, you need to cross the Zaisan depression drained by the Irtysh. It has already been said that the dam of the Bukhtarma hydroelectric power station raised the level of the entire lake Zaisan by 7 meters and made it flood the nearest shores. The backwater spread 100 kilometers up the Black Irtysh flowing into the lake. The depths were so shallow that even now they rarely exceed 10 meters. The reservoir is navigable - fast "Rockets" and "Meteors", cargo tankers and barges move along it. Ice can be a meter and a half thick. In the spring, it does not melt so much as it is eaten by the sun for evaporation. Seiners catch a lot of fish and endure real sea storms.

The expanded Zaisan has not lost its name and continues to delight the eye with boundless space and silky-whitish shine of the water surface. Winter in the basin is Siberian-style, the semi-desert is more Central Asian, but such flat-bottomed depressions are much more typical for Central Asia. The whole basin is like a bay of Central Asian landscapes.

Mountains Tarbagatai and Saur with three kilometers heights - it is also a buffer between South Siberia and Central Asia. On the slopes there is still taiga, in the foothills there is a semi-desert, but the most extensive here are mountain steppes. At the southern foothills of Tarbagatai, the well-known Chuguchak tract runs into Xinjiang from ancient times.

From the north-eastern facade of the Tien Shan - the mountains of the Dzhungarskiy Alatau - Tarbagatai is separated by a flat-bottomed tectonic depression, a direct continuation of the Balkhash-Alakol strip of depressions. This is a rubble-desert corridor with eternal drafts blowing out all the fine earth, the Dzungar Gate, well-known in world history, is the most convenient passage without barriers from the Central Asian plateaus to Kazakhstan. It served as one of the most important routes of past migrations of peoples.

Mountains of Central Asia (Tien Shan, Gissar-Alai, Pamir)

Tien Shan stretched from west to east for 2500 kilometers, of which 1500 fall on the territory of the Soviet republics - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and the eastern thousand goes to Xinjiang. The high part of the highland, dominating the Tarim Basin, was called Tien Shan by Chinese geographers in ancient times, that is, the "heavenly mountains." Later, Russian geographers extended this name to the ridges accompanying the Central Tien Shan from the north and west. Naturally, the further division of the highland developed - in our part, groups of ridges are distinguished under the names of the Northern, Western and Inner Tien Shan (in addition to the already mentioned Central). Inclined plains have fallen to the foothills - more than half of the largest oases of Central Asia owes their moisture.

Many ridges in the west and in the center exceed 4 kilometers and carry eternal snow and glaciers. To the southeast, the heights grow. Already Terskey-Alatau ascends the peaks in 5, and Kokshaltau reaches 6 kilometers. At the eastern junction of these ranges, the Central Tien Shan is especially grandiose.

In the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic, the Tien Shan, built by Paleozoic folds, was leveled, but in the Neogene it underwent powerful mountain-building movements - splits and crumples into large folds. At this time, he was erected as a revived highland. The plateaus with permafrost that survived at an altitude of 3-4 kilometers - the syrts - are occupied by excellent meadow-steppe pastures.

Permafrost, a northern phenomenon in the sunny south, is developed in areas with little snow. Frozen "to the core" peaks never thaw. As in the circumpolar tundra, one can see soils floating and broken into polygons, swelling mounds, subsidence over melting ice lenses, and ice wedges. There is steam over the rivers in winter - water buried in freezing ice pours out into cracks and forms quite Siberian-looking ice.

Tien Shan is one of the most powerful foci of modern mountain glaciation in our country. Some valley glaciers stretch for tens of kilometers. And there are also funny "flat-topped glaciers" lying motionless on the plateaus and devoid of food areas. There are no slopes above them, from which ice could flow and snow fall; they have no outflowing tongues either. Annual melting does not exceed the arrival of snow due to precipitation falling on the surface of the glaciers themselves.

There are two kinds of testimonies about the twofold ancient glaciation. The cloaks of moraines with boulders lining the surface of the Syrt plateaus help to conclude that the first, the largest of the two glaciations, was covered by extensive covers. And the jagged alpine peaks of the highest ridges, circus-shaped armchairs and trough-shaped valleys with more recent piles of moraines prove that they could have been carved only by the last, recent glaciation, whose tongues did not creep out onto the plateaus.

Cooling ice ages and the glaciers themselves significantly impoverished wildlife. From the broad-leaved forests that covered the slopes before, only the tracts of walnut and other "wild-fruited" trees in the south of the Fergana ridge and Chatkal survived. In the north of the Tien Shan, only more hardy apple-boyark plantations have survived from the former mixed forests. Higher on the slopes, they are replaced by copses of Tien Shan spruce. This vanguard of East Asian spruce forests has taken root on the shady slopes above 1200 meters; the southern slopes were conquered by mountain steppes, often tall-grass.

Ate of the Tien Shan is so slender that it is not for nothing that they are compared with cypresses.

Terskey-Alatau ridge

In two places the highland is crossed by the Transtian-Shan tracts. The Naryn highway leads from the Chuy valley along the Boam gorge to the Issykkul depression, crosses the end of the Terskey-Alatau ridge in a through gorge, and through the Dolon pass, over 3 kilometers high, descends into the Naryn depression of the Inner Tien Shan. Beyond Lake Chatyrkol, the tract goes to Kashgar through the Kokshaltau ridge. The Susamyr, or Great Kirghiz, tract connects the Chuy valley with the Fergana basin. It overcomes the Kyrgyz ridge with the help of a tunnel under the Tyuz-Ashuu pass (“camel's hump”, 3586 meters), through the Susamyr syrts it goes to the valley of the Naryn breakthrough through the Fergana ridge and serves as the most important artery for communication with the cities that have arisen at the hydroelectric stations of the Naryn cascade - Toktogul , Kara-Kul, coal-mining Tash-Kumyr. The route leads to the Jalalabad and Osh oases of Fergana.

Dzungarian Alatau in vain they call it a ridge - it is a whole mountainous country, the northeastern link of the Tien Shan. It is separated from the rest of the highlands by the flat-bottomed Ili depression, and is connected with it only by the Boro-khoro cofferdam outside our country. It's like an independent Tien Shan in miniature. There are spruce forests on the northern slopes, and mountain steppes on the southern ones, and desert-steppe foothills, and ridge surfaces with permafrost; there are mountain meadows and alpine highlands with glaciers and peaks higher than 4000 meters. There are also intramontane valleys with a semi-desert landscape. The subsoil contains valuable ores, such as polymetallic ores near Tekeli.

The "Dzungarian Tien Shan" has its own halo of flowering sloping plains, which is famous only for them. Especially well provided with moisture is the shady slope of the mountains and their western valleys, open to the fertile Semirechye. Under this name, they unite the entire southern slope of the Balkhash-Alakol depression, first of all, the Dzhetysu - "the land of seven rivers" flowing into Balkhash or drying up in dry deltas. Thus, the more western plain of the foothills of the Zailiyskiy Alatau is included in the Semirechye (the city of Verny was the administrative center of the Semirechye region). The heart of the eastern Semirechye is now the regional city of Taldy-Kurgan, buried in parks.

Northern Tien Shan creates an external frame for the middle parts of the highlands. The front chain of ridges here is formed by Ketmen, Zailiyskiy and Kirgizskiy Alatau. Above Alma-Ata, the frame turned out to be double - parallel to the Zailiyskiy from the south, the Kungey-Alatau ridge stretches very close, dominating over Issyk-Kul. In the form of an oblique northwestern spur from the tip of the Zailiyskiy Alatau, the wings of the Chu-Ili mountains depart, the watershed significance of which is reflected in their very name.

The most popular region of the Tien Shan is the Zailiyskiy Alatau. The proximity to Alma-Ata and the beauty of mountain-forest and alpine landscapes brought him fame. About 900 square kilometers of them are protected in the Alma-Ata nature reserve, where the mountains are crowned with a magnificent five-thousander - the Talgar snow massif.

In 1963, one of the corners of these mountains became the scene of a terrible disaster. Peace and beauty pleased "Alma-Ata Ritsa" - Lake Issyk (not to be confused with Issyk-Kul!), Dammed 800 years ago by a landslide in a mountain valley, - a blue-green eye among the steep, overgrown with spruce forest, a favorite resting place of Almaty residents.

On a sunny day, there was a thunderbolt ... out of a clear sky! A mud-stone stream burst into the lake with an artillery roar, which arose when a moraine lake broke through in the upper reaches of the Issychka river. The mudflow overflowed the reservoir, broke through the ancient dam, and 5 million cubic meters of water rushed down the Issychka River through a gaping hole hundreds of meters deep. It was no longer a mud-stone, but a "water-stone" stream - it turned and rolled stones the size of a house, uprooted trees, demolished several streets in a piedmont village and rushed into Ili, into which it fell before its water was taken for irrigation. The "trophies" were carried along Ili even to Balkhash. Now it has been decided to revive Issyk - to return the former lake beauty to the emptied basin.

The two-stage Issyk mudslide was not the first to make people think about how to prevent such disasters; there have already been cases when cities and villages, including Alma-Ata, suffered from mudflow "invasions". After all, the very sloping plains on which the cities are built are made up of the outflows of these formidable and uncontrollable streams. This means that it is necessary to protect vulnerable objects more reliably. Especially formidable mudslides were overthrown on Alma-Ata from the Malaya Almatinka valley, in which the popular Medeo stadium is located. Now his name is worthy of more than one sports glory. In the 60s, an anti-mudflow dam of almost a hundred meters in height was erected here with the help of directed explosions. In 1973, she withstood the "test by force" and stopped the first large mudflow. But the dam was at its limit. “Only mountains can resist the mountains,” they said then, and they built a dam-mountain by 50 meters.

Another dam was erected in the neighboring valley - the Bolshaya Almatinka River. And the Bartogay reservoir in the upper reaches of the Chilik with an area of ​​14 square kilometers and a 1/3 cubic kilometer capacity will give water to the Big Almaty Canal, which has nothing to do with its namesake river. It is laid along the foot of the Zailiyskiy Alatau for more than 100 kilometers. Dozens of siphons (underground conduits) will allow it to cross the lower reaches of many rivers flowing from the ridge. The water will come to the foothills, and even Alma-Ata will find itself, as it were, on a full-flowing river!

Of course, the proximity of the mountains brings not only mudflow alarms to the townspeople of the oases: it also pleases them with the splendor of the landscapes - forest and alpine, and at the same time, in the full sense of the word, suburban. Within easy reach near Alma-Ata, or rather, above it, as well as above Frunze and Tashkent, there are rows of tourist centers, ski resorts and health resorts - climatic, kumis, balneological.

It is interesting to compare the appearance of the two sloping plains on which Alma-Ata and Frunze grew - the capitals, immersed in the shady greenery of alleys and parks. Along the foothills of the mountains, the Ili and Chu flow in the middle sections of their currents. But Ili, 50-70 kilometers away from the foot, does not participate in the irrigation of the foothill oases - they are all dependent only on the rivers flowing directly from the Zailiyskiy Alatau. A different picture in Kyrgyzstan. Chu, reaching the foot of the inclined plain, turned to the west and here itself became the main source of irrigation, feeding the Bolshoi Chuisky (BCHK), Atbashinsky and others canals; the entire valley between the Chu-Ili mountains and the Kirghiz ridge is called Chuiskaya. In both zones, agriculture is carried out in a Central Asian way - irrigated, but of the southern crops at these heights (700-900 meters) only rice and grapes get along. Fields of wheat and yellow tobacco, melons and vegetable gardens prevail. The outskirts of Alma-Ata are famous for their apple orchards, where aport apples of amazing size ripen. The Chumysh hydroelectric complex commands the irrigation of the entire valley.

The Northern Tien Shan is separated from the Inner Tien Shan by the vast Issyk-Kul tectonic and still seismic basin, in which an amazing creation of nature - Issyk-Kul, “warm”, that is, non-freezing, sea-lake, whose surface is raised more than 1600 meters above sea level, stretches. The reservoir is huge: along its length for 178 kilometers, the horizon is not visible, the impression is as if you see a large bay of the open sea. Across the lake, 60 kilometers away, the shores would also hardly be visible, but the Kungei and Terskey-Alatau mountain ranges rise above them with a height of 4-5 kilometers. The picture is especially effective when their snowy ridges are doubled by reflections in the lake. And the depths here are completely sea - a little less than 700 meters.

Very close to the lake, almost touching its western corner, the Chu flows, which had just left the Orto-Tokoy reservoir. Its connection with the lake was renewed more than once through a temporary watercourse, but now the runoff through the Boam Gorge carried the whole river with it.

The area at the western end of Issyk-Kul is unattractive, the Rybachye port has only recently been decorated with greenery. To the east, the nature of the coasts becomes richer - a direct response to an increase in moisture: at the opposite end of the lake, it rains 5-6 times more than in the west. Wet winds from the reservoir here truly breathed life into the landscape: wheat fields sway, melons and vegetable gardens turn green; poplar alleys and flowering gardens resemble the landscapes of Ukraine and the Kuban. Not far from the Przewalsk bathing in the gardens, on the shore of one of the bays, there is an obelisk with an image of an eagle and a bas-relief - this is a monument on the grave of the traveler Przhevalsky, who died here.

Wonderful bathing, all the delights of the sea south, but without heat even at the height of summer (the height affects!), Healing springs and the grandeur of the mountain-lake landscape - all this has earned Issyk-Kul the rank of a health resort of all-Union significance. Especially life-giving is the resort on radon springs in the valley of the "seven bulls" - Jety-Oguz; this is the Kyrgyz name for the fanciful cliffs of brick-red sandstone at the foot of the Terskei.

Part of the bottom of the basin and adjacent mountain slopes is protected in nine isolated areas of the Issyk-Kul nature reserve.

Together with the Caspian Sea, Aral and Balkhash, Issyk-Kul shares the fate of non-flowing lakes, whose life depends on the inflow of river waters. They spent them on irrigation, the runoff was reduced due to forest cuttings - the lake, in response, lowered the level by 3 meters.

Chingiz Aitmatov compared his mirror to inevitably shrinking pebbled skin and inspiredly urged to save “the fragile pearls of Issyk-Kul”. After all, the reservoir itself and the surrounding landscape suffer.

Perhaps some archaeologists were glad that the water was leaving the coast. Once the lake rose and flooded coastal structures - divers were equipped to study them. Now underwater secrets have become available for overland excavations. Medieval bricks and shards of crockery have already been found in ancient silts, and stone tools even turned out to be Neanderthal.

To maintain the beauty and glory of Issyk-Kul, the lake must be more resolutely protected from pollution; sharply reduce felling; to at least partially reorient irrigated grain and forage agriculture to less water-intensive gardening ... But more and more calls are being heard to top up the rivers feeding the lake with water from neighboring basins. The easiest way is to return the Chu River here. But its water is needed by the fields of the Chuy valley. Take her away from the tributaries of the middle reaches of the Ili? But this will create another item of damage to the water balance of Balkhash.

Maintaining the merits of Issyk-Kul is one of the not fully resolved problems of nature management in Central Asia.

To the south of Terskei, the most heavenly part of the highland is piled up - the alpine desert Central Tien Shan... In the east, on the border with China, the gigantic knot Mustag (ice mountains) with 6-7 km heights ascended. Among the treelike glaciers is Inylchek, the second longest in the country (59 kilometers).

Glacier Northern Inylchek

When its two branches merge, an incredible lake turns violently blue in the ice shores, which is called buzzing and even speaking for the buzz that periodically arises in it. Waters occasionally leave through the voids in the ice, lowering the level by tens of meters or even completely emptying the wild ice bath with stranded "white marble" icebergs. Then the multi-kilometer drainage tunnel is clogged and the reservoir is refilled. The lake bears the name of the geographer and climber who discovered it, Merzbacher.

The southern facade of the mountains is formed by the eastern links of the border chain - the Kokshaltau ridge, crowned with the country's second highest peak - Pobeda Peak. And on the middle spur of the Meridional ridge, the legendary Khan-Tengri - "the lord of heavenly powers" rises. Its popularity was especially promoted by the hammered correctness of the pyramidal peak and the fact that it culminates above neighboring peaks more noticeably than the more diffuse Victory Peak.

To the west stretches the Inner Tien Shan, it is also called the syrt, or the edge of the jailoo - summer pastures. The calm, albeit fast, flow of rivers on the stretches of longitudinal valleys is replaced by bubbling rapids in through transverse gorges. Two vast lakes rest on syrts above 3 kilometers - the fresh flowing Sonkol and the flow-free bitter-brackish Chatyrkol. Until recently, the icy waters of Sonköl were considered dead, but now Siberian peled and wild boletus were bred in it.

The core river here is Naryn, an energy hero. About 6 million kilowatts at more than 20 hydroelectric power stations will make it possible to obtain drops in its channel in through valleys. A total of six cascades will be created. The first ends the mighty Nizhne-Naryn cascade consisting of the Toktogul, Kurpsay, Tashkumyr and two Uchkurgan hydroelectric stations. The Toktogul hydroelectric power station is operating here at full capacity - almost a million and a quarter kilowatts. Its reservoir accommodated over 19 cubic kilometers of water, and the dam that dammed it near the young city of Kara-Kul rose by more than 200 meters. Below the path of the green-turquoise waters of Naryn has already been blocked by the dam of the Kurpsay hydroelectric power station.

In the southwest, the Inner Tien Shan is fenced off by the Fergana ridge skewed on the map, which has recently been raised along an ancient deep fault. Its foothills are coal-bearing and oil-bearing; the resort town of Jalal-Abad has grown on the hot waters.

On the lower slopes of the ridge, there are good relict walnut forests inherited from the pre-Quaternary time. They also continue to the west, along the southern slopes of the Ugam ridge and Chatkal.

The extreme western protrusion of the Tien Shan is called the Western Tien Shan. A lattice of ridges adjoins the Talas Alatau mountain knot, crowned by the 4.5 km high Manas peak, united in five parallel rows and separated by large longitudinal valleys.

In the south, the coal-bearing valley of Akhangaran (Angren) is especially famous. One of the more northern valleys was glorified by Chirchik with its cascade of 18 hydroelectric power stations, and large valleys of its tributaries - Chatkal, Pskem and Ugam, by the names of which the adjacent ridges are named, open to it.

The united delta of Chirchik and Akhangaran at the western end of this "pack" of ridges forms one of the richest oases in Central Asia - Tashkent. Numerous traces of 2000-year history are intricately intertwined in its space. Today it is occupied by a huge city with a swarm of satellite cities. Tashkent, rebuilt and transformed after the catastrophic earthquake of 1966, is lavishly decorated with greenery of parks and alleys, mirrors of reservoirs.

In the north, the depression between the ridges of the Kirghiz and Talas Alatau is occupied by the flourishing Talas valley, at the exit from which the rich Dzhambul oasis is located near the mountains. To the west of the Tien Shan, a saber, the Karatau ridge, the "black mountains", goes away, as it were. The corner between it and other ridges of the Western Tien Shan is filled with the merged deltas of the Arys and its tributaries - this is another blooming oasis - Chimkent.

Not a single part of the Tien Shan is so richly endowed with mineral resources as the western one. Against the background of the blackish-gray slopes of Karatau, the quarters of Kentau and Achisay, where polymetal ores are mined, whiten, the cities of Zhanatas and Karatau - here one of the world's largest phosphorite basins. It stretches along the mountains for 125 kilometers and contains more than one and a half billion tons of phosphorites.

Especially ore bearing is the Kuraminsky ridge with the Karamazor backstage. According to the spectrum of minerals concentrated here, it is compared, albeit not without exaggeration, to some with the Urals, some with the Kola Peninsula. We list only ores - iron and copper, polymetals, tungsten, molybdenum, bismuth, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, a number of rare metals; there is also gold.

The Kuraminsky subsoil has been known since ancient times. The adits and other mines of silver and copper ores - the medieval mines of Kani-mansur near Adrasman, now famous for its bismuth, or Kansai - for mercury, look like monuments of labor of ancient miners. Polymetals and copper accompany each other in the particularly rich ore region of Almalyk, Altyntopkan and Kuruksay.

Angren is a stoker containing about a quarter of the coal reserves of Central Asia. Mining is carried out here both mine and from the surface. On the basis of the Akhangaran "valley of treasures" and the nearby mountains, the Chatkalo-Kuraminsky territorial-production complex is being formed with beneficial interposition and interaction of mining and processing enterprises.

For the inhabitants of Tashkent, the Western Tien Shan is cool and green suburban environs, favorite places of rest. The trip to Charvak and Chimgan is especially good. Above the mouth of the Ugam River, Chirchik is overloaded by the Charvak HPP dam, the largest in the entire cascade (one and a half meters high). Its capacity is 600 thousand kilowatts. Two cubic kilometers of water entered the mouths of the Chatkal and Pskem valleys forming Chirchik in bays, creating a water area of ​​about 40 square kilometers. Wonderful memories are left by a trip around the reservoir and the panorama from the horizon above the dam.

Around the reservoir stretches the blessed corner of Western Chatkal - the Bostandyk area and the Chimgan valley calling for skiers. The mountain barrier of the same name with its three-kilometer height intercepts the moisture that has not fallen from the winds that crossed the desert, and Bostandyk gets up to 1000 millimeters of precipitation per year - three times more than in Tashkent. Here, as in the south of the Chatkal ridge, thickets of wild apple trees riot, walnut groves, the most northern in Central Asia, flaunt.

Resorts appeared at the southern foot of Chatkal. The most famous of them - the thermal hydrogen sulfide-radon Chartak - has become an all-Union health resort.

Four large areas of nature in the Western Tien Shan are reserved. More than 350 square kilometers are occupied by the Chatkal reserve, the closest to Tashkent, over 180 - by Besh-Aral in the Chatkal valley, about 240 - by Sary-Chelek, near the junction of the Chatkal ridge with the Talas, and 730 square kilometers - by Aksu-Dzhabaglinsky on the Ugam ridge and the tip of the Talas Alatau. All these are majestic mountain territories with heights of up to 3-4 kilometers, in Aksu-Dzhabagly - with dozens of glaciers. The name of the Sary-Chelek reserve was given by one of the best decorations of Central Asian nature - the Sary-Chelek lake, located at a two-kilometer height.

Fergana Basin... The Tien Shan and Gissar-Alai mountains, in the east firmly connected by the Fergana ridge, and in the west, adjacent to the mouth of the Farhad Gates of the Syr Darya, are widely spaced between these nodes, embracing a giant hollow, behind which for some reason the name “Fergana Valley” was fixed, although there is nothing like a valley here. This tectonic oval of subsidence, amazing in size and regularity, with diameters of 325 kilometers in parallel and up to 90 in the meridian, covers an area of ​​more than 22 thousand square kilometers. For its wealth, Fergana was also in the past considered the pearl of the Russian Empire.

Traces of ancient settlements and monuments of the Middle Ages remind that in ancient times the basin was the focus of various civilizations. Today it is one of the most flourishing territories of Central Asia, divided between three union republics - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It provides the country with about a quarter of all cotton and a third of silkworm cocoons.

This basin is a seismic trough, inherited from ancient times, and its folded foundation is submerged for kilometers. Its bottom would have been below ocean level long ago (as it was when the bay of the pre-Quaternary Sarmatian Sea penetrated here), if this subsidence had not been compensated by the intensive bringing of rubble and pebbles from the surrounding mountains. The modern bottom of the basin lies at heights of up to 1000 meters in the east and 300 meters in the west.

The ridges isolate the basin from wet winds. Only a meager desert dose of rain falls to its bottom in a year - 100-150 millimeters, and only the foothills receive a little more (up to 300). Therefore, on the flat bottom, the desert dominates, and on the periphery - mountain deserts of the foothills, higher turning into mountain semi-deserts. The mountains protect the depression from cold winds (the average January temperature does not go below minus 3 °) and share with it the moisture flowing down from the slopes.

A ring of rich oases embraced Fergana. They are watered by both surface watercourses and a powerful plume of underground runoff under the foothill sediments. Along the northern border of the Fergana ellipse, the transit Syrdarya flows, formed by the confluence of the Karadarya and Naryn. Their waters feed on large main canals - Bolshoi, North and South Fergana - the first-borns of nationwide construction projects during the pre-war five-year plans and many of the newest canals. The waterless planes are decorated with reservoirs Uchkurgan, Kairakkum, Farhad, but the latter has managed to become heavily silted.

In addition to the round dance of cities and roads connecting this ring of oases, Fergana is also ringed with a network of gas pipelines and a single control system for all canals feeding it. Transverse rivers are also involved in irrigation, and therefore even dry up in dry deltas. They, too, joined hands in a round dance - their lower reaches are connected by channels that allow regulating water supply and transferring water to neighbors who need it.

Part of the pebble-crushed stone outflows was involved in the arched uplifts of the neighboring ridges. This is how whimsical ravines arose ( sayami) bad lands: conglomerate and loess adyrs embracing almost all of Fergana. In some places and even in the axial part of the depression, these young sediments have experienced recent collapses and rise in amazing juvenile ridges of impressive size. Some of them have rock salt domes squeezed up.

The cultural landscape dominates - endless fields of cotton, cut by fans of irrigation ditches, green massifs of gardens, melons and vineyards, alleys of poplars and mulberries, white acacia, plane trees and elm. Large cities grew up in oases: Leninabad, Andijan, Fergana, Kokand, Osh, Namangan, Margilan. Resorts are becoming more and more famous; the most promising of them is the hydrogen sulfide Chimion, "Fergana Matsesta".

Gissar-Alai... In the heap of the highest ridges between the Tien Shan and the Pamirs, there is a kind of buffer zone with the Alai ridge in the east and a fan of the Gissar ridges in the west. For a long time there was no consensus on what to attribute this strip of mountains: some ranked it as the Pamir and spoke of it as something single, about the Pamir-Alai; others believed that the extreme southwestern protrusion of the Tien Shan adjoins here, close to the Pamirs. But this strip of mountains is separated from the Tien Shan by a huge Fergana basin, and from the Pamirs by a deep trench of the Alai Valley. And the structure of the bowels is different from that inherent in both neighboring highlands. That is why it has become generally accepted to distinguish an independent mountain system under the name of Gissar-Alai, opposed to both the Tien Shan and the Pamirs.

The close proximity of the icy heights of the northern and dry subtropics of Southern Tajikistan ... The brightest colors of rivers and lakes, flowering gardens and meadows, even the rocks themselves, shimmering with all the colors of a stone rainbow - so variegated are the rocks that compose them ... Giant dams and reservoirs ... All This is the Gissar-Alai, an asymmetrical swell with a drier and gentler northern slope and a more humid steep southern slope (the north receives up to 450, the south - 600-1200 millimeters of precipitation per year). On the inner slopes of the mountains and in the valleys, dryness, stonyness, an abundance of almost bare rocks increase sharply - here, and only 150 millimeters of precipitation falls per year.

The length of the shaft is about 750 kilometers, and the width is different in different sections. In the east, it is one Alai ridge, only 70-90 kilometers across. In the middle part of Kuhistan - "the country of mountains" - it is expanding more than twice, but it is dissected into three parallel ridges: Turkestan, Zeravshan and Gissar. The western branches of Gissar fan out for 350 kilometers. The plain Malguzar - Nuratau chain departs to the northwest with an oblique feather in relation to the latitudinal ridges. From the south, Gissar is adjoined by a lattice of ridges of southern Tajikistan with densely populated valleys.

The largest ridges have a high-mountainous-alpine appearance and powerful glaciers. In the Matcha knot up to 5621 meters high, where Alai bifurcates into the Turkestan and Zeravshan ridges, the treelike Zeravshan glacier is almost 25 kilometers long.

The northern slope of the Gissar-Alai faces the Fergana Basin. South of the city of Fergana, the popular mountain climatic resort Khamzaabad in the Shakhimardan valley, near beautiful lakes. The most inhabited part inside the Gissar-Alai is the Zeravshan valley, heavily terraced, as if lined in five tiers of platforms and edges. Its extensions form the Penjikent Basin, and in the lower reaches the Samarkand oasis. The tugai of the Zeravshan floodplain and its dry delta are protected in the Zeravshan and Karakul reserves. Archaeologists have unearthed an ancient settlement of Penjikent from the times of ancient Sogdiana. The monuments of the Middle Ages are also interesting.

In 1964, this valley did not escape the catastrophic landslide-landslide, which dammed the river near the village of Aini. A breach of the dam threatened disaster for the entire underlying valley. The explosion cut through the water drainage route - it was drained by a 60-meter waterfall.

The Zeravshan ridge with heights of up to 5489 meters (Mount Chimtarga) would be more accurately called a chain - it is cut through and through by the gorges of the left tributaries of the Zeravshan, the longitudinal upper reaches of which and the westward Kashkadarya separate it from the more southern Gissar. There are many first-class natural phenomena here: a chain of magnificent Marguzor lakes, strung like beads on a string of the Shing River, the bubbling Yagnob rapids, which broke through the cyclopean stone heaps; Iskanderdarya, flowing as a 30-meter waterfall from the landslide dam lake Iskanderkul, also one of the most beautiful in Central Asia.

The bowels are ore-bearing here too. The belt of antimony-mercury deposits stretches along the northern slope. There are tungsten ores, fluorite reserves.

In the coking coals near Yagnob, an underground fire has lasted for centuries, which has arisen as a result of spontaneous combustion - they knew about it already in the 10th century. Along the Fergana foothills, there are two garlands of deposits - coal and oil.

Nature is protected in five reserves: mountain-juniper Kyzylsuisky, Mirakinsky, Ramit, Zaamin and mountain-nut-bearing Nuratinsky. The first two are located in the basin of the Kashkadarya river, the third is in the upper reaches of the Kafirnigan, the fourth is in the area where the Malguzar ridge adjoins the Turkestan, and the fifth is on the slopes of the extreme northwestern branch of the Gissar-Alai - the Nuratau ridge. The red-listed markhor goat is protected in the Kugitangtau mountains and southern Tajikistan. A natural national park is organized on the northern slope of the Turkestan ridge.

The Leninabad - Dushanbe Transhissar highway crosses all three ridges (two through the passes, Zeravshansky - along the through gorge of Fandarya) and allows you to get acquainted with Gissar-Alai, as it were, in a cross-section. In addition to the "usual" beauty of the mountain-alpine heights, the route captivates with the variegated colors of the rocks - intensely red, pink, lilac, green, yellow. Immediately, as on the poster, the differences between the high-altitude zones and the contrasts of the opposite slopes are visible. A 5-kilometer tunnel is being built bypassing the Anzob pass.

Descending from Gissar to the south, we find ourselves from the world of bare stones under a green tree canopy. The place of northern juniper sparse forests here was taken by lush broad-leaved copses of maple, sycamore, walnut and many wild fruit trees in mountain forest gardens. In the zone of maximum precipitation (900-1200 millimeters per year), non-irrigated agriculture is possible; boghars". Work on terraced afforestation has been launched on tens of thousands of hectares.

The Varzob flowing through Dushanbe (below it is called Dushanbinka) supplies water to the city water pipelines and the Great Gissar Canal, which runs westward along the foothills of the mountains up to the Surkhandarya basin. Along the eastern foothills of the Gissar, the valley of the right source of the Vakhsh, the Surkhob River, ran along a tectonic seam. Along the northwestern Pamir highway (not to be confused with the main Transpamir highway!), It is easiest to get here to the highest ridges of the Alai, to the Alai valley and to the seven-thousanders of the Pamirs. In the lake-like expansions of the Surkhoba Valley, the villages of Garm, Novabad and Khait are buried in gardens, which have suffered more than once from devastating earthquakes.

The chain of Malguzar - Nuratau ranges is cut by the gorge of the Sanzar river, the narrow part of which is called the Tamerlane or Iron Gates - in the past, the approaches to the capital of Timur Samarkand were blocked in this defile by a gate with an iron chain. Now there are highways and a railway from Tashkent to Samarkand. Sanzar would have dried up if in the last century it had not been drunk by the canal taken from Zeravshan through the extremity of the Turkestan ridge. Even in autumn, Sanzar has muddy water - after all, it is Zeravshan, fed by glaciers.

The southwestern branch of the Gissar - the Baysuntau - Kugitangtau chain reaches its end in Turkmenistan and approaches the Amu Darya. The famous mountain pass Iron Gate (another one!), This time customs, opens the way from Karshi and Samarkand to Termez, it is called the Great Uzbek Highway. Baysuntau and its spurs also amaze with the fantastic colors of the rocks. The sulfur deposits of Gaurdag are important in the Kugitang mountains. Enchanting caves with incrustations of marbled onyx of rare transparency are known. The reserves of the Karlyuk and Karabil deposits of potash salts are estimated in billions of tons.

To the east are heaped up deeply indented gorges South Tajik mountains, folded, like part of Gissar, by Meso-Cenozoic variegated strata. The eastern ridges of the middle mountains rise in the form of steps leading to the Pamir, already clearly higher than the "average" (up to 3-4 kilometers). Western ones rarely exceed 2 kilometers, but they look like low mountains, because the basins separating them themselves lie at levels of the order of a thousand meters. Among the mountains there are massifs made of pure rock salt - such is the snow-white, albeit snowless mountain Khoja-Mumin.

The pride of Tajikistan is the gigantic Nurek hydroelectric power station, "the eighth wonder of the world", with a capacity of 2.7 million kilowatts, which has curbed the wild Vakhsh. After it, on the same Vakhsh, an even more powerful Rogun hydroelectric power station rises, the most powerful in Central Asia. And in total in the Vakhsh cascade, counting the three previously created stations in the lower reaches, there will be nine hydroelectric power plants with a total capacity of up to 10 million kilowatts.

Nurek owes its name to the Tajik word "norak" - a light, a light, a ray. In the Pulisanginsky Gorge, a dam has been erected that has risen to 300 meters - this is the height of the Eiffel Tower! In conditions of the greatest seismic activity, this is a miracle of hydraulic engineering. In response to the shaking, the dam should only be compacted, promising to withstand the pressure of 10.5 cubic kilometers of water held by it. The reservoir, which flooded the Vakhsh valley for 70 kilometers, argues for its blue, outlines and sizes with the Sarez Lake of the Pamirs. Here, navigation arose to the alignment of the Rogun hydroelectric power station. An almost 14-kilometer-long tunnel transfers its water to the neighboring Dangara Valley. And below the Nurek Vakhsh it is blocked by one more - the Baipazin dam. She raised the level of the river by 50 meters; from here, water was launched through a seven-kilometer tunnel through the ridge to the Yavan and Obikiik valleys, which were not water until recently. It is in these three valleys that fine-staple Egyptian cotton matures.

The Vakhsh valley, oddly enough, is not a synonym for the entire Vakhsh valley above and below Nurek, but an independent proper name applied only to the lower reaches of the river. It was it that glorified her when this region was the first object of irrigation of the dry subtropics of Tajikistan. Here, long before Nurek, a cascade of three waterworks was created. The head dam, 40 meters high, allowed to accumulate 10 cubic kilometers of water and flood the valley for 15 kilometers.

Unfortunately, the most rewarding landscape transformations have their downsides. Silt settles in the reservoirs, which previously enriched the fields and putty the cracks in the bottom of the irrigation ditches. Clarified water has become scarce in nutrients - fertilizers can replace them, although not cheap. But who will keep the increased filtration with losses from a quarter to a half of the water volume? And here considerable funds are needed to cover thousands of running kilometers of the irrigation and drainage network.

Much has changed in the Tigrovaya Balka nature reserve. In the 30s, more than 400 square kilometers of tugai thickets in the lowlands at the confluence of the Vakhsh and Pyanj were taken under protection. The nature here amazed with the virgin thickets of turanga and jida poplar, tamarisk and wild sugarcane thickets. Until 1959, tigers were encountered in the reed jungle. The glory of the "balka" was the tugai Bukhara deer Hangul - the "royal flower" of the Persian poets. There were wolves, jackals, hyenas, jungle cats - haus. The world of birds was rich: slow swans, Indian starlings, myna, pheasants, which are considered the most beautiful in the world. There are also huge monitor lizards, a lot of snakes. The reserve was literally teeming with life.

The huge intake of Vakhsh waters for irrigation changed the entire regime of the reserved land and water: the channels began to grow shallow and dry, reeds fell, animals began to scatter ... Well, to close the reserve and drain its lands in order to put them under cotton? No, it was recognized as useful to extend the reserve regime of this "laboratory in nature", but not as a standard of the pristine landscape, but as an object of study of the processes that have arisen as a result of its forced transformation.

The richest of the South Tajik valleys is the Gissar valley. It stretched out in a wide strip for more than a hundred kilometers. It is wetter here than in the lower foothill valleys (over 500 millimeters of rain per year), and there are excessively heavy downpours, leading to mudflows and floods. The conditions of dry subtropics are at their limit - at a kilometer altitude it can be cold. Nevertheless, blossoming oases arose in the valleys of Kafirnigan and Varzob - Ordzhonikidzeabad and Dushanbe, in which the young capital of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, grew up.

From the city of Osh, which lies at the eastern head of the Fergana Basin, the Transpamir tract begins. It rises to the Alai ridge to the Taldyk pass with a height of 3650 meters, from where a very short descent leads to the Alai valley, the bottom of which itself is raised above 3 kilometers. This trough is a seismic trough, but it did not descend: it rose together with its sides, only lagging behind them during the uplift. This is how a valley arose, stretching for 190 kilometers with a width of 25-40.

The erosion of the red sandstones of the Trans-Alai Range gave a red color even to the water of the main river of the valley. In Turkic-speaking Kyrgyzstan, the upper course of the river is called Kyzylsu, and below its confluence with Muksu, in farso-speaking Tajikistan, it receives the name Surkhob; both names mean "red water".

The Alai Valley is often considered the threshold of the Pamirs - there are already many typical Pamir features in the landscape, the average annual temperatures are close to tundra (+ 10 °), there are almost no frost-free days, scarce mountainous semi-deserts dominate in the western half. But in contrast to the Pamirs, in the eastern part of the valley there are luxurious mountain-steppe and even meadow pastures with highly nutritious grasses - large flocks of sheep and shoals of horses are fed here; even from Ferghana, cattle are brought here - in the summer it accumulates over a million heads! On the more rocky foothills and on the ancient moraine hills at the Zalay foothills, you can see herds of yaks - a feature clearly of the Pamir.

Like two snow-white ridges of clouds, stripes of overworld peaks and crests hover above the bottom and sides of the valley. On the Zaalaysky ridge, many of them exceed 6 kilometers, and Lenin Peak even reaches 7134 meters - this is the third highest peak in our country. A picture of rare greatness, but with such absolute marks one could expect more. The lower alpine ridges of the Caucasus look something like this when you look at them from the plains of the Ciscaucasia. After all, here the basement is also raised up to 3 kilometers, so that the excess of the ridges above the bottom of the valley turns out to be relatively moderate.

In Persian, "pa-mi-ihr" means "foot of the sun god" - isn't this the origin of the name Pamir? And with it another uplifting definition has grown together - "the roof of the world." Truly a roof raised above the world at levels from 4 to 7 kilometers. The inhabitants of the Pamirs joke that they are 4 kilometers closer to the sky than the rest of the inhabitants of the Earth. Only people living in the high parts of the Tibetan and Bolivian highlands can argue with them.

The Pamirs are crowned with the highest peak of the country - the peak of Communism (7495 meters, since 1998 it has been renamed the peak of Ismail Somoni. - Approx. ed.). And how much there is still the only and greatest! The deepest gorges and the longest glaciers. Neighborhood of huge accumulations of ice and mountain-desert waterlessness. An incredible area of ​​permafrost under such low latitudes (37-39 °). Here, like nowhere else, the size of geological disasters taking place before the eyes of man is colossal, but here, higher than anywhere else in our country, settlements penetrate and high-mountain agriculture finds its upper limit ...

What are the borders of the Pamirs? In the broadest sense of the word, this upland extends beyond the borders of our country. In the west, the Badakhshan mountains continue on the left bank of the Pyanj. In the south, the Eastern Hindu Kush is also easily considered another latitudinal ridge of the Pamirs. To the east of our border, the relief and landscape of the Pamir type are characteristic of the Kashgar mountains, that is, the tip of the Kunlun. The highest peaks of the "Kashgar Pamir", and therefore the entire highlands, are the foreign giants Kongur (7719 meters) and Mustagat (7546 meters). But let us agree to apply the concept of Pamir only for the Soviet territory.

The structure of the bowels here is complex and mosaic, as there are few places in our mountains. The strata of enormous thickness, measured in tens of kilometers, have been crushed and crushed. Alpine folds and faults also captured the Cenozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary formations, while the older and more rigid structures were fragmented and heeled. The highland warped and crumpled even in the process of the newest arched uplift, which had a colossal scope here. The strata that were deposited at the foothills geologically recently, in the Paleogene, are now at heights of up to 5 kilometers in the Zaalayskiy and Peter the Great ridges.

There are ridges-monuments to previously existing mountains. The cliffs of Darvaza seem to be stuffed with stones. These are fragments of those mountains that arose here in the early stages of the uplift of the Pamirs, but were destroyed. Crushed stone and pebbles, cemented into conglomerates, are lifted up, reminding of this, they are called Darvaz. Geologists appreciate their gold content, and tourists admire the diversity of cliffs - multi-colored pebbles and cement holding them together.

Intrusions of granite magma and eruptions of ancient volcanoes contributed to a variety of mineralization - there are ores of molybdenum and tungsten, many rare metals, deposits of rock crystal, mica, gems.

On the border of the Eastern and Western Pamirs, the highest uplift of the entire highland is reared - almost the meridional ridge of the Academy of Sciences. Such peaks as the peak of Communism and the fourth highest 7000m peak in the country - the peak of Evgenia Korzhenevskaya (7105 meters) are concentrated on it. The longest (77 kilometers) glacier, named after Fedchenko, also lies along this ridge. It is treelike - it receives more than 30 tributary glaciers. The ice in this numb river still flows, moving an average of 250 meters per year.

The Pamir is a majestic center of modern glaciation. Over a thousand glaciers cover an area of ​​8 thousand square kilometers. In the recent past, although the snow boundary decreased by only 400 - 700 meters, the glacier area was many times larger. The length of some of them exceeded 200 kilometers, and in the east there were ice caps of the Scandinavian type.

The glaciers of the Pamirs have to be studied closely. This has been done for many years, in particular, by the world's highest hydrometeorological observatory above the Fedchenko glacier, located at an altitude of 4169 meters.

We are used to thinking that glaciers flow slowly. The Pamirs forced to change this opinion. Some of them, as it were, pulsating, accumulate such an excess of matter and force that from time to time they push their ice down the valley with a piston at a speed of tens and even hundreds of meters per day.

The ice battering ram moves forward with a crash, bombarding the slopes with "suitcases" of ice boulders lying from its edges, and with its forward-pushing facade cuts off moraine hills, bushes, buildings like a bulldozer's knife. This is exactly how the enraged "ice bear", the Bear Glacier, behaved in the spring of 1963. His promotion cut the path to the development of crystal, deprived people of shelter. An uncontrollable icy stream blocked the path of one of the sources of the Vanch. If 14 million cubic meters of water were to break through the ice dam, a terrible shaft from the drained lake would sweep down the entire Vanchu, bringing innumerable devastation. At the cost of strenuous efforts, the water was dumped and diverted. The glacier "went mad" and calmed down. But the pulse is the pulse, it has its own rhythm, and the "bear" after 10 years gained strength again, as predicted by glaciologists. Much has been repeated, 16 million cubic meters of water have already accumulated in the lake. Only after a new advance in 1978, the lake was finally drained.

The border between the Eastern and Western Pamirs is considered to be the line of the “valley fracture”, to which the deep incision of the thalweg managed to spread to the east. To the west of this winding line, the valleys narrow sharply, turn into gorges, and their gentle channels become steep - this is the Western Pamir. On its ridges, only in places undamaged areas of highlands with landscapes of the Eastern Pamir type survived; on the other hand, the upper reaches of individual western gorges made their way by deep incisions far to the east.

The Eastern Pamir is a world of extremes, more reminiscent of the high-mountainous deserts of Central Asia. Desert moraine and rubble plains at heights of 4-5 kilometers; ridges with 6-kilometer peaks, but in appearance they are only medium-altitude and even low-mountainous - they rise only a kilometer and a half above the soles. Some plateaus are so vast that the mountains are visible from them only in a bluish haze at the horizon. “The Pamir is the flat palm of the earth on which the sky lies,” Yuri Sbitnev managed to summarize!

The preservation of the ancient leveled surfaces was helped here by a lot: wide-spread arches of folds; remoteness from incised gorges; the softening role of ancient glaciers - they slid from the ridges to the foothills and merged into a single piedmont mass, as it is now in Alaska. The valleys are littered with moraine rubble, sometimes as if densely packed, and depress with barren barks of salt marshes and takyrs.

The air is rarefied, the pressure is sharply reduced, the snow border runs at heights of 4.5-5.5 kilometers. Frosts down to minus 50 °, despite the brightness of the high southern sun. On saline soils, there is a permafrost microrelief: typically tundra stone polygons, and on these stones there is a completely southern desert tan - after all, here we have the highest rates of solar irradiation.

Wet winds penetrate here through the ridges only in a downdraft and give almost no precipitation - they fall only 75 - 100 millimeters per year.

Among the deserts, lakes turn blue: internal-drainage - Shorkul, Karakul and flowing - Rangkul. The most notable of them is Karakul - "black lake", stretching in a tectonic depression at an altitude of more than 3900 meters - 100 meters higher than the famous Titicaki in the Andes, with a mirror 20-30 kilometers across. Its bitter brackish water freezes for more than six months. The depths reach almost a quarter of a kilometer, and the ancient glacier, which covered it with a continuous massif, also took part in the final design of the shape of the depression. At the underwater foot of the coastal cliffs, thick layers of non-melting ice are visible.

Konstantin Simonov saw Karakul not black, but deep blue and white - these were the colors of water and ice: “And around the blue-white lake there are red camel mountains with thorny peaks cut into the light blue sky. This landscape resembles Roerich's paintings, as, incidentally, reminds them in general very much in the Pamirs ”.

In calm weather, it is a reservoir with azure-transparent water. But more often dashing dusty winds blow here. With a stormy north, the lake turns gray and even blackens from boiling ripples and swells. Is this not where his "black" name comes from?

To the north of the lake stretches for 290 kilometers the snow-icy Trans-Alai Range, crowned with Lenin Peak and crossed by the Trans-Pamir Highway (it is also called simply the Pamir). Great efforts were required for the construction of the tract. They are also needed for the daily operation of the track in a harsh climate and oxygen starvation - both people and motors feel it. Avalanches are terrible in winter. This highway is called “High difficulty track”. The length of the tract is 700 kilometers; it crosses the Pamir square not diagonally, but passes along the peripheral legs of its outskirts.

In the northern part, the road leads through two famous passes: Kyzylart (red pass) - through the Trans-Alai ridge at an altitude of 4280 meters and the ever-snowy Akbaital (white stallion) south of Karakul - 4641 meters. In the vicinity of Murghab, the desert is full of only rare nondescript bushes of teresken, the only fuel in these places; he also serves as food for yaks. Life processes are so slowed down that even tiny specimens of teresken can be several hundred years old. On rare scraps of pastures, only nomadic cattle breeding is possible: forage is so scarce that no pasture, except for yak tereskenniks, will feed livestock throughout the season. And yet, tens of thousands of sheep and many thousands of meat and wool yaks graze here, which, moreover, give excellent milk. Yaks are unpretentious, "frost-resistant", they spend the whole year in the open air and do not complain about either low pressure or a meager oxygen regime.

Near Murghab, at the Chichekta experimental station, biologists and agronomists breed early maturing varieties of barley, rye, and vegetables. The Nayzatash pass with a height of 4137 meters leads the route to the Alichur valley. On the way, you will not admire the intricate weathered figures of cream conglomerates and brick-red sandstones. This is one of the most beautiful sections of the track. Bristly and ridge ridges, domes, pyramids, variegation of yellow, brown and purple colors combined with the whiteness of the snow ...

If you leave the tract and turn along the trail into the lower-lying section of the Alichur valley, you get to another lake - Yashilkul (green), formed at an altitude of 3734 meters by a landslide that burst out eight centuries ago. Even today it looks like it has just been poured into a strange 22-kilometer-long valley among the bare pale-pale steeps. Deep bays are separated by curtain capes, and above the white of the 6-kilometer giant, Pathor Peak, shines. The lake has always attracted anglers. In 1979, Siberian peled was released into it.

Alichur flows into Yashilkul, and the Panj tributary Gunt flows out of it. A tract descends into its valley, having overcome two more passes. Here the eastern Pamir landscapes end and the western Pamir landscapes begin: unmeasured depths open up, shady gorges, green bushes and knotty birches appear. Isn't this the most mountainous country in our country - the relief is not so deep and steep nowhere! And on the whole Earth, perhaps, only in two places: in the Peruvian Andes and in the east of the Himalayas, you can see such a depth of dissection of the mountains - the ridges rise 4-5 kilometers above the valleys, which are cut here to the level of 2 kilometers above the sea. There are no number of rocky cliffs, there are planes of a kilometer height, almost sheer.

The deepest furrow was dug by the Pyanj, dividing the slopes of Badakhshan into approximately equal parts - our Western Pamir and Afghan Badakhshan. The crevices of the Pyanj itself and its right tributaries cut the first of them into large parallel ridges. The Obikhingou valley in the upper reaches of the Vakhsh separated from the Darvaz ridge the extreme northwestern bastion of the Pamirs - the Peter the Great ridge.

The Western Pamir is more humid than the Eastern. A powerful glaciation could develop here, but the ridges are so narrow and the slopes are steep that usually only small hanging glaciers fit on them. Frequent earthquakes shake off not only snow but also rock falls from the steep. The championship among the landslide-dammed lakes, both in size and beauty, is, of course, held by Lake Sarez.

In 1911, about 2 cubic kilometers of stone, weighing 6 billion tons, collapsed from a seismic shock into the Murghab valley! The village of Usoy was buried under the collapse, and this tragic event entered into geology under the name of the Usoy Dam. A lake began to accumulate in front of a dam hundreds of meters high. By the end of the year, it flooded the village of Sarez, lying higher in the valley, and three years later swallowed the valley for 70 kilometers. The narrowness of the gorge did not allow the lake to spread in breadth for more than one and a half kilometers, and depths in it arose up to five hundred meters. Filtration through the dam prevented the water from overflowing over the top (there were still 50 meters to overflow), and finally, by 1921, its mirror stabilized at around 3239 meters.

Lake Sarez and the blockage that gave birth to it are rare monuments of geological catastrophes of this size that have arisen before the eyes of man. A meeting with Sarez excites everyone who was lucky enough to get to him along the trail from Yashil-kul or by helicopter. Some visitors are intoxicated by its “heavenly blue”, others - “cobalt blue”, comparable in density to dark blue ink, and those who spent the evening on the lake even remember the anthracite blackness of the waters. The frame of the lake is formed by reddish-brown, and higher on the slopes and reddish rocks, like wrinkles pitted with dry hollows.

The lake has accumulated up to 15 cubic kilometers of water. But is a natural "rock-fill" dam strong enough? Its breakthrough in case of digging up by underground runoff or overfilling of the lake with new collapses of rocks hanging over it can entail disastrous consequences. In a few hours down the Bartang valley, and even lower - along the Amu Darya up to Termez, an all-washing wave of flood will roll. Should the lake be drained at least 100 meters to reduce the danger?

Ameliorators and power engineers look with envy at Sarez: this is both a supply of water for irrigation and a ready-made reservoir for a hydroelectric power station. They propose to pour the lake from its three-kilometer heights through a tunnel or a bypass channel down the valley, where it will be warmer and where another, but obviously super-strong dam 300 meters high will allow pouring a new, this time man-made Sarez, with a capacity equal to the natural one. It will be convenient to locate the water intake devices of the hydroelectric complex that feeds the irrigated lands, and powerful power plants will work on the drainage route.

The Pamir continues to rise and makes the rivers tirelessly deepen their beds. Floodplains are extremely narrow or absent here. Lands suitable for farming - dasht, arise only at the mouth outlets of tributaries and on rare scraps of river terraces, which are "suspended" on steep balconies at a height of hundreds of meters above the channels.

And the soil is brought to the dashts in baskets!

From the villages that creep along the slopes like swallow nests, truly eagle's horizons open up. Dizzying paths are laid along the steep slopes over the abyss along narrow cornices and one-sided balcony bridges - these are the famous ovrings. No less daring trails are drawn along the steep slopes by hanging irrigation canals that take water high in the mountains and deliver it along the slopes to the upland fields.

Mountain Tajiks cultivate naked barley, beans, peas, flax, millet. With artificial irrigation wheat and rye are born, mulberries, apple trees, and apricots bear fruit. The lower slopes are occupied by a mountainous semi-desert with thorny urchins of cushion-shaped shrubs and rare "herb trees" - umbrella large grasses. The annual drive of sheep flocks to the overlying steppes and meadows sometimes requires acrobatic dexterity from both shepherds and animals.

The main source of the Pyanj - Vakhjir and the Vakhandarya, which continues it, are in Afghanistan. The Pamir River begins from Lake Zorkul, ascended to a height of 4125 meters. Having rolled along a terrible gorge cut through the Vakhan ridge, she meets Vakhandarya, and together they form the Pyanj proper. As far as Ishkashim, it flows to the southwest along the longitudinal valley that separates the Wakhan Range from the foreign Hindu Kush, and from here it turns sharply to the north. The left bank here is the wild and formidable steep of the Afghan Badakhshan. On the right bank, where the mountains are just as huge, signs of development are clearly visible: electric lights powered by a power plant in Ishkashim, forest plantations, roads instead of former ovrings, irrigated fields ...

The energy power of Pyanj is immense. In reality, the creation of giant hydroelectric power stations - Rushan with a capacity of 3 million kilowatts and Dashtidzhum - 4 million.

Descending along the Panj to Khorog from the south, it is a sin to pass one of the most famous places in the Pamirs - Garm-Chashma. We will turn into the canyon of one of the Pyanj tributaries and climb along it towards the white hulk - Mayakovsky peak. Among the bare rocks, a staircase of petrified waterfalls opens up - terraces of snow-white, yellowish or bluish incrustations of lime tuff with reservoirs filled with blue water. It bubbles in places and even gushes up to one and a half meters, forming microgeysers. On the springs with a temperature of 50 - 75 ° there is a hydropathic establishment, one of the highest in the world (at an altitude of about 3 kilometers). The luxurious cascades of drip terraces are comparable to the world's treasures of natural architecture - the Mammoth Terraces of America's Yellowstone Park and New Zealand's Tetarat Cascades - where geysers were also the main architects of masterpieces.

In another gorge we will get to the gems of the "ruby mountain" Kuhi-Lal, which were being developed from time immemorial (it was mentioned by Marco Polo, who passed here). In the old days, frets, like yahonts, were called rubies, but here they extract, now with the help of modern mechanisms, crimson and amber spinels. And in the Pamirs there are also green-blue amazonites, honey-colored sphenes, blue and "tea" topaz, transparent scapolite, dark cherry rutile, jasper, mica, asbestos, talc ... The extraction of many treasures is hindered by their transcendental inaccessibility. However, there is even a coal mine at an altitude of 5200 meters - this is higher than the top of Kazbek. Coal here is given not "to the mountain", but from the mountain!

In the Shahdara valley, the deposits of the "heavenly stone" lajvar - lapis lazuli, about which Marco Polo wrote that the best blue in the world is extracted from it, is glorified. A pack trail has been cut to the "blue gorge" of Lyadzhvar-dary at a height of 5 kilometers, and the mined blocks of blue stone are taken out by helicopters.

Decorated with poplars, Khorog, the center of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region and the highest of such centers, is located at 2200 meters. And also a high-mountain botanical garden was created on SHO meters above Khorog. Here varieties of plants are developed that are adapted to the harsh conditions of the highlands, they help to introduce fruit plantations and berry fields into the economy, and cultivate fodder grasses and vegetables.

The western part of the tract (Khorog - Dushanbe) is often called the Western Pamir. It is laid along the old caravan road, the movement along which took the riders and packs up to 40 days. Now it is 550 kilometers of the road, the most difficult in profile (11 passes!) And abounding in so many serpentines and dizzying cornices that drivers call it a slalom track. Khorog is connected to Dushanbe and the airline, which takes only 45 minutes to fly, but it is also associated with intense sensations. The plane, especially before the descent in Khorog, repeats the whimsical bends of the gorge, narrowing in the "Rushan window" to 50 meters, so the pilots call this route an air slalom route.

When the Panj breaks through the Yazgulem ridge, at the dam of the future Rushan hydroelectric power station, the unusual combination of a huge almost mirror-like surface, like that of flat rivers, with a truly mountainous speed of current, is striking. The mountainous Volga was named this part of the Pyandj by the traveler N.N.Sushkina.

In the direction of the mouth of the Yazgulem with dark brick water and further at the crossing of the Vanch gorge, and below the mouth of the Vanch, the most spectacular part of the Panj gorges is located. The smooth planes of the plumb lines rise hundreds of meters above the river, form backstage, like scenery in 5-6 plans. The smooth surface of the river is interrupted by rapids cascades deployed up to one and a half meters along the front. Below the mouth of the Vancha, the Pyanj, and with it the tract rush to the northwest. But from the village of Kalai-Khumb, Pyanj goes southwest to the Dashtijum gorge and South Tajikistan, while the tract climbs along the beautiful Rabotsky gorge to the pass over Darvaz with a height of 3270 meters. The path down the brick-red Obi-Hingou canyon coincides with the border between the Peter the Great ridge and the southern Tajik branches of the Gissar-Alai.

Mountains of South Turkmenistan... Great deserts are not entirely bordered by ridges. To the west of the branching Gissar-Alay, the mountains are interrupted by the Karakum Desert, and even to the west of the desert they are again framed by mountains, only belonging not to Central Asia, but to Western Asia (the marginal ridges of the Iranian Highlands penetrate to the south of Turkmenistan). In the east, you can see the edges of the North Afghan Paropamiz - the low mountains of Karabil and Badkhyz, to the west - the Kopetdag mountains (the northern barrier of the Turkmen-Khorasan mountainous country) and the "island" blocks of the two Balkhans. In fact, this is already part of Eastern Middle-earth.

The Kopetdag rises above Ashgabat, stooped, much more unattractive than the North Tien Shan Alatau over Alma-Ata and Frunze. Only when viewed from a distance, from the desert, does it seem to grow, stands up to its full 2 ​​- 3-kilometer height. And yet Ashgabat people are proud of the Kopetdag, they like to rest in its shady gorges and green valleys. The closest and most popular of them is Firyuza with its gardens, park and legendary multi-stemmed plane tree “Seven Brothers”.

Steep and flat-topped ridges stretch for more than 600 kilometers, extending up to 175 in width in the west and only 20-50 kilometers in the southeast. The border divides the mountains into Soviet and Iranian parts: their northwestern third is almost entirely owned by the Soviet Union, the other two-thirds are larger than Iran.

The northeastern foot of the mountains is drawn as if along a ruler, separating them from the flat Karakum Desert. This is a trail of a movable seam, along which the Kopetdag is raised above its foothill trough and even pulled over it. From the cracks that form a whole "thermal zone" here, warm springs gush out, including the Kou cave lake near Baharden and the healing waters of the Archman resort.

Equally straightforward is the Front Chain, sawn by gorges into many links. It is separated from the other ridges by an extensive trough - the Big Kopetdag Valley. But the border ridges lying behind it are true to the same strike only in the southeast. To the west of the Nohur clustering knot, they bend, forming an independent arc, convex to the north. The huge neighboring mountain arches of Elburz and Paropamiz are docked in it - on the map they look like garlands sagging to the south. Here the Kopet-Dag ridges diverge: the border ones stretch to the south-west, towards Elburs, and the forward chain steadily follows to the north-west. The rivers of the Atrek Basin flow in the longitudinal valleys between the branching ridges, the main of which is Sumbar.

Alpine-style jagged ridges are not here. Even the higher ones (2.5-3 kilometers) barely reached the snow border during the periods of past glaciers. Each large ridge is accompanied by parallel, lower ridges. The frames of their crests form the steps of huge staircases - witnesses to the change in the stages of alignment and uplift. From the most ancient stage, even pre-Quaternary, the Siberia ridge plateau has been preserved - its name speaks of the severity of the climate. And the youngest steps, piedmont, are the raised plumes of the foothills, intricately cut by a dense network of ravines - bair, tiers of bad lands.

In the course of the kilometer-long new uplifts, corrugation also continued - the vaults of the ridges grew faster, and the valleys lagged behind. There were slips along the cracks. During an earthquake in May 1929, Mount Dushak rose so that in the Sekizyaba gorge, cutting through it, a dammed lake remained for many years, which had arisen in front of an all-stone threshold.

On the night of October 5-6, 1948, the Kopetdag trembled even more. At the epicenter it was 10 points, but 8-9 was enough to destroy most of Ashgabat's buildings. Even many years later, one cannot read without excitement about the days of the disaster, the scale of destruction and casualties, about the enormous assistance provided to the population of the collapsed city.

It is crumpled into folds by the Meso-Cenozoic, which means that the Kopetdag is a very young folded structure. Massive angular forms are hewn from chalk limestones and sandstones, while from Cretaceous and Paleogene marls and clays, as well as from younger loose rocks, there are bad lands. The last pre-Quaternary offensive of the Caspian entered the western valleys.

Barite and witherite occur in the sedimentary strata. But the main wealth of the subsoil is water. Their underground train, penetrating under the sloping plain, was the only source of the foothill oases of Turkmenistan and its capital before the laying of the Karakum Canal. Although ditches were “murmuring from the mountains” through the streets, everyone knew that the main moisture here was extracted from the ground, with the help of kyariz - damp and gloomy galleries, fixed from the surface by chains of wells.

And yet the strip of foothill oases has been inhabited since ancient times. In ancient times, there was the city of Nisa, the heart of the state that began to rise - Parthia; only a pale-gray settlement with the most valuable traces of the ancient (Parthian) and later (medieval) culture remains from it today.

Now the landscape of the pre-Kopetdag oases has changed dramatically. Of course, Ashgabat, as before, endures 40-degree heat and dust storms, but how much easier it is to endure them with an abundance of shady greenery and water! Boreholes have replaced the kyariz. But the main source of the foothills is the already mentioned "Karakumdarya", the channel.

The inner-mountain valleys of the west are more modestly provided with water. This is a shame: after all, in the middle Sumbar, in the region of Karakala, you can cultivate subtropical crops. Here, in the surrounding valleys, there is a world of lush forest gardens, the eastern vanguard of the Hyrcanian (North Iranian) mountain-forest landscapes, penetrating deep into the mountains like bright green tentacles. Over 40 species of wild fruit thrive in these valleys and form forests even more lush than in the south of the Gissar-Alai and Tien Shan - here the Hyrcanian center of distribution of pre-Quaternary relics is closer. The groves of walnuts, figs, pomegranates, wild apple trees, pears, plums, medlar groves are magnificent - all this is entwined with wild grapes (or, perhaps, those that have run wild since Parthian times).

The main miracle of the Sumbar Valley is not a tree, but a completely nondescript grass from nightshades, discovered in 1938 by botanist O. F. Mizgireva, which turned out to be a new species of mandrake unknown in the world flora - a mysterious plant of doctors of Tibet and Middle-earth. Toning, vitamin-rich, medicinal, similar to ginseng (even the root of both resembles a human figure), this plant turned out to be a relative of tomato, potato, henbane, nightshade - it resembles them in the shape of stem and leaves, and tomato and fruit, but combines the aroma and taste of tomato, melon and pineapple. Unfortunately, it has not yet been possible to introduce this miracle into culture.

To protect the relict forests of Sumbar, which have thinned out from felling and grazing, the Syunt-Khosardag reserve was created.

An incredible landscape of bare mountainous desert opens up on the road from Kizyl-Arvat to Karakala. The layers, visible in the oblique sections of the folds, are colored so brightly and variegated that, if they were depicted in painting, they would resemble the paintings of abstractionists. The relief forms also look fantastic: a dense network of dry ravines, filled with water only during episodic - once every few years - downpours, cut the surface into small ridges, pyramids, cones, tightly pressed one against another and as if cut off to a comb. There are ridges of snow-white, there are green, bluish, red, gray ... A dead desert of clown-colored obelisks and domes, stretching for many kilometers.

In the upper parts of the slopes of the border ridges, among the mountain steppes, there is juniper, and in the east - pistachio woodland; in some places the landscape can be called a mountain forest-steppe. Vast expanses of thorny, like hedgehogs, cushion and arrays of large grasses with umbrella grasses taller than human growth. Astragalus pillows and “herbal trees” of ferula are valuable as sources of resins - gums, an important medicinal and technical raw material.

To protect mountain semi-deserts, steppes and areas of juniper woodlands in the Central Kopetdag, the Kopetdag reserve was created.

The fauna of the Kopetdag is motley and exotic - it has many species in common with the neighboring mountains of Central Asia, Transcaucasia, the Iranian Highlands and even India. In the gorges of Sumbar in the first half of our century, there was a Turanian tiger (its last visit to us from Iran was noted in 1970).

Eastern links of the strip of mountains of South Turkmenistan - Badkhyz and Karabil- massifs of hilly-ridged bad lands, and partly low mountains with heights of up to a kilometer. Badkhyz is separated from the Kopetdag by a through gorge of the Tejen River, which in this section of its course, bordering with Iran, is named after its Afghan headwaters - Gerirud. And between themselves Badkhyz and Karabil are separated by another through valley - it was cut by the Murghab River, Tejen's neighbor. The semi-desert alternates with light forests - “pistachio savannah”.

Pistachio, which Badkhyz is especially proud of, is not just a nut tree that gives tasty nuts, but also a source of technical raw materials. From nuts, oil, resin for the manufacture of varnishes and paints, tanning agents, and medicines are obtained. She is a champion of drought resistance: widely spread roots help her survive in the mountainous desert, so trees cannot grow closely to each other.

The Badkhyz Reserve protects the honorary members of the Red Book - the gazelle and the main pride of these places - the kulan, the wild relative of the horse and donkey, large-headed and swift-footed. Once he lived in the steppes of Ukraine and Kazakhstan, but now it has survived in the wild only here.

Transcaspian plains and ridges- Western links of the uplifts of South Turkmenistan. Both Balkhans and the Krasnovodsk plateau, although they lie on the direct northwestern continuation of the Kopetdag, differ from it primarily in the greater antiquity of the bowels. Here, fragments of the Karakum plate are pushed up in the form of blocks, the folded base of which was crushed back in the Mesozoic. And the adjacent plains are very young troughs, only recently freed from the waters of the Caspian.

Small and Big Balkhans are separated by the lower reaches of the dry channel of the Uzboy. The low-mountain Maly Balkhan does not even reach 800 meters, and the Bolshoi is raised almost up to 2 kilometers. The slopes of both are densely, like bad lands, cut by ravines and pitted with holes of the karst type. But the karst here is not in limestone or gypsum. Settlements in dry climates are also characteristic of marly-clayey soils, this is a special clay karst. Both blocks were raised by the newest movements simultaneously with the Kopetdag, therefore, in terms of relief, they differ little from its ridges, the bowels of which were crumpled much later. And in the appearance of the landscape there is a lot of Kopetdag.

An area of ​​generous oil-bearing capacity adjoins the foothills of the Big Balkhan. Among the dried up Lake Babakhodzha, whose salts are still being developed, surrounded by the flat salt marsh Kelkor, where Uzboy, who once flowed here, ended, a modest hill rises. The first oil field was discovered here in 1931. Oil Mountain, Neftedag, became the core of the oil-industrial region. Near the Balkhan, on the way of dashing intermountain drafts, the city of Nebit-Dag, amazing for the recently wild desert, has grown up. Of course, he did not have enough water, but now a water conduit from the Karakum canal has already been laid here. And yet, for all the greenery, the city feels as if it were in hell: the sun and hot winds are to blame, and the slopes of the black mountain - Big Balkhan, breathing heat, as if from an oven.

Surrounded by poplars and reeds, the salt lake Mollakar lurks nearby. but... Its healing mud is used by the resort. And the Boyadag hill surprised me with a geyser, occasionally gushing from the well. Along Balkhansk blinker the Ashgabat-Krasnovodsk railway goes to the sea.

The Balkhan-Kopetdag swell plunges to the Caspian Sea, continuing further in the underwater rapids, the transition to which on the coast is marked by a land ledge. The edges of the plateau on this Krasnovodsk peninsula are dissected into steep festoons. The main seaport of Turkmenistan, the city of Krasnovodsk, appeared on the rocky terrace between the cliffs and the sea. Its predecessor, the village of Uzun-Ada, was destroyed by an earthquake in 1895, after which the port was moved to its present place.

The city needs water. Part of it he took away from Nebit-Dag, part of it he received from water-carrying vessels, part of it he desalinates from the Caspian Sea. But here, too, the Karakum Canal is already supplying a stream through the water conduit.

An amphibious landscape stretches south of the Krasnovodsk Bay - the sea left from here only in the 30s. The Cheleken Peninsula arose from a former island: the drying up of the Caspian Sea contributed to its attachment to the land. Cheleken oil-bearing, for a long time gave mountain wax - ozokerite, rock salt, mineral ocher. Mineral springs gush here, mud volcanoes bubble up. Associated waters pouring out with oil give iodine and bromine. And oil is also produced in the sea, at the Turkmen "Oil Rocks" - this is how they call offshore oil-producing installations, following the example of the well-known Baku ones.

The pile structures, which saved water from wind surges, look funny. Now the sea is gone, and the pile buildings remain, as if standing on tiptoe just in case.

Once upon a time, the plain was irrigated by canals from the high-water Atrek. The majestic ruins of Messerian, one of the cities of medieval Dakhistan, which existed for one and a half millennia, have survived to this day. Now Atrek dries up to the mouth, so a 26-kilometer canal had to be dug to the retreating sea in order to return the river spawning grounds for Caspian fish.

The lower reaches of the Atrek are a unique area of ​​our dry subtropics. Only here we have a date palm! The experimental station in Kizyl-Atrek cultivates dozens of dry subtropical plants - olive, fig, almond, pomegranate, and even tropical - cacti, decorative palms. Vegetables grow outdoors all year round. The subtropics will bloom with the arrival of water from the "Karakumdarya"; it will transform the entire Messerian plain.

The thick and impassable tugai of the lower reaches and the delta of the Atrek - here are the walls of cattail and reed, thickets of tamarisk, entwined with vines of clematis and fallow. Wild boars live in this jungle, and even in the 30s tigers came here to feast on them. In the Atrek tugai, on the former bottom of the dried-up Gasankuli Bay and along the Caspian coast, there are protected lands and waters - "winter quarters" for hordes of birds. Both land and coastal waters of the Caspian are protected. The Hasankuli reserve, when its own bay dried up, was expanded towards the Cheleken and Krasnovodsk bays and made part of the larger Krasnovodsk reserve, which exceeded 2.5 thousand square kilometers. More than 160 species of waterfowl, ankle and other birds winter here, including swan, flamingo, gray goose. Red-breasted goose, white-fronted goose, tundra herring gull and falcon arrive from the far north.

Winter flocks of birds near Hasankuli are an element! Their density and abundance make you remember the bird colonies. Flocks of flamingos are compared to pink clouds, pink foam ...

Thanks for the photographs of their authors used in the design of this page:

Three-quarters of Asia's surface is occupied by hills and mountains. It is not for nothing that yellow and brown colors color almost the entire physical map of Asia.

From the peninsulas of Asia Minor and Arabia to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, there is a continuous strip of plateaus and mountains of different heights. The highest mountain ranges and plateaus are located in Central Asia. They diverge to the northeast and southeast of the mountainous country. Pamir(USSR) (Fig. 53).

3. On the contour map of Asia, draw a red pencil around the southern border of the USSR. Then paint over all the ridges along this border with brown pencil.

4. Learn to show all the rivers of northern Asia, as well as the Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Amur. At the same time, say: where does the river flow from, what lowland or plateau it crosses and into which sea it flows.

The highest mountains of Asia and the whole world - the Himalayas - go southeast of Pamir... From the south, from the Hindustan lowland, they rise in several parallel ridges, one higher than the other (Fig. 56). And above all these ridges rises, above the clouds and clouds, a snow-white chain of the main ridge of the Himalayas with a summit Everest(about 9 kilometers in height).

No matter how many people tried to climb this highest peak in the world, no one has yet managed to do this: the air is too rare there, the frost and wind are too strong.

Even in the hottest time of the year, when in India, along the banks of the Ganges, there is a tropical heat, luxurious vegetation blooms, snowstorms howl and frosts crackle on the peaks of the Himalayas. Snowfalls, deep cracks in glaciers lie in wait for courageous travelers and often ruin them near the goal (Read the story about climbing on)

Many rivers flow down from the huge glaciers of the Himalayas, merging into large rivers (Fig. 57). They flow south, skirting or crossing mountain ranges. The main ones are - Ganges and Indus, which form the Hindustan lowland.

To the north of the Himalayas rises a high plateau Tibet(fig. 58). Tibet lies at an altitude of 4 kilometers, that is, at the height of the Alps in Europe. Only familiar people can live on this plateau, since the air there is very thin.

The longest rivers in Asia originate from eastern Tibet - Yellow and Blue forming the Chinese lowland.

To the north of Tibet, a hill is spread over a large area. It is considerably lower than Tibet; mountains surround it on all sides. There are almost no rivers and lakes here. This is a desert Gobi, barren, with a sparse population.

This is the surface of Central Asia. Western Asia, as seen on the map, is almost entirely sublime... Only between the Black and Caspian Seas, on the border of Europe and Asia, there is a high Caucasian a ridge with many glaciers and peaks up to 5.5 kilometers (Elbrus).

1. Find on the map of Asia and the map of the hemispheres of the Himalayas, Tibet and Gobi.

2. Follow the course of the rivers: Indus, Ganges, Blue, Yellow. Mark their origins on a contour map.

3. Paint over the mountains above with a brown pencil, positioning them in line with the flow of the rivers.

4. Make the highlands of Tibet light brown and the highlands north of it yellow. Paint over the hills of Western Asia with the same color, highlighting the Caucasus Mountains in brown.

5. Paint the rest of Asia and large islands on the contour map with yellow and green, matching the coloring with the physical map of Asia.

6. Learn to show all the great rivers of East and South Asia, while saying: where does the river originate from, what elevation and lowland it crosses and into what sea it flows.

The formation of mountains on Earth takes millions of years. They arise from the collisions of huge tectonic plates that make up the earth's crust.

Today we will get acquainted with the highest mountains on 6 continents and see how they look against the background of the highest mountain peaks in the world - "eight-thousanders", whose height above sea level exceeds 8,000 meters.

How many continents are there on Earth? It is sometimes believed that Europe and Asia are 2 different continents, although they are one continent:

Before starting our story about the tallest mountains on the 6 continents, let's take a look at a general diagram of the tallest peaks on Earth.

"Eight-thousanders" is a common name for the 14 highest mountain peaks in the world, whose height above sea level exceeds 8,000 meters. They are all in Asia. The conquest of all 14 "eight-thousanders" of the planet - the conquest of the "Crown of the Earth" - is a great achievement in high-altitude mountaineering. As of July 2012, only 30 climbers managed to do this.

North America - Mount McKinley, 6,194 m

This is the highest two-headed mountain in North America, named after the 25th President of the United States. Located in Alaska.

Indigenous peoples called this peak "Denali", which means "great", and during the period of Russian colonization of Alaska it was simply called - Big Mountain.

Mount McKinley, view from Denali National Park:

The first ascent to the main peak of McKinley took place on June 7, 1913. There are 5 large glaciers on the slopes of the mountain.

South America - Mount Aconcagua, 6,962 m

It is the highest point of the American continent, South America, and the western and southern hemispheres. Belong to the longest mountain range in the world - the Andes.

The mountain is located in Argentina and in the Quechua language means "Stone Guard". Aconcagua is the largest extinct volcano on our planet.

In mountaineering, Aconcagua is considered a technically easy mountain if you climb the northern slope.

The first recorded ascent of the mountain was in 1897.

Europe - Mount Elbrus, 5 642 m

This stratovolcano in the Caucasus is the highest peak in Russia. Considering that the border between Europe and Asia is ambiguous, Elbrus is often called the highest European mountain peak.

Elbrus is a two-headed volcano with a saddle. The western peak has a height of 5,642 m, the Eastern - 5,621 m. The last eruption dates back to 50 AD ...

In those days, the eruptions of Elbrus probably resembled the eruptions of modern Vesuvius, but were more powerful. At the beginning of the eruption, powerful clouds of vapors and gases, saturated with black ash, rose from the craters of the volcano at the beginning of the eruption, covering the entire sky, turning day into night. The earth shook from powerful tremors.

Nowadays, both peaks of Elbrus are covered with eternal snow and ice. On the slopes of Elbrus, 23 glaciers diverge in different directions. The average speed of movement of glaciers is about 0.5 meters per day.

The first successful ascent to one of the peaks of Elbrus was made in 1829. The average annual death toll during the ascent of Elbrus is 15-30 people.

Asia - Mount Everest, 8 848 m

Everest (Chomolungma) is the top of our world! The first 8000m peak and the highest mountain on Earth.

The mountain is located in the Himalayas in the Mahalangur-Himal ridge, with the South peak (8760 m) lying on the border of Nepal, and the North (main) peak (8848 m) located in China

Everest has the shape of a triangular pyramid. At the top of Chomolungma there are strong winds blowing at a speed of up to 200 km / h, and the air temperature at night drops to -60 Celsius.

The first ascent to the summit of Everest took place in 1953. Since the first ascent to the summit until 2011, more than 200 people have died on the slopes of Everest. Now the ascent to the summit takes about 2 months - with acclimatization and the installation of camps.

View from space:

Climbing Mount Everest is not only extremely dangerous, but also expensive: the cost of climbing as part of specialized groups is up to 65 thousand US dollars, and the only one permission to climb, issued by the government of Nepal, costs 10 thousand dollars.

Australia and Oceania - Mount Punchak Jaya, 4884 m

The highest peak in Australia and Oceania, which is located on the island of New Guinea. It sits on the Australian Plate and is the world's tallest mountain located on an island.

The mountain was discovered in 1623 by the Dutch explorer Jan Carstens, who saw from afar into the glacier at the summit. Therefore, the mountain is sometimes called the Pyramid of Carstens.

The first ascent of Punchak-Jaya took place only in 1962. The name of the mountain from the Indonesian language translates roughly as "Pobeda Peak".

Antarctica - Windson Massif, 4 892 m

These are the highest mountains in Antarctica. The existence of the mountain range became known only in 1957. Since the mountains were discovered by American planes, they were later named Vinson Massif, in honor of the famous American politician Carl Vinson.

View of Vinson Massif from space:

Africa - Mount Kilimanjaro, 5895 m

It is the highest point in Africa, a huge dormant volcano with two well-defined peaks in northeastern Tanzania. The mountain has had no documented eruptions, but local legends speak of volcanic activity 150-200 years ago.

The highest one is Kibo Peak, an almost regular cone with powerful glaciation.

The name comes from the Swahili language and supposedly means "the mountain that sparkles."

The snow cap that has covered the top of the mountain for 11,000 years since the last Ice Age is rapidly melting. Over the past 100 years, the volume of snow and ice has decreased by more than 80%. It is believed that this is not caused by a change in temperature, but by a decrease in the amount of snowfall.

The highest peak in Africa was first conquered by the German traveler Hans Meyer in 1889.