Mystical stories about the Egyptian pyramids. The last mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids. Why the Egyptian authorities are not stopping the vandals

general information

Among the Egyptian pyramids there are huge and more modest ones, with a smooth surface and stepped ones, which are very well preserved and resemble a heap of ruins. They can be seen in Sakkara and Memphis, Hawara and Upper Egypt, Medum and Abusir, El Lahoun and Abu Rawash. However, the main tourist sites only a few are considered, namely the pyramids in Giza, a suburb of the Egyptian capital, erected, as is commonly believed, during the reign of the IV-VI dynasties of the pharaohs, which fell on the XXVI-XXIII centuries BC. e.

Looking at these grandiose creations of human hands, one involuntarily thinks: how much time and effort was spent on the construction of such structures, which seem - at least in their scale - absolutely useless. Either the pharaohs who ruled 45 centuries ago thereby wanted to emphasize their own divinity and greatness of their era, or these structures contain a certain hidden meaning that is still inaccessible to our understanding. But it is difficult to comprehend it, because the secrets are reliably hidden under a layer of millennia, and we have no choice but to speculate and versions, hoping that sooner or later everything secret will definitely become apparent ...

Secrets of the Egyptian pyramids

The Egyptian pyramids are shrouded in a halo of myths and mysteries, and with the passage of time and the development of science, there are still more questions than answers. As the proverb says: "Everything in the world is afraid of time, but time itself is afraid of the pyramids." Interest is also fueled by various theories about the appearance of these majestic monuments. Fans of the mystical consider the pyramids to be powerful energy sources and believe that the pharaohs spent time in them not only after death, but also during life, in order to draw strength. There are also quite incredible ideas: for example, some believe that the Egyptian pyramids were built by aliens, while others that the blocks were moved by people who own a magic crystal. Let's look at the generally accepted and most likely scenario.

Religion in life Ancient egypt occupied a dominant position. She shaped both the worldview of the people and their entire culture. Death was perceived only as a transition to another world, so preparation for it had to take place ahead of time, even during earthly life. However, the privilege of remaining "immortal" was believed to be held only by the pharaoh and his family members. And he, at his discretion, could bestow it on his surroundings. Commoners were denied the right to an afterlife, with the exception of servants and slaves, whom the powerful ruler "took" with him. Nothing was supposed to interfere with the comfortable "existence" of a high-ranking deceased, so he was supplied with everything he needed - food supplies, household utensils, weapons, servants.

First, the rulers were buried in special "houses after life", and so that the body of the pharaoh was preserved for centuries, he was embalmed. These early burial buildings - mastabas - date back to the early dynasties. They consisted of an underground burial chamber and an aboveground part in the form of a stone structure, where chapels were equipped and burial items were kept. In section, these tombs resembled a trapezoid. They were built in Abydos, Nagadeya, Upper Egypt. The main necropolis of the then capital of the first dynasties - the city of Memphis - was located in Saqqara.

The pyramidal-shaped tombs themselves began to be erected about 5 thousand years ago. The initiator of their construction was the Pharaoh Djoser (or Necherihet), the first in the III dynasty of the Old Kingdom. The construction of the necropolis named after this ruler was supervised by the supreme dignitary and the famous architect of his time, Imhotep, who was almost equated with a deity. If we discard all the fantastic versions about the contacts of the then rulers with aliens and proceed from the fact that these structures were nevertheless built by people on their own, then the scale of the work, their labor intensity cannot but impress. Experts have tried to establish their chronology and character, and these are the results they came to. Since the pyramids are made of stone blocks, the question immediately arose: where and how were they mined? It turned out in the rocks ...

Having marked in rock shape and hollowing out grooves, dry trees were inserted into them, which were watered with water. They expanded from moisture and created cracks in the rock, facilitating the process of removing blocks. Then they were immediately, on the spot, subjected to processing with tools and, having given the desired shape, were sent by river to the construction site. But how did the Egyptians lift these heavy massifs up? First, they were loaded onto wooden sleds and pulled along gentle embankments. These technologies look backward by modern standards. However, the quality of work is at the highest level! Megaliths are so tightly adjacent to each other that there are practically no discrepancies.

The pyramid of Djoser, located in Sakkara, is considered the very first pyramid in Egypt and the oldest of such large stone structures preserved in the world (its size is 125 by 115 meters at a height of 62 meters). It was built in 2670 BC. e. and has the appearance of a building with six huge tiled steps. Because of such an unusual shape, it was called "false pyramid" in those ancient times. The Djoser pyramid began to attract the attention of travelers since the Middle Ages, and this interest does not dry out to this day.

The architect did not initially plan to build such a pyramid. The stepped tomb became under construction. The symbolic meaning is clearly guessed in the presence of steps: the deceased pharaoh was supposed to climb to heaven exactly along them. This structure also differed from previous necropolises in that it was built of stone, not brick. And one more feature: the presence of a very wide and deep vertical shaft, closed from above by a dome. There is nothing like this in the pyramids built later. Archaeologists and Egyptologists are equally interested in the marble fragments under the sarcophagus, on which carvings resembling stars can be seen. These are clearly fragments of some unknown structure, but which one, no one knows.

The pyramid of Djoser was intended not only for himself, and in this it also differs from other similar structures. In the burial chambers, there are 12 of them, the ruler and members of his family were buried. Archaeologists have discovered the mummy of an 8-9-year-old boy, most likely a son. But the body of the pharaoh himself was not found. The mummified heel found here may have belonged to him. Even in antiquity, it is believed that robbers entered the tomb, probably kidnapping its dead "owner".

However, the version of the robbery does not seem so straightforward. Examining the inner galleries revealed gold ornaments, porphyry bowls, earthen and stone jugs and other valuable things. Why didn't the thieves take out all this wealth? Historians were also interested in the seals affixed to small earthen vessels. The name "Sekemkhet" was displayed on them, translated as "mighty in body." It clearly belonged to an unknown pharaoh of one of the most powerful dynasties. Everything indicated that in ancient times the construction of another pyramid had begun here, but for some reason it was not completed. They even found an empty sarcophagus, the internal state of which made it possible to conclude that no one was buried here ...

As for the Djoser pyramid itself, the attraction has been well preserved to this day and is open to tourists. The entrance to it, like to other structures on the territory, is located on the north side. A pillared tunnel leads inside. The northern temple, the location of which on the terrain is evident from the name itself, forms a single architectural ensemble with the pyramid. Memorial services were held in it and sacrifices were made in the name of the pharaoh.

Egyptian pyramids at Giza

Best known among all Egyptian pyramids use the so-called great pyramids located in Giza - the third largest city in the modern Arab Republic of Egypt, with a population of almost 3 million people. The metropolis is located on the western bank of the Nile, about 20 km from Cairo and is the actual suburb of the capital.

Today the Great Pyramids of Giza are the most popular ancient monuments in the country. For many years visiting them has become almost a ritual for tourists. Fly to Egypt and not see these majestic structures with your own eyes? This is impossible to imagine! Many travelers even consider this place to be spiritual, connected with space, and visiting here becomes akin to some kind of healing. Recent studies have shown that the builders of the necropolises pointed them surprisingly precisely to the belt of the constellation Orion, which reveals an as yet unsolved meaning. It is also interesting that their faces are oriented to the sides of the sun, and this is done with the same precision.

The Egyptian pyramids at Giza are undoubtedly an extremely impressive sight. Their sandstone facades reflect the sunlight: they are pink in the morning, golden in the afternoon, and turn dark crimson at dusk. It is impossible not to admire the feat of engineering and organization that resulted in millions of stone blocks being transported from one place to another and precisely stacked on top of each other without power plants or lifting equipment.

The complex of the great pyramids is made up of the tombs of the three most ancient rulers - Cheops, Chephren and Mikerin. In contrast to the previous "houses after life" (macabs), these necropolises are characterized by a strict pyramidal shape. Moreover, the first of them is the only one of the seven wonders of the world that have survived to this day.

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

You can talk about the pyramid of Cheops (or Khufu) for a long time and a lot, but the story in any case will be incomplete, because it continues to keep many unsolved secrets in itself. One of them is the focus on North Pole exactly along the meridian: with its peak the monumental structure “looks” at the North Star. It is amazing how the ancient architects could make such accurate calculations without having modern astronomical instruments in their hands. This accuracy has even less error than the famous Paris Observatory.

Cheops, the second pharaoh of the fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt, who reigned for 27 years, has the glory of a cruel and despotic ruler. He literally drained the resources of his kingdom, channeling them into the construction of the pyramid. He was also merciless towards his people, forcing them to overwhelming work on the construction of his posthumous "home". Great pyramid was built in three stages, as evidenced by the corresponding number of chambers. The first, its area is 8 by 14 meters, was carved deep into the rock, the second (5.7 x 5.2 m) - under the top of the pyramid. The third chamber - it is the only one completed - became the tomb of the pharaoh. Special mention should be made of it. It stretches 10.4 m from west to east, and 5.2 m from south to north. The granite slabs, which the room is faced with, are flawlessly fitted to each other. Nine monolithic blocks form the ceiling, with a total weight of 400 tons.

Each cell has its own "hallway" connected to the adjacent shaft corridors. At first, the entrance to the tomb was located on the north side and was located above the base at a height of 25 meters. Currently, you can enter the pyramid from another place, and this entrance is not so high. The builders could hardly imagine that after a few thousand years, their brainchild would become a tourist attraction, so the 40-meter corridor was made not only narrow, but also low. Numerous tourists have to duck down to overcome it. The corridor ends with a wooden staircase. It leads to the same low room, which is the center of the entire necropolis.

The height of the Cheops pyramid is more than 146 meters - this is the "growth" of a 50-storey skyscraper. After the Great Wall of china it is she who is the largest structure ever erected in all of human history. The attraction is not "alone", there are several other buildings around it. Of these, only three companion pyramids and the ruins of a memorial temple have survived to this day. Obviously, no less effort was put into their construction. According to the most common version, the companion pyramids were intended for the ruler's wives.

Pyramid of Khafre (Khafre)

Pharaoh named Khefren was either a son or a brother of Cheops and reigned after him. Its pyramid, located nearby, is somewhat smaller, however, at first glance, it is perceived as more significant. And all because it stands on a certain elevation. The pyramid of Khafre was found during archaeological site in 1860. The tomb of this ancient Egyptian ruler is "guarded" by the famous Sphinx, which looks like a lion lying on the sand, whose face may have been given the features of Khafre himself. As the oldest of the monumental sculptures preserved on our planet (its length is 72 m, height is 20 m), it is interesting in itself. Egyptologists tend to think that the tombs of the two pharaohs, together with the sphinx, constitute a single burial complex. Slaves, it is believed, were not involved in the construction of this pyramid: free workers were hired for this purpose ...

Pyramid of Mikerin (Menkaure)

And, finally, the pyramid of Mikerin is the third in the complex of the great monuments of Giza. It is also known as the pyramid of Menkaur, named after the fifth pharaoh of the fourth ancient Egyptian dynasty. Little is known about this ruler - only that he was the son of Cheops (at least that's what the ancient Greek historian Herodotus claimed). This necropolis is called the "younger brother" of the two above-mentioned tombs: it was built later than the others and the lowest of them, its height is just over 65 meters. Such a modest size testifies to the decline of the ancient kingdom, the lack of resources necessary for construction.

However, the monumentality of the building as such did not suffer from this. For example, the weight of one of the blocks used in the construction of the funeral temple exceeds 200 tons, which makes it the heaviest on the Giza plateau. Just imagine what inhuman efforts had to be made to put this colossus in place. And the majestic statue of the Pharaoh himself, sitting inside the temple! It is one of the largest sculptures that personify that mysterious era ... The destruction of the entire historical and architectural complex in Giza, conceived by the sultan al-Malik al-Aziza, who ruled at the end of the 12th century, could have begun from the pyramid of Mikerin, as from the smallest one. The dismantling of the necropolis lasted about a year, but the practical result was minimal. The Sultan was ultimately forced to curtail them, since his, frankly, stupid and unjustified undertaking entailed exorbitant expenses.

Sphinx

At the base of the sacred embankment road that once connected the pyramid of Khafre with the Nile, there is the Sphinx - a mysterious sculpture with the head of Khafre attached to a lion's body. In Egyptian mythology, the sphinxes were guardian deities, and this sculpture is a protective monument 73 m long and 20 m high. After the death of the pharaoh, the body of the Sphinx was gradually covered with desert sands. Thutmose IV believed that the statue turned to him and said that he would become a pharaoh if he cleared the sand, which he hurried to do. Since then, the ancient Egyptians believed that the monument had prophetic powers.

Sun Boat Museum

Behind the pyramid of Cheops is the Sun Boat Museum, which houses a beautifully restored cedar boat, on which the body of the dead pharaoh was transported from the east to west coast Nile.

Useful information for tourists

The Giza Great Pyramids Complex is open to the public from 8:00 to 17:00 daily. The exceptions are the winter months (open until 4:30 pm) and the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, when access closes at 3:00 pm.

Some travelers believe that if the pyramids are located in the open air and are not a museum in literally of this word, then here you can feel free, climb and climb these structures. Remember: it is strictly forbidden to do this - in the interests of your own safety!

Before agreeing to enter the pyramids, objectively assess your psychological state and physical health. Those who have a fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia) should skip this part of the tour. Due to the fact that the inside of the tombs is usually dry, hot and a little dusty, it is not recommended to enter here for asthmatics, hypertensive patients and those suffering from other diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system.

How much will an excursion to the zone of the Egyptian pyramids cost a tourist? The cost has several components. The entrance ticket will cost you 60 Egyptian pounds, which is the equivalent of about 8 euros. Do you want to enter the Cheops pyramid? For this you will have to pay 100 pounds or 13 euros. Inspection from the inside of the Khafre pyramid is much cheaper - 20 pounds or 2.60 euros.

A visit to the Sun Boat Museum, which is located south of the Cheops pyramid (40 pounds or 5 euros), is also paid separately. It is allowed to take pictures in the pyramid zone, but you will have to pay 1 euro for the right to take pictures. Visits to other pyramids on the territory of Giza - for example, the mother and wife of Pharaoh Khafre - are not paid.

Many tourists admit that, after exploring the main attractions, leave this amazing place, literally imbued with the spirit of antiquity, I absolutely do not want to. In such cases, you can rent camels for leisurely walks. Their owners are waiting for customers right at the foot of the pyramids. They may overcharge for their services. Do not agree to it right away, bargain, and you will get a discount.

• The Pyramid of Cheops is the only surviving wonder of the world.
• The pyramids were built for two centuries and were erected several at once. Now, according to research by various scientists, their age ranges from 4 to 10 thousand years.
• In addition to precise mathematical proportions, pyramids have another feature in this area. The stone blocks are located so that there are no gaps between them, even the thinnest blade will not fit through.
• Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.
• The Cheops pyramid, the largest in the world, reaches a height of 146 meters, and its weight is more than six million tons.
• If you want to know how the Egyptian pyramids were created, interesting facts about the construction can be learned from the pyramids themselves. Construction scenes are depicted on the walls of the aisles. The sides of the pyramids are curved one meter so that they can accumulate solar energy. Thanks to this, the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and emit an incomprehensible rumble from such an intensity.
• A perfectly straight foundation was made for the Cheops pyramid, so the edges differ from each other by only five centimeters.
• The first pyramid built is dated 2670 BC. e. In appearance, it resembles several pyramids located next to each other. The architect created a type of masonry that helped achieve this effect.
• The Pyramid of Cheops is created from 2.3 million blocks, perfectly aligned and matching each other.
• Buildings similar to the Egyptian pyramids are also found in Sudan, where the tradition was later adopted.
• Archaeologists managed to find the village where the pyramid builders lived. A brewery and bakery were discovered there.

How to get there

Tourists from Russia and the CIS countries usually prefer to spend their holidays in Sharm El Sheikh or Hurghada and often wish to combine relaxation on the magnificent beaches with a visit to the pyramid complex in Giza. Since the resorts are located far enough from the named city, you can only get there as part of an excursion group. If you go by bus, you will have to spend from 6 to 8 hours on the way. It will be faster by plane: fly in just 60 minutes. You can also get there by car with a driver. It is much more comfortable, but it will hit your wallet noticeably.

Those who are on vacation in Cairo or are in the Egyptian capital on a business trip are in a more advantageous position. They can take the bus (routes no. 900 and 997) or the metro (yellow line no. 2, exit at Giza station). Alternatively, you can call a taxi or catch one in Tahrir Square. The trip will cost more than by public transport, but you will get there faster, in just half an hour. It will be possible to go back and forth by the same car, only you will have to pay a little more.

You can get to Giza from the capital by taking a bus in the New Cairo (aka Heliopolis) area, which follows one of two routes: No. 355 or No. 357. These comfortable vehicles, running every 20 minutes, are marked with the letters CTA, along which they are easy to recognize. The final stop is just before the entrance to the pyramid zone, at the crossroads.

3-04-2017, 11:17 |

The Egyptian pyramids are those wonders of the world that have been capturing human attention for many centuries. Mysterious structures, the construction of which no one can explain exactly. One of the more interesting becomes the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids.

It is known that Napoleon in the 18th century. not yet being emperor of France wanted to visit inside. He was attracted by mystical legends during the Egyptian campaign. He stayed inside for about 20 minutes. And then he went out very bewildered and even a little frightened, silently with difficulty sitting on a horse, he returned to his headquarters. However, until now no one knows what struck Napoleon then; he took this secret with him.

And for many years now, scientists, Egyptologists and simple daredevils have been trying to understand the main function. But even now the pyramids are a big mystery that our ancestors left to us. Nobody can say how they were built and what they were intended for.

The Mystery of the Pyramids of Ancient Egypt

Over the past 20-30 years, interest in the pyramids of Egypt has increased dramatically. But until now it is not known exactly what their purpose was. There were a lot of Egyptologists who did not see only the tombs of the pharaohs in the pyramids. On the contrary, many scientists put forward other versions, and some of them are capable of changing the idea of ​​a modern person about ancient civilizations. remain a big mystery to man, it is very difficult to imagine that such structures were built just to bury the pharaoh. Their construction was already very grandiose, and a lot of effort was expended.

One of the Arab historians who lived in the XIV century. wrote about the pyramid of Cheops. In his opinion, it was built by order of the mythical sage Hermes Trismegistus. He ordered the construction of 30 treasure vaults, which were filled with jewels and various tools. Another Arab traveler, who lived in the same century, claimed that the pyramids were erected before the flood. They were built to preserve books and other valuable items.

In ancient Egypt, powerful pharaohs ruled, and crowds of slaves were in their submission. Pharaohs Khufu, Khafra and Menkaur are known as the most important. But the problem is that in these three pyramids there is no evidence in the form of inscriptions of hieroglyphs or mummies indicating that these are their pyramids.

On September 17, 2002, the media reported that several researchers intend to visit the cache, which was discovered in. They were going to do this with the help of a special robot. It was equipped with a camera. Everyone expected the secret of the pyramid to be revealed. But all x were disappointed, they could not penetrate far. This is due to the construction of the pyramids. After some stage of construction, it is no longer possible to enter some rooms.

The secret about the inner content of the pyramids

In 1872 the British scientist Dixon tapped one of the chambers, the so-called Queen's Chamber. Upon tapping, he discovered voids, then with a pickaxe he destroyed the thin wall of the cladding. He managed to find two holes of equal size, 20 cm each. Dixon and his associates decided that these were adits for ventilation.

Already in 1986, French specialists used a special apparatus and, with the help of technology, also discovered cavities that were thicker than other stone masonry. Later, specialists from Japan applied special modern electronic devices. They enlightened the entire area and the rest of the area up to the Sphinx. Research has shown many labyrinthine voids, but it was not possible to get there. And those premises that scientists could investigate did not produce results. There was no mummy or any remnants of material culture at all.

So the question arises - where did all the contents go - a sarcophagus or jewelry. Maybe the Egyptologists correctly put forward the version that after several centuries robbers visited the pyramid and took everything with them. But now many people think that the tombs were empty from the beginning, even before the entrance to it was walled up.

The mystery of the Caliph's penetration into the Egyptian pyramid

One historical fact can be cited as proof of the theory that it was initially empty. In IX, the Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun entered with his detachment. When they were inside in the king's chamber, they had to find treasures there, which, according to legend, were buried with the pharaoh. But nothing was found there. Everything was, as if cleaned out, clean walls and floors and empty sarcophagi appeared before the caliph.

This applies not only to these pyramids in Giza, but to all those built by the 3rd and 4th dynasties. In these pyramids, neither the body of the pharaoh, nor any signs of burial at all were found. And some didn't even have sarcophagi. This is another mystery too ..

In Saqqara, a stepped one was opened in 1954. There was a sarcophagus in it. When scientists found it, it was still sealed, which means that the robbers were not there. So in the end it turned out to be empty. There is a hypothesis that the pyramids are a special place that was sacred. There is an opinion that a person entered one of the chambers of the pyramid, and then left there already deified. However, this does not appear to be a rational assumption. Most of all, belief is caused by the assumption that Mamun found maps in the pyramid that were compiled by representatives of a highly developed civilization.

This can be confirmed by the following event. After returning from Egypt, the caliph creates maps of the earth's surface and the most accurate catalog of stars for that period of time - "Damascus tables". Based on this, it can be assumed that some secret knowledge was stored in the depths of the pyramid, which later ended up in the hands of Mamun. He takes them with him to Bogdad.

An alternative approach to studying the Egyptian pyramids

There is another approach to studying the mystery of the pyramids. According to research by geologists, a pyramid is a lump of specific pyramidal energy. Due to its shape, the pyramid can store this energy. Such research is still quite young, but many are engaged in it. Such studies have been carried out only since the 1960s. There are even facts allegedly that the razor blades that were inside the pyramid for some time became sharp again.

It is believed that the pyramid has become a place for converting energy into other more convenient energy. Then it was used for some other things.

This theory goes far beyond the boundaries of official science. However, it still exists and it has its own followers. Various scientists are trying to discover the secrets of these structures. different ways... Much uncertainty remains. Even elementary - how did such massive structures survive for millennia. Their construction looks so reliable that it forces many to think about the secret meaning of the pyramids.

It is already a proven fact that most of the buildings of other ancient civilizations collapsed long ago. Archaeologists are making great efforts to find them and somehow restore them. But only the upper facing fell from the pyramids. The rest of their design symbolizes reliability.

The mystery of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.

Already from the 19th century. many Egyptologists study the structure of the pyramids. And they drew amazing conclusions. No one can reveal the secret of the construction of Egyptian tombs. However, it has been proven that the size of the slabs is selected with an accuracy of the millimeter. Each plate has the same size as the previous one. And the joints between them are so correctly made that it does not even allow a blade to be inserted there. It's just incredible. How the inhabitants at that distant time could build so correctly, without having any technical innovations.

The width between the granite blocks is calculated as 0.5 mm. It's brilliant and defies explanation. This is the precision that modern instruments have. But this is by no means the only secret in construction. The right angles and the precise symmetry between the four sides are also striking. But an even more important mystery is who nevertheless brought several stone blocks to such great height... The main version is that they built pyramids. But there is a problem with the evidence base here. Some nuances do not fit into this version. It is unclear how, with those technical and mechanical solutions, it was possible to build such massive structures.

The mystery of the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramids

Assumptions are put forward that a modern person simply has no idea what construction technologies were used. But it is impossible without modern jacks and other tools to build what has been built.

Sometimes versions are put forward simply at first glance absurd - what kind of technologies were these, maybe they were brought here by some alien civilizations... Even with all the achievements of modern man, it would be difficult for a crane to repeat such a construction. This could have been done, but the construction itself was difficult. And here is another mystery that the pyramids carry with them.

Those pyramids that are located in Giza also contain the Sphinx and the Valleys, and here's another secret for you. During their construction, slabs weighing almost 200 tons were used. And here it becomes unclear how the blocks were moved to the right place. And 200 tons is not the limit of the Egyptians' capabilities. On the territory of Egypt there is architectural structures weighing 800 tons.

It is also interesting that no hints were found around the complex that such blocks were dragged from somewhere or moved to the construction site. Nothing found. Hence the assumption is put forward about the levitation technique. Based on the myths and legends of ancient peoples, you can extract a lot in this regard useful information... Some of them directly or indirectly indicate the existence of such a technique. You can even spot images that look like a tank or a helicopter. In principle, for those who adhere to an alternative version of the construction of the pyramids, this theory explains a lot.

Egyptian pyramids and secrets around them

Of course, even alternative versions, if you really cannot be discounted, cannot be discounted. Every scientist or ordinary person can go and see for himself what these structures are. It immediately becomes clear that it is not a primitive construction of some kind of slaves. This is not even construction exclusively by manual labor. If you follow the logic, then there must be some unknown construction system, and again, not simple. An example is the construction of massive and reliable structures using special technologies that have not yet been disclosed by modern researchers.

Now there are about three dozen different hypotheses that are trying to uncover the secrets of the pyramids. Most Egyptologists are of the opinion about the use of inclined planes, but still historians are not architects. But then they put forward other versions. They accurately determined to lay an inclined plane to, then an inscription more than 1.5 km long would be needed. Moreover, the volume of the inscription itself would exceed three times the volume of the pyramid itself. The question also arises from what to build. It would be impossible to build from simple soil for sure, since they would begin to settle over time and under the weight of the blocks.

Another mystery is what tools the blocks were used for building. And in general they were built as a whole. One way or another, now it is impossible to adhere to an unambiguous version on this issue. There are many secrets that are still inaccessible to humans. Both rational versions and, for some, absurd ones were presented here. However, there are such versions, and history is an objective thing. And therefore, such alternative versions also have a right to exist.

The mystery of the Egyptian pyramids video

The number of unsolved mysteries on our planet is getting smaller every year. Continuous improvement of technology, cooperation of scientists from various fields of science reveals to us the secrets and mysteries of history. But the secrets of the pyramids still defy understanding - all discoveries give scientists only tentative answers to many questions. Who built the Egyptian pyramids, what was the construction technology, is there a curse of the pharaohs - these and many other questions still remain without an exact answer.

Description of the Egyptian pyramids

Archaeologists talk about 118 pyramids in Egypt, partially or completely preserved to our time. Their age is from 4 to 10 millennia. One of them - Cheops - is the only surviving "miracle" from the "Seven Wonders of the World". The complex called "Great Pyramids of Giza", which includes and, was also considered as a participant in the "New Seven Wonders of the World" competition, but it was withdrawn from participation, since these majestic structures are actually a "wonder of the world" in the ancient list.

These pyramids have become the most visited sightseeing sites in Egypt. They have been perfectly preserved, which cannot be said about many other structures - time has not been kind to them. Yes and locals contributed to the destruction of the majestic necropolises by removing the cladding and breaking stones from the walls to build their homes.

The Egyptian pyramids were built by the pharaohs who ruled from the XXVII century BC. e. and later. They were intended for the repose of the rulers. The huge scale of the tombs (some - up to almost 150 m) were supposed to testify to the greatness of the buried pharaohs, here were also things that the ruler loved during his lifetime and which would be useful to him in the afterlife.

For the construction, stone blocks of various sizes were used, which were hollowed out of the rocks, and later brick became the material for the walls. Stone blocks were turned and adjusted so that a knife blade could not slip between them. The blocks were stacked on top of each other with an offset of several centimeters, which formed a stepped surface of the structure. Almost all Egyptian pyramids have a square base, the sides of which are oriented strictly to the cardinal points.

Since the pyramids performed the same function, that is, they served as the burial place of the pharaohs, then inside the structure and decoration they are similar. The main component is the burial hall, where the ruler's sarcophagus was installed. The entrance was not arranged at ground level, but several meters higher, and was masked by facing slabs. From the entrance to the inner hall there were staircases and passages-corridors, which sometimes narrow so much that it is possible to walk along them only squatting or crawling.

In most necropolises, burial chambers (chambers) are located below ground level. Ventilation was carried out through narrow channel-shafts that permeate the walls. Rock paintings and ancient religious texts are found on the walls of many pyramids - in fact, from them scientists get some information about the construction and owners of burials.

The main mysteries of the pyramids

List begins unsolved mysteries from the form of necropolises. Why was the pyramid shape chosen, which is translated from Greek as "polyhedron"? Why were the faces located clearly on the cardinal points? How did the huge stone blocks move from the mining site and how were they raised to great heights? Were the buildings erected by aliens or people who own a magic crystal?

Scientists even argue over the question of who built such tall monumental structures that have stood for millennia. Some believe they were built by slaves who died in hundreds of thousands each building. However, new discoveries of archaeologists and anthropologists convince that the builders were free people who received good food and medical assistance. They made such conclusions based on the composition of the bones, the structure of the skeletons and the cured injuries of the buried builders.

All the deaths and deaths of people involved in the study of the Egyptian pyramids were attributed to mystical coincidences, which provoked rumors and talk about the curse of the pharaohs. There is no scientific evidence for this. Perhaps the rumors were started to scare off thieves and looters who want to find valuable things and jewelry in the graves.

The tight deadlines for the construction of the Egyptian pyramids can be attributed to mysterious interesting facts. According to calculations, large necropolises with that level of technology should have been built in at least a century. How, for example, was the Cheops pyramid built in just 20 years?

Great pyramids

This is the name of the burial complex near the city of Giza, consisting of three large pyramids, a huge statue of the Sphinx and small satellite pyramids, probably intended for the wives of the rulers.

The original height of the Cheops pyramid was 146 m, the side length was 230 m. It was built in 20 years in the XXVI century BC. e. The largest of the Egyptian landmarks has not one, but three burial halls. One is below ground level and two are above the baseline. Intertwining passageways-corridors lead to the burial chambers. On them you can go to the chamber of the pharaoh (king), to the chamber of the queen and to the lower hall. The pharaoh's chamber is a pink granite chamber with dimensions of 10x5 m. A granite sarcophagus without a lid is installed in it. None of the scientists' reports contained information about the mummies found, so it is not known whether Cheops was buried here. By the way, the mummy of Cheops was not found in other tombs either.

It still remains a mystery whether the Cheops pyramid was used for its intended purpose, and if so, then apparently it was plundered by marauders in the past centuries. The name of the ruler, by whose order and project this tomb was built, was learned from the drawings and hieroglyphs above the burial chamber. All other Egyptian pyramids, with the exception of Djoser, have a simpler engineering structure.

Two other necropolises in Giza, built for the heirs of Cheops, are somewhat more modest in size:

Tourists come to Giza from all over Egypt, because this city is actually a suburb of Cairo, and all transport interchanges lead to it. Travelers from Russia usually travel to Giza as part of excursion groups from Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada. The trip is long, 6-8 hours one way, so the tour is usually designed for 2 days.

The great structures are accessible only during working hours, usually until 5 pm, in the month of Ramadan - until 3 pm. It is not recommended to go inside for asthmatics, as well as for people suffering from claustrophobia, nervous and cardiovascular diseases. You must definitely take with you on the excursion drinking water and hats. The excursion fee consists of several parts:

1. Entrance to the complex.
2. The entrance to the inside of the pyramid of Cheops or Khafre.
3. Entrance to the Museum of the Solar Boat, on which the body of the pharaoh was transported across the Nile.

Against the background of the Egyptian pyramids, many people like to take photos, sitting on camels. You can bargain with camel owners.

Djoser's pyramid

The first pyramid in the world is located in Saqqara, near Memphis, the former capital of Ancient Egypt. Today, the pyramid of Djoser is not as attractive to tourists as the necropolis of Cheops, but at one time it was the largest in the country and the most complex in terms of engineering design.

The burial complex included chapels, courtyards, and storage facilities. The six-step pyramid itself has not a square base, but a rectangular one, with sides 125x110 m. The height of the structure itself is 60 m, there are 12 burial chambers inside it, where Djoser himself and his family members were supposedly buried. The mummy of the pharaoh was not found during excavations. The entire territory of the complex of 15 hectares was surrounded by stone wall 10 m high. At the present time, part of the wall and other buildings have been restored, and the pyramid, whose age is approaching 4700 years, has been preserved quite well.

Long gone are the days when the Egyptian pyramids amazed the observer with their unprecedented grandeur and unsurpassed monumentality. About a thousand three hundred years ago, mankind learned to build more, higher, more massive and faster than the ancient Egyptians did. But still, for four thousand years, the leadership in the field of construction was retained by a long-disappeared people ...

Who, how and when built the Egyptian pyramids? Interest in the pyramids of Giza has not faded for five millennia in a row. Egyptologists know the answers to most of the questions.

How and from what the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids - we in many cases only assume, and among the hypotheses promoted there are many frank fiction. Let's try to understand the history of the Egyptian pyramids without prejudice, mysticism and feigned mystery.

How many pyramids are there in Egypt?

And if the pyramids of Giza are famous for their impressive size, perfect shape and good preservation, the pyramids of other ancient Egyptian tombs were less fortunate. Many of them - due to the fragility of the mud brick that was common at that time or the urgent need for building materials - fell apart in whole or in part, and more resemble hills than pyramids.

So, in 2013, the American archaeologist Angela Micol, examining high-resolution photographic maps, suggested that several hills in the territory of modern Egypt are nothing more than ancient pyramids, partly eroded under the influence of climatic factors, partly covered by sand and dust.

Inspired by a hint from across the ocean, Egyptian archaeologists embarked on an expedition to the indicated heights. Cautious statements appeared in the press regarding the fairness of the judgments of the American scientist, however, Angela Mikol's findings have not yet been included in the official register of Egyptian pyramids - as well as the remains of 17 other pyramids, similarly discovered by Sarah Parkak from the University of Birmingham, Alabama.

Mastaba - the humble tomb of the pharaoh

The imperfection of the then building technologies forced the Egyptians to create buildings with inclined edges of the outer walls. The intuitive assimilation of the artificial structure of a natural embankment made of stone ensured the stability of the erected structure no worse than that of the conical pile of various-sized debris at the foot of the mountain.

In Arab Egypt, the first tombs of the pharaohs received the name "mastaba", which means "stool" in Arabic.

In architectural appearance, the mastaba repeats a slightly grown-up ancient Egyptian residential building, and there is not a drop of holiness in a purely utilitarian building. So there is nothing surprising in the fact that every new ruler tried to build his mastaba higher than any buildings in the area, and most importantly, higher than the tomb of his predecessor. Megalomania is so characteristic of the leaders!

The logical result of the growth of the mastaba was a geometrically correct pyramid, but it was not immediately possible to achieve the desired shape.

Tomb of Djoser - the first Egyptian pyramid

Imhotep is a brave innovator

Realizing that raw clay brick (in the Russian tradition, the material is known as "adobe") is not strong enough to create a high-rise structure, Imhotep ordered to use limestone blocks for the construction of the tomb's body.

Djoser's ingenious pyramid construction technology

A thick clay composition was used as a binder solution, designed not so much to hold the blocks together as to fill the voids. The idea of ​​such a building material could have been suggested to Imhotep by nature itself. Traveling around the surrounding world, the Egyptians probably came across, formed by mudflows and quickly turning into a dense and durable material.

The clay was dug in the Nile Valley, soaked and mixed with some sand (to prevent cracking during drying). The wall stone was laid with an inclination towards the inside of the building so that the line of the wall deviated from the vertical by 15˚. Thus, the walls of each tier of the tomb formed an angle of 75˚ with the conditional plane of the earthly solid.

The critical units of the internal structures of the Djoser pyramid were made of two-ton blocks delivered from afar by water, and coarsely hewn limestone. Cementing gypsum mortar, which was used by the Egyptians more often than lime mortar, held the elements together only in some places. In particular, the blue tiles in the cladding of the tomb's interior were kept on the walls thanks to gypsum binders.

Imhotep - the deified pioneer of perestroika

Pharaoh's consent was not long in coming. The uninterrupted continuation of the work allowed the outstanding architect of Ancient Egypt to increase the height of the pyramid to 62 meters. Having become six-tier in 2649 BC, the Djoser pyramid crowned a huge complex of ritual buildings and for a long time became a record building in Egypt and the entire world of that time.

It is estimated that 850 thousand tons of limestone were spent on the construction of the Djoser pyramid. According to the unanimous opinion of the builders of our time, there are no technological riddles in the construction of the first Egyptian pyramid. However, Imhotep's contemporaries treated the outstanding architect with much greater reverence. After the death of the architect, engineer and scientist Imhotep was deified, and the Egyptian pyramids, according to the covenant of the founder, were built stepwise for a long time.

Pyramids in Giza - the focus of secrets and mysteries

The pyramids of Cheops, Khephren and Mikerin are the pinnacle of the building art of Ancient Egypt. The research carried out did not give a clear and reliable picture of the stages and methods of construction. Of the historical documents, the description of Herodotus is considered the most detailed - however, it must be remembered that Herodotus made his notes 2000 years after the construction of the pyramid of Cheops ...

Hemiun - the hero of the pyramid-building labor

Perhaps the task was posed somehow differently - but that doesn't matter. Hemiun managed to create a pyramid that contained millions of tons of natural stone, which rose almost to heaven (147 meters in height), hid several secret rooms, amazed (and amazes) the observer with the perfection of forms and the greatness of the idea.

Secret first plus secret main

This is the first riddle of the main Egyptian pyramid. However, there may be several answers:

• a) researchers were simply not lucky to find required document;
• b) there was a ban on documenting and disclosing the methods of building the pyramid;
• c) project documentation was not drawn up, construction logging was not carried out - as unnecessary.

How the greatest Egyptian pyramid was built

The Egyptian builders did just that. The limestone blocks of the pyramid are smaller the closer they lie to the top. Which, by the way, refutes the fashionable theory of the construction of a building from concrete blocks.

Is the concrete idea false?

The time factor is also important. The hardening of the concrete requires a prolonged rest of the part to be cast. Initial seizure is not the same as full strength gain. On a freshly cast and already hardened stone, you cannot immediately pile up a multi-ton load like this. It is possible to accelerate the hardening of the casting with organic additives - at least with egg white - but then the shell mountain will exceed the size of the pyramid. Is such a monument good for Pharaoh?

The production of a binder for concrete production requires high-temperature dehydration of the feedstock - in the case of Ancient Egypt. The country's resources made it possible to produce a certain amount of gypsum solution painlessly, but not the millions of cubic meters required for a complete transition to an artificial building stone! There was simply not so much firewood in the state!

Concrete is not only a binder solution, it is also a mineral filler of several fractions. Modern concretes are created from cement mortar, sand and crushed granite. The blocks of the Egyptian pyramids are entirely limestone. You can, of course, imagine how thousands of slaves for years crush natural limestone to get crumbs, thousands more carry stretchers with limestone crumbs to the construction site, still others carry water in wineskins, and still others trample wet concrete - for without compaction it will turn out fragile.

But isn't it easier to carve ready-made blocks out of stone? Moreover, all qualified mineralogists are unanimous in their assessment of the basic material of the Cheops pyramid and consider it natural limestone.

However, individual elements of the pyramid structure could indeed have been made of artificial stone. But only not the most responsible and loaded with astronomical masses of overlying materials.

Granite mystery of the Cheops pyramid

Meanwhile, granite columns, obelisks and other "megaliths" in Ancient Egypt were produced without much difficulty. Our French contemporaries have reproduced all stages of the extraction and processing of granite, and are quite satisfied with the experience gained.

The following method was used to break off a large workpiece from a natural massif.

• 1. A low hearth was built along the contour of the proposed workpiece made of clay bricks.
• 2. Firewood was loaded into the hearth, a fire was made. Hot coals heated the underlying granite to a shallow depth.
• 3. Water poured onto the heated granite. The stone cracked.
• 4. After removing bricks, ash and exfoliated rock, the heating zone was subjected to shock treatment with dolerite (dolerite - a variety) hammers. As a result, a groove 10-15 cm deep was formed in the monolithic granite massif.
• 5. To deepen the contour groove, the operation was repeated.

The handmade technique with a rounded dolerite hammer assumes the performer's endurance and perseverance. Hourly (not even too dexterous) beating with dolerite on granite allows you to remove a layer 6 - 8 mm thick over an area of ​​several square decimeters.

The dolerite nodule, split in half, served as the main tool for grinding granite. The abundance of dolerite in the eastern regions of Egypt allowed ancient craftsmen to use this hard stone in unlimited quantities.

Lifting weights without a crane

Modern inventors talk about the possibility of cladding a stone product with three-dimensional wooden structures that bring the shape of the packed part closer to the cylinder. Such a container really facilitates transportation, but requires a solid road.

Inclined ramp or spiral road?

Approximately so, the researchers believe, were built and access roads to the Egyptian pyramids. A build-up ramp (7˚-8˚) made of bulk materials, compacted and reinforced with imported timber, could really help deliver massive stone blocks to their place of installation.

However, the volume of earthworks in this case turns out to be comparable to the volume of the entire construction, and the pace of work is limited by the frequency of reconstruction of the transport route. An embankment spiral road, laid around the pyramid, makes it impossible to check the geometry of the edges and edges of the entire structure.

It is another matter, suggested by the French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin, if the spiral road is laid in the body of the pyramid along its outer edges. You can walk along such a road as if on a gentle staircase, dragging limestone blocks up along the way. True, this path is replete with right-angle turns. But if in the places of turns we make open areas with the simplest forklifts, the difficulties will disappear.

Houden's hypothesis is flawed in many ways. Nevertheless, turntables in the corners of the structure were found, and some inclined passages along the perimeter of the pyramid were also found. However, the Egyptian authorities have not yet given permission for a large-scale apparatus study of the historical structure.

Final reconstruction of the process

• - the most massive parts of the base of the pyramid and the interior of the burial vault were delivered to the installation site along ground roads and a low bulk ramp;
• - the blocks that make up the body of the pyramid climbed the spiral scaffolding attached outside;
• - white limestone top - pyramidion - was installed immediately after the completion of the laying;
• - facing blocks of white limestone, in cross-section representing a right-angled triangle, were laid from top to bottom, flush with the faces of the pyramidion.

And although certain details of the construction are not fully clarified, the overall picture is quite clear and plausible. However, the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids were not only in the design and construction of cyclopean structures.

"Undisclosed" secrets of the Egyptian pyramids

As a result, to date, scientists do not have a complete plan of the cavities and rooms of the Cheops pyramid, which is why assumptions about the purpose of rooms, corridors and canals are based on insufficient information.

This situation gives food for idle speculation about the presence of secret treasures under the Egyptian pyramids and the Sphinx. The tabloid press with might and main exaggerates the idea of ​​the secrecy of specimens of ancient knowledge stored either under the paws of the Sphinx, or under Khufu's burial chamber, or even deeper.

However, historians and archaeologists do not expect any special revelations from hypothetical treasuries. Yes, if unlooted repositories are found in the past, the world's museum collections will be considerably replenished with works of ancient Egyptian art - but one should not expect advanced technologies among the surviving artifacts. Alas…

Is the pyramid a working device?

The echoes of the excitement that arose in the perestroika years and concerning the miraculous properties of pyramidal structures are still alive. Allegedly, the blades in them self-sharpen, bacteria self-destruct, water self-consecrates - and in large pyramids plus time slows down, organisms grow younger and fools grow wiser.

The experiments are still going on, but the statistics of the results are disappointing. Nothing special happens either in the pyramids of ancient Egyptian work, or in their modern counterparts.

“In addition, - the esotericists argue, - that contact is made with the higher mind!”

The influence of the Egyptian pyramids on the mind

True, psychiatrists, having learned about the voices and visions, begin to treadmill nervously and iron bags of medicine. Psychologists, on the other hand, talk about the similarity of individual reactions to darkness, silence and complete solitude. To save money, they say, instead of a sarcophagus, you can lie down in a wooden box with a lid, and instead of an Egyptian pyramid you can use any dungeon - even a shallow pit.

The sum of the sensations and thoughts arising in the subjects is typical. In such solitude, every person thinks about the transience of life, the futility of all that exists and the inevitability of the end. The pyramids have nothing to do with it!

Astronomical factor

The check showed that the coincidence of directions and proportions is very conditional. Defending his point of view, Bauval suggested that the position of the pyramids corresponds to the picture of the starry sky during the third dynasty of the pharaohs.

The development of computer technology has made it possible to restore the position of the stars in the past. The simulated picture of the starry sky in 2500 BC turned out to be close to the location of the pyramids in Giza, but only approximately ...

Further studies led astronomers to the conclusion: the relative position of the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaura (Cheops, Khafren and Mikerin) fully corresponds to the location of Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintak (stars of the "Orion's Belt" asterism) in 10500 BC.

Leisurely thinkers immediately came to the conclusion that the initial marking of the construction site was completed in 10500, and the construction itself was decided to be postponed for 8 thousand years.

Moreover! At the beginning of the beginning, namely 14 thousand years before the birth of Christ, on the site of the future Giza and all its tombs there was a pyramid - all pyramids are a pyramid, the size of a real mountain! True, the ancestor of the pyramids was monolithic and cracked during the earthquake. It was decided to demolish the giant, and in its place, after cleaning up the debris, build a new pyramid complex.

Who and why made such unexpected decisions, thinkers do not say.

Numerological heresy of the Cheops pyramid

The data obtained have become the subject of scholarly discussions that continue to this day. For two hundred years of speculation, especially advanced experts have established a relationship between the linear parameters of the Cheops pyramid and:

• - the size of the Earth and the Solar system;
• - the number "pi";
• - past and future events;
• - physical constants that determine the balance of interaction of forces in the Universe.

Hey, psychiatrists! ..

So, there are no secrets in the Egyptian pyramids?

So far, there is no unambiguous picture of the complex of technologies used almost 5,000 years ago. It is not clear why the Cheops pyramid, the most monumental of all the monuments of Ancient Egypt, is devoid of wall inscriptions and images. There is no confidence in the understanding of the purpose of the discovered objects, rooms, buildings ...

It is important, however, that only those studies of the Egyptian pyramids that are carried out within the framework of materialistic theory become fruitful. The search for the extraordinary forces that took part in the creation of the Egyptian pyramids is fantastically fun - and nothing more.

Historians have worked hard to debunk the secrets of the great Egyptian pyramids. In their opinion, these grandiose structures are just the tombs of the pharaohs of antiquity, built for them by the backbreaking work of hundreds of thousands of slaves. But in fact, everything is not so simple with the pyramids, and inquisitive minds discover in the pyramids, their structure and shape more and more secrets, the clues of which have yet to be found.

The mystery of the Chinese pyramid

Pyramids, it turns out, are not only in Egypt. In China, near the city of Xi'an, there are at least 16 pyramids. Alas, this site has been a forbidden military zone for many years. Therefore, it was possible to find them only by chance: in 1947, an American named Maurice Shinan took several pictures of the Chinese pyramids, flying over them in a light plane. The pictures were published by several American newspapers. The Chinese authorities immediately responded to these publications with an official letter, in which they stated that "the existence of these pyramids has not been confirmed by anything." Many years passed before the Chinese government nevertheless confirmed the existence of these structures, however, calling them nothing more than "trapezoidal tombs." Since then, several scientists have managed to observe the tombs with their own eyes, but the Chinese authorities are in no hurry to provide opportunities for their study. It is still unknown what they are hiding in the Xi'an area.

Why isn't the Egyptian authorities stopping the vandals?

It is not so easy for scientists from all over the world to get permission from the Egyptian authorities to excavate and simply research in the area of ​​the pyramids. Every time, government officials strictly stipulate where this or that scientist can conduct his research, and violation of the established rules is fraught with serious troubles with the authorities. But with the Egyptians, oddly enough, things are completely different! Everyone who was at the great pyramids of Giza saw obsessive souvenir merchants who, in addition to lurid clay cats and busts of Tutankhamun, sell pieces of stone chipped from the pyramids. And recently, near the pyramids, tourists noticed the famous Cuban actress of "films for adults" Carmen De Luz, and in a very frank form, from which the observers concluded that some not very decent movie was being shot in the interiors of the pyramids. As a result, a paradoxical situation turns out: for scientists, penetration into the area of ​​the pyramids is a problem, but for vandals the road is open! The Egyptian government has been promising to change the situation for some time, but things, as they say, are still there. Why is it so difficult for the Egyptian authorities to admit scientists to the ancient tombs, but do not see the problem in the fact that local marauders are infiltrating them? Perhaps they are afraid that overly attentive pundits will notice something that they do not need to know about? The question is still open.

And there are pyramids in Sudan!

Yes, Egypt is by no means the only country where the pyramids have been erected. They also exist in Sudan, and in this African side there are more of them than in any other country in the world! There are 255 Nubian pyramids in Sudan. Only 14 of them are dedicated to the warlike Sudanese princesses. The rest of the legacy of the warlike Nubians who lived in this territory in the 6th century BC. At the top of each of the pyramids was an image of the solar disk. Rumor has it that the Nubians stole the idea of ​​the pyramids from the Egyptians, building similarities to the great pyramids for the burial of 21 kings and 52 queens. However, it is possible that these tombs were built in parallel - at least according to scientists, the Nubian tombs in Sudan date back no earlier than 10 thousand years BC, and the Egyptians did not take part in their construction. Alas, not all Sudanese pyramids are available for study today - in 1834, adventurer Giuseppe Ferlini destroyed 40 Sudanese tombs in search of treasures. It is noteworthy that no one believed in the antiquity of the artifacts he obtained, and he could not sell them. This is what is called "bad karma"!

Thermal scanning revealed bright spots in the pyramids

In October 2015, an international team of scientists, together with specialists from the Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University, conducted a thermal scan of the great Egyptian pyramids, using thermal imaging and neon radiography technology commonly used to study active volcanoes... During temperature scans of Tutankhamun's tomb, scientists found a sharp temperature jump in its northern part, indicating that there is a hidden cavity under the surface of the slabs. According to Nicholas Reeves, a researcher at the University of Arizona, the high-resolution image shows that inside the tomb there is a hidden door to unexplored chambers and to the resting place of Queen Nefertiti, wife of Tut's father. But that's not all. Hot spots have been found in all three great pyramids of Giza. Researchers don't know what that means: it's just that, for some strange reason, some blocks are hotter than others, and this has nothing to do with the weather. On the this moment researchers are looking for hidden cameras in the pyramids to explain this phenomenon.

Hidden pyramids in Antarctica

In some photographs, on Google Earth maps, you can see pyramidal tombs in the snows of Antarctica. Researchers call them "snow pyramids". The public on the Internet, seeing these images, believes that the Antarctic pyramids were built by the human civilization that lived in Antarctica. Two of the three Antarctic pyramids are located on the continent, and one is in close proximity to the coastal line. each of them corresponds in shape to the pyramids of Giza. The first of them was discovered by the Antarctic expedition in the period from 1901 to 1913. At the same time, geologists decided not to inform the world about their discovery. Some researchers believe that these pyramids served as housing for people, since 100 years ago the temperature in Antarctica was significantly higher than it is now. Dr. Vanessa Bowman of the British Center for Antarctic Research states: "100 million years ago, Antarctica had rainforests like those in New Zealand today." Some researchers believe that the pyramids in Antarctica are the legacy of the Atlanteans. And, in their opinion, they can completely change our view of the history of mankind. However, skeptics consider them to be nothing more than hilly ice formations that have been growing over millions of years. Further research will show who is right.

Italian pyramids

In 2011, archaeologists who excavated an Etruscan tomb in one of the cities of Italy were faced with an incomprehensible mystery. A group of scientists from Italy and the United States excavated under a wine cellar in the town of Oriveto, where they discovered a staircase in the wall. Continuing to dig, they found several chambers and tunnels connecting them. By analyzing the structure of the discovered tomb, they soon realized what she had done in the shape of a pyramid. The construction was dated to about 900 BC. In shape, it resembled Sudanese tombs. Considering that the army of the Roman Empire conquered the territory of Sudan even before our era, scientists began to look for a connection between the Sudanese tombs and their Italian find, as well as with another Italian structure - the Cestius pyramid in Rome. This pyramid, located in the Protestant cemetery area, is one of the oldest and most protected Italian landmarks. Until recently, it was in a dilapidated state, but after the Japanese businessman Yuzo Yagi donated 1 million euros for its renovation, it was completely restored and opened to the public in May 2015.

They also love pyramids in Canada

Canada is a young country, and the fact that in Edmonton, Alberta, there are pyramids similar to the Egyptian, few will immediately believe. Meanwhile, this city is just full of pyramids! In the center, near the Muttart Conservatory, there are pyramidal greenhouses, where plants from all over the world are cultivated - from Africa to Western Canada. On the roof of Edmonton City Hall rises a huge glass pyramid that changes colors every few months, turning green, blue, red, purple and orange in turn. And at McEwan University, less than 10 kilometers from City Hall and Muttadt Conservatory a few blocks from City Hall, there are two pyramids in front of the entrance. There are several other buildings in Edmonton that have pyramids on them. The reasons why the people of Edmonton are so fond of the pyramids are not known to anyone.

Who Built the Pyramids?

Probably not everyone remembers that. that the Egyptians at the time of the construction of the pyramids were typical black Africans. According to scientists, there is no reason to assume that representatives of races other than the typical population of northern Africa could live in Egypt at that time. But even more interesting is that, contrary to popular belief, the builders of the pyramids, apparently, were not tortured slaves. The legend of the use of slave labor in the construction of the pyramids was the first to be invented by ancient Greek historians - and today Hollywood has readily embraced it. In fact, skilled workers from all over Egypt worked on the construction of the pyramids. At the same time, judging by the preserved records, in addition to wages, they received another interesting privilege: a worker who died during construction had the right to be buried in the tomb next to the pharaoh. If it were about slaves, the Egyptians would not have tolerated such a violation of the caste principle.

Mysteries of the Greek Pyramids

Another country where the pyramids were discovered is Greece. Several structures called the pyramids of Argolis are one of the most famous ancient monuments of this Greek city... Until recently, it was believed that these buildings are ancient tombs, since in the ancient Roman manuscripts it was said that soldiers who fought for the throne of Argos were buried here. But in the twentieth century, scientists doubted this, on some grounds deciding that they were intended for some other, hitherto unknown purposes. Another pyramid in Greece, apparently, existed to the north-west of the Peloponnese, but little remained of it: over the centuries, the locals stole the stone for their needs.

Orion's Mystery

One of the things that astonish scientists about the Egyptian pyramids is that they were literally built in the center of the earth. The mutual arrangement of the chambers of the king and the queen in the very large pyramid reflects the relative position of Orion and Sirius in the firmament. Here is what the author of the book "Fingerprints of God" Robert Boval writes about this: "
A mind-boggling fact about the Egyptian pyramids is they are made literally in the center of the earth. At the southern point of the King's Chamber inside of the Great Giza Pyramid, is the same point of the Belt of Orion. The Queens chambers are in the direction of the Sirius star. Here is a quote from The Fingerprints of the Gods by Robert Bauval: "The constellation of Orion is as oriented along the Milky Way as the Great Pyramids are along the Nile. of the pyramids relative to the other two. The location of the pyramids on Earth exactly corresponds to the orientation of the brightest stars in the firmament in the year 10450 BC. "

What were the pyramids made of?

Probably, this news will disappoint many, but, nevertheless, the fact remains. For centuries, Egyptologists have admired the art of Egyptian engineers, who managed to put together such huge and geometrically complex shapes from huge limestone blocks. However, only in our time, when it became possible to carry out spectral analysis, it turned out that limestone blocks, as well as more expensive alabaster, granite and basalt were used only for decoration, including external. Most of the interior interiors were built of raw bricks with the addition of straw - the main material from which most buildings were built in the era of the Old Kingdoms - from the poor man's shack to the royal palaces. This, of course, adds prosaism to the buildings, but does not detract from the engineering talents of the ancient Egyptians.

Where did the top of the Great Pyramid of Giza disappear?

Considering the photo of the largest of the pyramids of Giza, it is easy to see that the severity of the form of this ancient tomb is violated only once. Where the gaze simply requires a final top stone that completes the strict triangles of the walls, there is only a flat area that violates the impeccability of the geometric construction. Why? On this account, there are several versions. One of them says that the top stone was gold and was stolen many centuries ago. Another is that the site at the very top was conceived flat for some reason unknown to us. But the Spanish researcher Miguel Perez Sanchez claims that at the top of the pyramid was the so-called Eye of Horus - a mystical transparent sphere symbolizing the union of the Sun and Sirius - the star of Isis. It is impossible to say with certainty who is right.

Ancient pyramids of Bosnia

And again the pyramid in Europe! This time - the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon. According to historians, it is the largest and oldest stepped pyramid in the world. It was discovered by an American researcher from Boston, Bosnian by origin Semir Osmanagich. In 2006, he publicly announced that he had discovered on Mount Visočica, where he had been excavating, underground passages and interspersed with lime mortar - and, after months of excavation, having removed many layers of the earth, showed people a mountain that really was a pyramid! However, the Bosnian geologists did not believe Osmanagic's statements and, after checking his conclusions, in turn, said: Visočica is not a pyramid at all, but the most ordinary hill, which nature has given a shape similar to a stepped one. And that the steps are so even - this is Osmanagich's "cruel joke" to blame. However, the Boston Bosnian himself does not give up and claims that he found a real pyramid in his homeland, and geologists are simply captivated by stereotypes. Who is really right, time will tell.

So what were the pyramids actually used for?

Back in school, we were taught that the pyramids are the tombs of the pharaohs, and nothing else. However, what we have learned today about the pyramids, including those built outside Egypt, casts doubt on this. In fact, historians agree with us. Today, there is much more than one version explaining what the pyramids were really needed for. In particular, experts suggest that they were used as treasures, giant antennas for communication with the gods and feeding with divine energy, meaningless structures conceived to create jobs and relieve social tension, shelter during sandstorms and floods of the Nile, houses of tolerance for the highest Egyptian nobility and even a treatment plant for the purification of Nile waters. and the author of each of these unexpected theories has his own proofs. Which one is right? As usual, time will tell.

NASA experts have found pyramids in space!

And finally, at the end of the day, here's a brand new, fresh riddle! Compared to the pyramids, she's just a baby - she's not yet 10 years old. In 2007, NASA launched the robotic Rassvet spacecraft to explore Ceres, a minor planet in the solar system located in the asteroid belt. Now look at the photograph that Breaking Dawn sent to the perplexed scientist from Ceres! On the surface of the planet, a structure is clearly visible, outlines like two drops of water similar to a pyramid! It turns out that this form is sacred not only for the Earth, but also for space? Let's hope that this mystery will be solved faster than the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids, over which scientists have been fighting for more than a century.