Which is named after Edward Toll. In search of a legendary land. Discovering the bowels of Yana

Baron Edward Vasilievich Toll(German: Eduard Gustav von Toll; March 2, Revel - disappeared after August 3) - Russian geologist, Arctic explorer.

Biography

In 1872, the family (after the death of their father) moved to the city of Dorpat (modern Tartu). He entered the Imperial Dorpat University at the Faculty of Natural History. Studied mineralogy, geognosy, botany, zoology and medicine.

The first expedition took place off the coast of North Africa. In Algeria and the Balearic Islands, he studied fauna, flora, geology. Returning to Dorpat, he defended his Ph.D. thesis in zoology, was left at the university.

E. Toll's works attracted the attention of the famous polar scientist A. A. Bunge. He invited E. Toll on an expedition to the New Siberian Islands. In March - April 1885, having traveled about 400 kilometers along the Yana River, he arrived in Verkhoyansk. Having collected a lot of valuable materials, he returned to the village. Cossack in Ust-Yansky ulus and through the Laptev Strait moved to the Novosibirsk Islands.

In 1889-1896 he was a scientific curator of the Mineralogical Museum of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

In 1893 he headed a new expedition. On the coast of the East Siberian Sea in the area of ​​Cape Svyatoy Nos, he excavated a mammoth, on the East Siberian Islands, fulfilling the request of F. Nansen, he set up food warehouses in case of wintering of the Nansen's "Fram", which was preparing for a three-year voyage. In the north of Siberia, he described the Kharaulakh ridge, Chekanovsky and Pronchishchev ridges, mapped the Anabar Bay, studied the Khatanga Bay and the lower reaches of the Anabar River. Making route surveys, corrected and clarified geographic Maps that time. The main task of the expedition was to find the remains of mammoths on the Anabar River, to carry out geological research there.

In 1899, under the leadership of S.O. Makarov, he took part in a voyage on the Ermak icebreaker to the shores of Spitsbergen.

Expedition on the schooner "Zarya"

"Zarya" wintering in 1902

Related Videos

The search for E. Toll

In 1959, abridged diaries were published in translation from German under the title Sailing on the yacht "Zarya" .

Memory

Edward Toll

A bay in the Kara Sea was named in honor of E. V. Toll in 1893. The research hydrographic vessel "Eduard Toll" was named in his honor, it was built in 1972 and decommissioned in 2010.

There is a memorial plaque at the polar station of Kotelny Island:

Eduard Vasilyevich Toll entered the New Siberian Islands for the first time on May 2, 1886, died during the work of the Russian polar expedition in 1902, together with his valiant companions F.G. Seeberg, N. Dyakonov and V. Gorokhov.

USSR Academy of Sciences. Yakut ASSR, Summer 1928

On January 21, 2017, the ship carrying LNG “Eduard Toll” was launched and is used to deliver gas from the port of Sabetta.

Fossil organisms were named in honor of E.V. Toll:

• Tollicyathus S. Tchemyscheva, 1960 - archaeocyate type, Lower Cambrian of the Eastern Sayan.
• Labirinthomorpha tolli
• Loculicyathus tolli Vologdin, 1931 - archaeocyate type, Lower Cambrian of the Eastern Sayan.
• Tollina Sokolov, 1949 - class of coral polyps, Upper Ordovician of Taimyr.
• Paratollaspis Kobayashi, 1943 - trilobite, Middle Cambrian of the north of Siberia.
• Tollaspis Kobayashi, 1943 - trilobite, Lower Cambrian of the north of Siberia.
• Esseigania tolli Kobayashi, 1943 - trilobite, Upper Cambrian of the north of Siberia.
• Pagetiellus tolli Lermontova, 1940 - trilobite, Lower Cambrian bass. R. Lena.
• Proetus tolli Weber, 1951 - trilobite, Lower Silurian of the north of Siberia.
• Tollitia Abushik, 1970 - subclass of ostracods, Lower Silurian Vaygach Island.
• Lesuewilla tolli Koken, 1925 - class of gastropods, Middle Ordovician Baltic.
• Worthenia tolli Koken, 1925 - class of gastropods, Upper Ordovician Baltic.
• Buchia tolli Sokolov, 1908 - class of bivalve molluscs, Lower Cretaceous of Northern Siberia.
• Totlia tolli Pavlow, 1914 - cephalopod mollusk, Lower Cretaceous of Northern Siberia.
• Cardioceras tolli Pavlow, 1914 - cephalopod mollusk, Upper Jurassic of Northern Siberia.
• Cladiscites tolli Diner, 1916 - cephalopod mollusk, Upper Triassic on Kotelny Island.
• Olenekites tolli Mojsisovics, 1888 - cephalopod mollusk, Lower Triassic of Northern Siberia.
• Passaloteuthis tolli Pavlow, 1914 - cephalopod mollusk, Lower Jurassic of Northern Siberia.

Essays

• Toll E. Die paläozoischen Versteinerungen der Neusibirischen Insel Kotelny. St.-Ptp .: Verl. Akad. Wis., 1890.56 S.
• Toll E.V. Expedition of the Academy of Sciences in 1893 to the New Siberian Islands and the coast of the Arctic Ocean. SPb .: A.S.Suvorin, 1894.17 p.
• Toll E.V. Fossil glaciers of the Novo-Siberian Islands, their relation to the corpses of mammoths and to the ice age: Based on the work of two expeditions equipped with Acad. sciences in 1885-1886 and in 1893. SPb .: IAN, 1897.137 p.
• Toll E.V. Essay on the geology of the New Siberian Islands and the most important tasks of the study of polar countries. SPb .: IAN, 1899.24 p.
• Toll E. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Sibirischen Cambriums. I. 1899. IV, 57 S.
• Toll E. Die russische Polarfahrt der Sarja 1900/02. Aus den hinterlassenen Tagebuchern / Hrsg. v. Emmy von Toll. Berlin, 1909.635 s .; Sailing on the yacht "Zarya" / Translation from it. M .: Geografgiz, 1959.340 p.

Notes (edit)

Literature

• Wittenburg P.V. Life and scientific activity of E. V. Toll / Shvede E. E .. - M .; L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960 .-- 246 p. - 1700 copies.
• Russian sailors/ Ed. V.S. Lupach. - Moscow: Military Publishing, 1953 .-- 672 p.
• Tsiporukha M.I. Pioneers. Russian names on the map of Eurasia. - M .: Enas-Kniga, 2012 .-- 352 p. - Series "What the textbooks kept silent about." - ISBN 978-5-91921-130-3

• Burlak V.N. Through the "smoke of the Milky Way" // Burlak V.N. Going to the cold seas. - M.: AiF Print, 2004 .-- ISBN 5-94736-053-5.
• Wrangel F. F. Russian Polar Expedition // Notes on Hydrography. - 1900. - Issue. XXII. - S. 111.
• V. N. Katin-Yartsev To the Far North. In the Russian Polar Expedition of Baron E. V. Toll // Peace of God. - 1904. - No. 2 Part 2. - S. 93.
• Kolchak A.V. The last expedition to Bennett Island, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences for the search for Baron Toll // News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society... - SPb. : Type of. M. Stasyulevich, 1906. - T. 42, no. 2.
• Kolomeitsev N.N. Russian polar expedition under the command of Baron Toll // News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - T. XXXVIII, no. 3.
• Mathisen F.A. A brief overview of the sailing of the yacht of the Russian polar expedition "Zarya" in navigation in 1901 // News of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. - 1902. - T. 16, No. 5.
• Nepomnyashchy N. N., Nizovsky A. Yu. Mysteries of the Lost Expeditions. - M .: Veche, 2003 .-- 384 p .: ill. - Series "Great Mysteries". - ISBN 5-7838-1308-7
• V. I. Onoprienko Sannikov Land called him. To the 150th anniversary of the birth of E.V. Tollya // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2007. No. 11. S. 1026-1032.

Missing) - Russian geologist, Arctic explorer.

Biography

Born in the city of Revel (now Tallinn, Estonia). He graduated from high school there. After the death of his father in 1872, the family moved to the city of Dorpat (now Tartu), where Eduard entered the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu) at the Faculty of Natural History. Studied mineralogy, geology, botany, zoology, medicine.

The first expedition took place off the coast of North Africa. Algeria and Balearic Islands he studied fauna, flora, geology. Returning to Dorpat, he defended his Ph.D. thesis in zoology, was left at the university.

Toll's works attracted the attention of the famous polar scientist A. A. Bunge. He invited Toll on an expedition to the New Siberian Islands. In March - April 1885, having traveled about 400 kilometers along the Yana River, Toll arrived in Verkhoyansk. Having collected a lot of valuable materials, he returned to the village. Cossack in Ust-Yansky ulus and through the Laptev Strait moved to the Novosibirsk Islands.

Once in the north of Kotelny Island, 150-200 kilometers away, he saw (or thought he saw) an unknown land. Toll was sure that this was the legendary land of Sannikov. The expedition ended in December 1886.

Toll's Search

Memory

A bay in the Kara Sea was named in honor of E. V. Toll in 1893.

There is a memorial plaque at the polar station of Kotelny Island:

Eduard Vasilyevich Toll entered the New Siberian Islands for the first time on May 2, 1886, died during the work of the Russian polar expedition in 1902, together with his valiant companions F.G. Seeberg, N. Dyakonov and V. Gorokhov.

USSR Academy of Sciences
Yakut ASSR
Summer 1928

Essays

• Toll, Eduard V. Die russische Polarfahrt der Sarja 1900/02. Aus den hinterlassenen Tagebuchern / Hrsg. v. Emmy von Toll. Berlin, 1909.635 pp. 1 portr., 4 plts & 47 text-ills.
• Toll E.V. Sailing on the yacht "Zarya" / Per. with him. M .: Geografgiz, 1959.340 p.

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Literature

• Wrangel F. F. Russian Polar Expedition // Notes on Hydrography. - 1900. - Issue. XXII. - S. 111.
• V. N. Katin-Yartsev To the Far North. In the Russian Polar Expedition of Baron E. V. Toll // Peace of God. - 1904. - No. 2 Part 2. - S. 93.
• Kolomeitsev N.N. Russian polar expedition under the command of Baron Toll // News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - T. XXXVIII, no. 3.
• Mathisen F.A. A brief overview of the sailing of the yacht of the Russian polar expedition "Zarya" in navigation in 1901 // News of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. - 1902. - T. 16, No. 5.
• Kolchak A.V. The last expedition to Bennett's island, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences for the search for Baron Toll // News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - SPb. : Type of. M. Stasyulevich, 1906. - T. 42, no. 2.
• Wittenburg P.V. Life and scientific activity of E. V. Toll. - M.-L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960.
• Burlak V.N. Through the "smoke of the Milky Way" // Burlak V.N. Going to the cold seas. - M .: AiF Print, 2004 .-- ISBN 5-94736-053-5.
• Nepomnyashchy N. N., Nizovsky A. Yu. Mysteries of the Lost Expeditions. - M .: Veche, 2003 .-- 384 p .: ill. - Series "Great Mysteries". - ISBN 5-7838-1308-7
• Russian sailors/ Ed. V.S. Lupach. - Moscow: Military Publishing, 1953 .-- 672 p.
• Tsiporukha M.I. Pioneers. Russian names on the map of Eurasia. - M .: Enas-Kniga, 2012 .-- 352 p. - Series "What the textbooks kept silent about." - ISBN 978-5-91921-130-3

Notes (edit)

Links

• Toll Eduard Vasilievich- an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
• in the dictionary Baltisches Biographisches Lexikon digital (German)

An excerpt characterizing Toll, Eduard Vasilievich

Bilibin was now in the capacity of a diplomatic official at the headquarters of the army, and although in French, with French jokes and turns of speech, but with exclusively Russian fearlessness before self-condemnation and self-mockery, described the entire campaign. Bilibin wrote that his diplomatic discretion [modesty] tormented him, and that he was happy to have a faithful correspondent in Prince Andrei, to whom he could pour out all the bile that had accumulated in him at the sight of what was happening in the army. This letter was old, even before the Preussish battle of Eylau.
"Depuis nos grands succes d" Austerlitz vous savez, mon cher Prince, wrote Bilibin, que je ne quitte plus les quartiers generaux. Decidement j "ai pris le gout de la guerre, et bien m" en a pris. Ce que j " ai vu ces trois mois, est incroyable.
“Je commence ab ovo. L "ennemi du genre humain, comme vous savez, s" attaque aux Prussiens. Les Prussiens sont nos fideles allies, qui ne nous ont trompes que trois fois depuis trois ans. Nous prenons fait et cause pour eux. Mais il se trouve que l "ennemi du genre humain ne fait nulle attention a nos beaux discours, et avec sa maniere impolie et sauvage se jette sur les Prussiens sans leur donner le temps de finir la parade commencee, en deux tours de main les rosse a plate couture et va s "installer au palais de Potsdam.
"J" ai le plus vif desir, ecrit le Roi de Prusse a Bonaparte, que VM soit accueillie еt traitee dans mon palais d "une maniere, qui lui soit agreable et c" est avec empres sement, que j "ai pris a cet effet toutes les mesures que les circonstances me permettaient. Puisse je avoir reussi! Les generaux Prussiens se piquent de politesse envers les Francais et mettent bas les armes aux premieres sommations.
"Le chef de la garienison de Glogau avec dix mille hommes, demande au Roi de Prusse, ce qu" il doit faire s "il est somme de se rendre? ... Tout cela est positif.
“Bref, esperant en imposer seulement par notre attitude militaire, il se trouve que nous voila en guerre pour tout de bon, et ce qui plus est, en guerre sur nos frontieres avec et pour le Roi de Prusse. Tout est au grand complet, il ne nous manque qu "une petite chose, c" est le general en chef. Comme il s "est trouve que les succes d" Austerlitz aurant pu etre plus decisifs si le general en chef eut ete moins jeune, on fait la revue des octogenaires et entre Prosorofsky et Kamensky, on donne la preference au derienier. Le general nous arrive en kibik a la maniere Souvoroff, et est accueilli avec des acclamations de joie et de triomphe.
“Le 4 arrive le premier courrier de Petersbourg. On apporte les malles dans le cabinet du Marieechal, qui aime a faire tout par lui meme. On m "appelle pour aider a faire le triage des lettres et prendre celles quinous sont destinees. Le Marieechal nous regarde faire et attend les paquets qui lui sont adresses. Nous cherchons - il n" y en a point. Le Marieechal devient impatient, se met lui meme a la besogne et trouve des lettres de l "Empereur pour le comte T., pour le prince V. et autres. Alors le voila qui se met dans une de ses coleres bleues. Il jette feu et flamme contre tout le monde, s "empare des lettres, les decachete et lit celles de l" Empereur adressees ad "autres. Oh, so they do to me! Trust me! And, it was ordered to follow me, well; go out! Et il ecrit le fameux ordre du jour au general Benigsen
“I am wounded, I cannot ride on horseback, and therefore command the army. You brought your cord "to your arm," the broken one to Pultusk: here it is open, and without firewood, and without fodder, therefore it is necessary to help, and since yesterday I myself reacted to Count Buxgewden, I should think about retreating to our border, which I will do today ...
“From all my trips, ecrit il al” Empereur, I received a bruise from the saddle, which, in addition to my previous transportations, completely prevents me from riding and commanding such a vast army, and therefore I put this command on my senior general, Count Buxgewden, by sending him to him all the watch and everything belonging to him, advising them, if there is no bread, to retreat closer to the interior of Prussia, because there was only bread left for one day, and other regiments had nothing, as the division commanders Osterman and Sedmoretsky announced, and All the peasants have been eaten; I myself, until I recover, stay in the hospital in Ostrolenka.About the number of which I submit a list of all, knowing that if the army will stand in the current bivouac for another fifteen days, then in the spring not a single healthy person will be left.
“Dismiss the old man to the village, who remains dishonored so much that he could not fulfill the great and glorious lot to which he was elected. Your all-merciful permission about this I will wait here at the hospital, so as not to play the role of a clerk, and not a commanding officer in the army. The excommunication of me from the army will not produce the slightest disclosure that the blind man drove away from the army. There are thousands of people like me in Russia. "
"Le Marieechal se fache contre l" Empereur et nous punit tous; n "est ce pas que with" est logique!
Voila le premier acte. Aux suivants l "interet et le ridicule montent comme de raison. Apres le depart du Marieechal il se trouve que nous sommes en vue de l" ennemi, et qu "il faut livrer bataille. Boukshevden est general en chef par droit d" anciennete, mais le general Benigsen n "est pas de cet avis; d" autant plus qu "il est lui, avec son corps en vue de l" ennemi, et qu "il veut profiter de l" occasion d "une bataille„ aus eigener Hand "Comme disent les Allemands. Il la donne. C" est la bataille de Poultousk qui est sensee etre une grande victoire, mais qui a mon avis ne l "est pas du tout. Nous autres pekins avons, comme vous savez, une tres vilaine habitude de decider du gain ou de la perte d "une bataille. Celui qui s "est retire apres la bataille, l" a perdu, voila ce que nous disons, et a ce titre nous avons perdu la bataille de Poultousk. Bref, nous nous retirons apres la bataille, mais nous envoyons un courrier a Petersbourg, qui porte les nouvelles d "une victoire, et le general ne cede pas le commandement en chef a Boukshevden, esperant recevoir de Petersbourg en reconnaissance de sa victoire le titre de general en chef. Pendant cet interregne, nous commencons un plan de man? uvres excessive interessant et original. Notre but ne consiste pas, comme il devrait l "etre, a eviter ou a attaquer l" ennemi; mais uniquement a eviter le general Boukshevden, qui par droit d "ancnnete serait notre chef. Nous poursuivons ce but avec tant d "energie, que meme en passant une riviere qui n" est pas gueable, nous brulons les ponts pour nous separer de notre ennemi, qui pour le moment, n "est pas Bonaparte, mais Boukshevden. Le general Boukshevden a manque etre attaque et pris par des forces ennemies superieures a cause d "une de nos belles man? Uvres qui nous sauvait de lui. Boukshevden nous poursuit - nous filons. A peine passe t il de notre cote de la riviere, que nous repassons de l "autre. A la fin notre ennemi Boukshevden nous attrappe et s" attaque a nous. Les deux generaux se fachent. Il ya meme une provocation en duel de la part de Boukshevden et une attaque d "epilepsie de la part de Benigsen. Mais au moment critique le courrier, qui porte la nouvelle de notre victoire de Poultousk, nous apporte de Petersbourg notre nomination de general en chef, et le premier ennemi Boukshevden est enfonce: nous pouvons penser au second, a Bonaparte. Mais ne voila t il pas qu "a ce moment se leve devant nous un troisieme ennemi, c" est le orthodox qui demande a grands cris du pain , de la viande, des souchary, du foin, - que sais je! Les magasins sont vides, les сhemins impraticables. Le orthodox se met a la Marieaude, et d "une maniere dont la derieniere campagne ne peut vous donner la moindre idee. La moitie des regiments forme des troupes libres, qui parcourent la contree en mettant tout a feu et a sang. Les habitants sont ruines de fond en comble, les hopitaux regorgent de malades, et la disette est partout. Deux fois le quartier general a ete attaque par des troupes de Marieaudeurs et le general en chef a ete oblige lui meme de demander un bataillon pour les chasser. Dans une de ces attaques on m "a emporte ma malle vide et ma robe de chambre. L "Empereur veut donner le droit a tous les chefs de divisions de fusiller les Marieaudeurs, mais je crains fort que cela n" oblige une moitie de l "armee de fusiller l" autre.

Education and early career

Edouard Toll was born on March 2, 1858 in Revel Estland province... A nobleman by birth.

He studied at the school in Reval. After the death of his father in 1872, the family left for Dorpat. Here T. studied at the Faculty of Natural History at the University of Dorpat, which he graduated in 1882. All the attention of the future researcher was focused on mineralogy, geology, botany, and zoology.

First scientific expedition

The first expedition was to North Africa. Was on an expedition to the Mediterranean, which was headed by M. Brown. While in Algeria and the Balearic Islands, he studied geology, flora and fauna. At the end of the trip, T. returned to Dorpat, where he defended his Ph.D. thesis in zoology and remained to teach at the university.

New hike

T.'s scientific work did not go unnoticed. A.A. Bunge invited him to join his expedition to the Novosibirsk Islands. In March - April 1885 T., having made a trip along the river. Yana ended up in Verkhoyansk. Here he collected collections of animals and plants, after which he went to the village. Cossack Ust-Yansky ulus, and then through the Laptev Strait - to the Novosibirsk Islands. On Kotelny Island, T. saw an unknown land, mistaking it for the legendary land of Sannikov. As a result, for 1885 - 1886. the detachment studied the basins of the river. Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma, Novosibirsk Islands and in December 1886 went home. On January 28, 1887 the expedition returned to St. Petersburg.

T.'s activity did not go unnoticed by the scientific community. He was invited to the post of curator of the mineralogical museum of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences. The researcher focused on processing the geological materials he collected during the trip. In 1889, having arrived at the IX International Geographical Conference in Vienna, T. met F. Nansen.

Excavation of a mammoth

In 1893, Mr .. T. stood at the head of the expedition of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which was sent to the north of Yakutia to study the lands between the lower reaches of the river. Lena and Khatanga. During the expedition, he first gave a description of the plateau between the river. Anabar and Popigay, mountain range between the river. Olenek and Anabar, who named after V.V. Pronchishchev. At Cape Svyatoy Nos, he carried out excavations of a mammoth, which was the main goal of the expedition. At the request of F. Nansen, T. prepared food supplies in the East Siberian Islands in case of the forced wintering of F. Nansen's expedition here.

The last expedition of E.V. Toll

In 1899, Mr .. T. again set off, this time as part of the group S.O. Makarov at Ermak. The detachment was supposed to reach Svalbard and study the sea currents in the Kara and East Siberian Seas.

June 21, 1900 on the "Zarya" T. departed from St. Petersburg. In the summer of 1901, the detachment was engaged in the study of Taimyr. On July 5, 1902, a small detachment led by T. headed towards Bennett Island, reaching it on canoes on August 3. Due to the difficult ice conditions, the Zarya did not manage to reach the detachment, and in September 1902 it was decided to lead the ship to Tiksi Bay. Detachment T. had to spend the winter on the island.

The search for the detachment of E.V. Toll

In 1903 it was decided to organize a search expedition. The detachment was led by the future Admiral A.V. Kolchak. The expedition reached Bennett's Island, found T.'s parking lot, his diaries and other records. It followed from them that the detachment of four people, without waiting for the "Dawn", decided to independently go south towards the continent, but further traces of the detachment were never found.

According to the will, T.'s diary entries ended up with his widow, who published them in 1909 in Berlin.

A family

Wife - Emmeline Vilkon.

Toll Eduard Vasilievich

(1858-1902)

Russian polar explorer. Member of A. A. Bunge's expedition to the New Siberian Islands in 1885-1886. The leader of the expedition to the northern regions of Yakutia, explored the area between the lower reaches of the Lena and Khatanga rivers (1893), led the expedition on the schooner Zarya (1900-1902). He disappeared without a trace in 1902 in the Bennett Island area. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian industrialist and traveler Yakov Sannikov saw one of the Novosibirsk Islands to the southwest of Kotelny Island mainland... However, he himself did not reach it, Sannikov's path was blocked by huge openings, which remained open for almost the entire year. A native of Tallinn, geologist Eduard Vasilyevich Toll set himself the goal of finding this land ... Toll graduated from one of the oldest Russian universities, Yuryevsky (Tartu). He made his first trip across the Mediterranean Sea: he accompanied his former teacher of zoology, Professor M. Brown, on a scientific expedition. During this trip, Toll studied the fauna. Mediterranean Sea, got acquainted with the geological structure of some islands. In 1885-1886, Toll was an assistant to Alexander Alexandrovich Bunge in an academic expedition organized by the Russian Academy of Sciences to explore the coast of the Arctic Sea in Eastern Siberia, mainly from the Lena along Yana, Indigirka, Alazey and Kolyma, etc., especially the large islands lying in not too far from this coast and called New Siberia ... Eduard Vasilyevich conducted a variety of geological, meteorological, botanical, and geographical studies. In the spring of 1886, Toll, at the head of a separate detachment, explored the islands of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky, Land Bunge, Faddeevsky (the spit in the north-west of the island of Faddeevsky was named by Toll the Arrow of Anzhu) and the western coast of New Siberia. In the summer, Toll traveled on sledges along the coast of the entire Kotelny Island for a month and a half, and in perfectly clear weather on August 13, together with his companion in the north, he saw the outlines of four mountains, which in the east were connected to low-lying land. He decided that in front of him was Sannikov Land. Toll suggested that this land is composed of basalts, just like some other islands of the Novosibirsk archipelago, for example Bennett's Island. She defended, in his opinion, from the already explored islands for 150-200 kilometers to the north. Seven years later, Toll's second expedition took place. This time he was her leader. The main goal was to excavate a mammoth found on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. Eduard Vasilyevich himself believed that the expedition could bring more varied and important results than just the excavation of the mammoth, and he was right, having achieved broader powers.

Excavations of the remains of the mammoth were not so interesting: only small fragments of the skin of the fossil animal, covered with wool, parts of the legs and the lower jaw were found. Other results of the expedition, which lasted a year and two days, were much more important. In the spring of 1893, Toll, continuing the geological research of Chersky in Northern Siberia, visited the Kotelny Islands and again saw the Sannikov Land. Returning to the mainland, Toll, together with the military seaman-hydrograph Yevgeny Nikolayevich Shileiko, rode reindeer across the Kharaulakh ridge to the Lena in June and explored its delta. Having crossed the Chekanovsky ridge, they passed westward along the coast from Olenek to Anabar, and traced and mapped the low (up to 315 meters) Pronchishchev ridge (180 kilometers long), rising over the North Siberian lowland. They also performed the first survey of the lower Anabar (more than 400 kilometers) and specified the position of the Anabar Bay on previous maps, it was shown 100 kilometers east of its true position. Then the travelers split up: Shileiko headed west to the Khatanga Bay, and Toll went to the Lena to send his collections. Returning to Anabar again, he went to the village of Khatangi and between the Anabar and Khatanga rivers for the first time explored the northern protuberance of the Central Siberian plateau (Khara-Tas ridge), and in the interfluve of Anabar and Popigai, a short ridge of Suryakh-Dzhangi. The expedition gathered extensive botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections. The Russian Geographical Society highly appreciated the results of Toll's travel, awarding him with a large silver medal named after N.M. Przhevalsky. The Academy of Sciences awarded Eduard Vasilievich a monetary prize. The researcher's name became famous; he participates in the work of the International Geological Congress in Zurich, the Russian Geographical Society sends him to Norway to greet on behalf of the Society of the famous traveler and navigator Fridtjof Nansen at the celebrations organized in his honor. In Norway, Toll studied cover-type glaciers characteristic of Scandinavia. Returning to Russia, the scientist left his service at the Academy of Sciences and moved to Yuryev, where he began to write a large scientific essay on the geology of the Novosibirsk Islands and work on the most important tasks of the study of polar countries. During these years, the scientist also conducted various studies in the Baltic States. Later he sailed on the first Russian icebreaker Ermak. And all this time Toll dreamed of an expedition to Sannikov Land. In 1900, Toll was appointed head of an academic expedition organized on his initiative to discover Sannikov Land on the whaling yacht Zarya.

Explorers-enthusiasts set off on their way. On June 21, the small ship departed from Vasilievsky Island. Toll was sure that Sannikov Land really existed. This was indirectly confirmed by the research of the American captain De Long and the Norwegian Nansen. In the summer, Zarya passed to the Taimyr Peninsula. During the wintering, the members of the expedition surveyed a very large area of ​​the adjacent coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and the Nordenskjold archipelago; at the same time, Fyodor Andreevich Mathisen went north through the Mathisen Strait and discovered several Pakhtusop islands in the Nordenskjold archipelago. Due to disagreements with Toll, the captain of Zarya Nikolai Nikolayevich Kolomeytsev left the ship and in April 1901, together with Stepan Rastorguev, sailed about 800 kilometers to Golchikha (Yenisei Bay) in 40 days. On the way, he discovered the Kolomeitseva River flowing into the Taimyr Bay, and his companion in the Pyasinsky Bay, the Rastorgueva Island. F. Mathisen became the new captain of the Dawn. In the fall of 1901, Toll sailed at Zarya, rounding Cape Chelyuskin, from Taimyr to Bennett Island in almost clear water, and in vain he searched for Sannikov Land north of the Novosibirsk archipelago. For the second winter, he stayed with west coast Kotelny Islands, in the Zarya Strait. It was impossible to approach Sannikov Land because of the ice. On the evening of June 5, 1902, Toll, astronomer Friedrich Georgievich Seeberg and two Yakut industrialists Nikolai Dyakonov and Vasily Gorokhov set out on sledges with dog sleds dragging two canoes to Cape Vysoky in New Siberia. From there, first on an ice floe drifting northward, and then on canoes, they crossed over to Bennett's island to explore it. In the fall, Zarya was supposed to remove the detachment from there. Toll gave the captain the following instructions: ... If this summer the ice near the New Siberian Islands and between them and Bennett Island does not disappear at all and thus does not allow Zara to sail, then I suggest you leave the ship in this harbor and return with the entire crew of the ship winter way to the mainland, following the well-known route from Kotelny Island to the Lyakhovsky Islands. In this case, you will only take with you all the documents of the expedition and the most important tools, leaving here the rest of the vessel's inventory and all collections. In the same case, I will try to return to the New Siberian Islands before the onset of frost, and then by winter route to the mainland. In any case, I firmly believe in a happy and prosperous end to the expedition ... Zarya was unable to approach Bennett's Island at the appointed time due to ice conditions. The captain did his best, but was forced to give up further attempts.

In addition, the deadline set by Toll himself expired, the ship was supposed to approach the island before September 3. In the fall, after unsuccessful attempts to break through to Bennett's Island, Zarya came to the then completely deserted Tiksi Bay, southeast of the Lena delta. A few days later the steamer Lena approached the island, which was loaded with extensive scientific material collected over two years by Toll's expedition. At Dawn, the boatswain was a naval sailor Nikifor Alekseevich Begichev, who had served in the navy since 1895. On August 15, 1903, he and several rescuers on a whaleboat from the yacht Zarya went out to sea and headed for Cape Emma on Bennett Island. It was believed at that time that Toll and his companions had to spend the winter on Bennett's Island and it was not so difficult to save them ... The transition was relatively easy and quick. The sea was open. There was no ice. A day later, on August 17, a whaleboat approached south coast Bennett Islands. Traces of Toll's expedition were found almost immediately: one of the expedition members lifted the lid of an aluminum pot lying on the coastal shallow with a hook. According to the agreement, Toll had to leave information about the expedition at Cape Emma. And the next day, after the first night on the island, several people went to this agreed place ... Before reaching the cape, members of the rescue expedition found two of Toll's camps. On them were found traces of fires, chopped branches of a fin that served as fuel. And on Cape Emma, ​​documents were immediately found: in a pile of stones, folded by a man's hand, there was a bottle with three notes. On July 21 we safely sailed on canoes. We will go north along the east coast today. One party of us will try to be in this place by August 7th. July 25, 1902, Bennett Island, Cape Emma. Toll. The second note was entitled For Those Seeking Us and contained a detailed plan of Bennett's Island. Finally, the third note, signed by Seeberg, contained the following text: It turned out to be more convenient for us to build a house in the place indicated on this sheet. There are documents. October 23, 1902. In the spring, on dogs, dragging a whale boat on sledges, Begichev crossed from the mouth of the Yana to Kotelniy Island, in the summer he went on a whale boat to Bennett Island, where a search expedition found Toll's abandoned winter quarters. Rescuers found two polar fox traps and four boxes on the shore, which contained geological collections collected by Toll. There was a small house nearby; it was half filled with snow, which was frozen, turning into a block of ice. On the rough wooden floors were found an anemometer, a box with small geological samples, a can of cartridges, a nautical almanac, clean notebooks, cans of gunpowder and canned food, a screwdriver, and several empty bottles.

Finally, from under the pile of stones, a canvas-lined box was pulled out, which contained Toll's brief report, addressed to the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From this document it was clear: Toll did not lose faith in the existence of Sannikov Land, but because of the fogs he could not see it from Bennett Island. When food supplies were already running out, Toll and his three companions decided to make their way to the south ... In November 1902, they began a return journey across the young ice to New Siberia and disappeared without a trace. What made travelers take such a risky step as crossing over sea ​​ice on a polar night with a food supply of only 14-20 days? Obviously, Toll was sure that the yacht Zarya would definitely come to the island, and then, when it became clear that there was no more hope for this, it was too late to engage in fishing: the birds flew away, the deer left the pursuit on the ice ... 22 November 1904 year at a meeting of the Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, it was determined, in particular, that in 1902 the temperature by September 9 had dropped to 21 ° and until the time of E. V. Toll's departure from Bennett Island (November 8) had invariably fluctuated between -18 ° and -25 °. At such low temperatures, high, insurmountable hummocks are piled up in the space between Bennett Island and the Novosibirsk Archipelago. The ice-covered and treacherous snow-covered gaps between the hummocks in the darkness of the polar night become even more dangerous than when traveling in the daytime. The vast openings, covered with a thin layer of ice crystals, are completely invisible in the dense fog. When moving along the ice, the kayak is covered with a thick layer of ice, and the two-blade oars, freezing, turn into heavy blocks of ice. In addition, the ice fat is compressed in front of the bow of the kayak and makes movement even more difficult, and the frozen kayak easily overturns. Under such circumstances, a crack in the ice, only 40 m wide, presented an insurmountable obstacle to the passage of the party. The commission concluded that all party members should be considered dead. And yet, in spite of this verdict, the commission appointed a prize for finding the entire party or part of it and another prize, of a smaller size, for the first indication of its undoubted traces. Alas, these prizes were never awarded to anyone ... According to a number of researchers, Sannikov Land still existed, but in late XIX or at the beginning of the 20th century it was destroyed by the sea and disappeared like the islands of Pasilievsky and Semgiovsky, made up of fossil ice.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site rgo.com

  TOLL Eduard Vasilievich(1858-1902), Russian geologist and polar explorer.

Was born in Reval (Tallinn). After graduating from the University of Tartu in 1882, he traveled as a naturalist in the Mediterranean, in 1885-1886 he took part in A. Bunge's expedition, organized by the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, to study the Novosibirsk Islands, as well as bass. Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma. From Kotelny Island in clear weather in August 1886 E. Toll saw “ outlines of the four mesas", Taken by him for the Sannikov Land.

In 1893, continuing the geological research of I. Chersky in the north of Yakutia, E. Toll surveyed the bass. Lena and Khatanga, followed and photographed the Pronchishchev ridge. He again visited Kotelny Island and to the north of it again saw the "land" - most likely a drifting iceberg that broke away from the mainland glacier.

In 1899 E. Toll took part in the voyage of the Ermak icebreaker to the architect. Spitsbergen. In 1902 he headed the Polar Expedition of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences in district of Novosibirsk islands with the aim of finding the legendary Sannikov Land, discovered in 1811 by the industrialist Yakov Sannikov. It included seven scientific personnel, incl. geodesist and meteorologist F. Mathisen, topographer A. Kolchak, zoologist A. Byalynitsky-Birulya, astronomer and magnetologist F. Seeberg.

On the whaling boat Zarya, bought in Norway, Toll planned to sail along the Northern Sea Route to Pacific Ocean, but due to difficult ice conditions, I have to spend the winter at Kotelny Island twice.

In the summer of 1902, Toll with F. Seeberg, the hunters Even Nikolai Protodyakonov (Dyakonov) and the Yakut Vasil Gorokhov went on a sleigh to the Bennett and Kotelny Islands to study them. geological structure... They also intended to examine district of the Earth Sannikov, not accessible to the "Zarya", which is wounded by ice and two winter quarters. The schooner was supposed to pick up the group at the end of the summer, but could not because of the difficult ice conditions.

A rescue expedition led by A. Kolchak in 1903 discovered Toll's camp on Bennett Island, his collections and documents. One of the notes said that everyone headed south. It was not possible to find them. Apparently, the unfortunates died while crossing the still immature ice on the way to the mainland.

Toll, who received a huge credit of trust from the state and society, could, as he believed, return to St. Petersburg only by discovering Sannikov Land or some other. Or not to return at all. The valuable and extensive materials of the expedition were processed by a special commission of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1900-1919.

The work of E. Toll "Sailing on the yacht" Zarya ", published in 1909 by the widow of the scientist, was republished in 1959.

A bay in the Kara Sea, mountains on Novaya Zemlya and on Bennett Island, a bay on the Taimyr Peninsula and other geographic objects are named after Toll.

article from the encyclopedia "The Arctic is my home"