Estland province. Panorama Estland province. Virtual tour of Estland province. Attractions, map, photo, video Estland province volost

Estland province (Estland Eestimaa kubermang), Estland - the northernmost of the three provinces of the Baltic region of the Russian Empire, stretched in a strip from east to west along south coast Gulf of Finland and ended with an archipelago of islands. Currently, Estonia is located on almost the entire territory of the former Estland.

The first human settlements arose on the territory of the future province around 9500-9600 BC within the framework of the so-called Kunda culture. By the X-XIII centuries, an early feudal structure of society was formed, where the elders and leaders of military squads stood at the head of the lands. In the XIII century, the Danish crusaders, having suppressed the resistance of the Estonians, included these lands in the Livonian and then Teutonic orders. In the 16th century, Estonia went through the era of the Reformation, since that time Protestantism has become the main religious denomination on its territory. In the same century, following the results of the Livonian War, northern Estonia became part of Sweden, and half a century later, southern Estonia was also included in Sweden. After the Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia, Estonia was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1721. At the same time, the Revel province was formed. The province received subdivision into counties (initially called districts) in 1745.

Geographical position

The extreme points of E. province: in the west - Cape Daguerort (Kalana) on Dago Island (20 ° 2 "E), in the east - the Narova River (near the city of Narva, 28 ° 12" E), in the north - rocky Cape Stensker on the coast of the Gulf of Finland (59 ° 49 "N), in the south - Kerksar Island near the Pernovskiy Gulf (58 ° 19" N). In the west, the continental part of Estonia is bordered by the Baltic Sea (297 versts), in the north by the Gulf of Finland (469 versts), in the east by the Narova River, which is separated from the St. Petersburg province (75 versts), and in the south by Lake Peipsi or Peipus and the Livonian province (371 versts); more than ² / 3 of the border line falls on water (not counting the islands) and about 1/3 - land borders. The sea coast within the E. province is cut by a number of bays and bays and is rich in peninsulas; in the west and northwest, it is surrounded by islands. Of the bays and bays, the most significant are: in the Baltic Sea - Werder Bay, Matualvik, Hapsalsky Bay (with the city of Hapsal); in the Gulf of Finland - Rogervik Bay (with the city of Baltic Port) is deep, roomy and rarely freezes; Revelskaya (town of Revel) - vast, well protected, often remains ice-free throughout the winter; Pappenvik (with Harra's harbor), Monkevik (with Erro's pier), Kaspervik, Kunda Bay (Port-Kunda harbor) and Narva, the latter belongs only to its western part (up to the Narva estuary) of the E. province. There are about 80 islands along the mainland of the province, of which Dago (Dagden) is 843.7 sq. versts (separated from the Ezel Island of the Livonian province, by the Zeelazund Strait, up to 6 versts wide), Worms - 82.4 sq. versts (separated from the island of Dago by the Harrisund Strait, up to 11 versts in width), Kassar - 20.7 sq. verst, Bol. Roge - 12.4 sq. versts, Mal. Roge - 12.2 sq. miles, Norgen - ...

Estonian republic

Estland province(Est. Eestimaa kubermang), Estlandia- the northernmost of the three provinces of the Baltic region of the Russian Empire, stretched in a strip from east to west along the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland and ended with an archipelago of islands. The territory is currently part of Estonia.

Geographical position

The extreme points of E. province: in the west - Cape Daguerort (Kalana) on Dago Island (20 ° 2 "E), in the east - the Narova River (near the city of Narva, 28 ° 12" E), in the north - rocky Cape Stensker on the coast of the Gulf of Finland (59 ° 49 "N), in the south - Kerksar Island near the Pernovskiy Gulf (58 ° 19" N). In the west, the continental part of Estonia is bordered by the Baltic Sea (297 versts), in the north by the Gulf of Finland (469 versts), in the east by the Narova River, which is separated from the St. Petersburg province (75 versts), and in the south by Lake Peipsi or Peipus and the Livonian province (371 versts); more than ² / 3 of the border line falls on water (not counting the islands) and about 1/3 - land borders. The sea coast within the E. province is cut by a number of bays and bays and is rich in peninsulas; in the west and northwest, it is surrounded by islands. Of the bays and bays, the most significant are: in the Baltic Sea - Werder Bay, Matualvik, Hapsalsky Bay (with the city of Hapsal); in the Gulf of Finland - Rogervik Bay (with the city of Baltic Port) is deep, roomy and rarely freezes; Revelskaya (town of Revel) - vast, well protected, often remains ice-free throughout the winter; Pappenvik (with Harra's harbor), Monkevik (with Erro's pier), Kaspervik, Kunda Bay (Port-Kunda harbor) and Narva, the latter belongs only to its western part (up to the Narva estuary) of the E. province. There are about 80 islands along the mainland of the province, of which Dago (Dagden) is 843.7 sq. versts (separated from the Ezel Island of the Livonian province, by the Zeelazund Strait, up to 6 versts wide), Worms - 82.4 sq. versts (separated from the island of Dago by the Harrisund Strait, up to 11 versts in width), Kassar - 20.7 sq. verst, Bol. Roge - 12.4 sq. versts, Mal. Roge - 12.2 sq. versts, Norgen - 11.0 sq. versts, then 5 islands with an area of ​​more than 2 sq. versts each, 5 - at least 1 sq. versts, the rest - less than 1 sq. miles each.

Square

The area of ​​the E. province comprises 17791.7 sq. versts (20246.7 sq. km) or 1853183 tithes; of which 16290.5 sq. versts are mainland, 1032.7 - islands and 468.5 sq. miles under the waters of the part of Lake Chudskoye included in the province. Counties 4: Harriensky or Revelsky (5043.3 sq. Versts, including 53.4 under the islands), Virlyandsky or Vesenbergsky (5629 sq. Versts), Yerven or Weissenstein (2522.9 sq. Versts) and Viksky or Gapsalsky ( 4128 sq. Versts, of which 979.3 are under the islands).

Surface

The surface of the continental part of E. Gubernia is a flat upland that merges in the south with the uplands of the neighboring Livonia province and descends in parallel ledges in the west and north to the sea, forming the so-called "glint" along the coast, and to the Chudskoye Lake and the Narova River to the east. The watershed of the Gulf of Finland basins on one side, Lake Peipsi and the Gulf of Riga on the other, runs in the middle of the province; its node is located on the Pantifer terrace in the parishes of Klein-Marien and Simonis (400 feet, while some hills - Mount Evil or Ebbafermyaggi - reach 479 feet); from here a branch departs to the west, forming two more terraces - in S. Johannis (240-300 feet) and in Rappel and Yerden parishes (240-250 feet). To the east, the Pantifer terrace declines and becomes lowland; in the southeast, it connects with the Livonian Uplands, and in the southwest, in the southern part of the Gapsalsky district, it slopes down to the sea. The northwestern and middle parts of the Gapsalsky district are low-lying and swampy. The interior of the E. province, thanks to the depressions formed by the river beds, for the most part swampy and forested; These depressions are bordered by hills reaching in places 350 feet (Pyukhtitsa near the town of Illuk and near the village of Ruilya). The most high points The E. provinces are located in the south near the Livonian border - near the village of Sall in the St. Simon parish - Mount Emmomyaggi (Mother Mountain) - 544 feet and in the same parish the Kellafer sheepfold - 514 feet above sea level. The islands of the E. province are mostly low-lying and flat; the exception is the western part of Dago Island (up to 200 feet in height), Worms and some small islands, partly covered with rocky hills.

Geological structure

Geological structure. The foundation of the E. province consists entirely of horizontal limestone slabs. This limestone, together with other strata underneath (loose greenish clay sandstone, resinous clay shale, Ungulite sandstone, blue clay), belongs to the Silurian formation. The rocky base is unevenly covered by a layer of granite, clay and sand belonging to the deluvium or the ice age. In some places, the horizontal surface of the slabs protrudes outward, in some places the grants and rubble masses, covering them, form embankments and dams from 30 to 70 feet high. These dams stretch along the mainland of the province, forming marshy lowlands among themselves, among which rubble hills (Saar, that is, an island) often rise. In the north of the province, along the sea coast, dunes stretch, consisting of a rough, yellowish, rarely white sand; similar dunes are found in the middle parts of the province. Finnish granite boulders are unevenly scattered throughout the area. In the lowlands, near the banks of the rivers, bluish clay (3-6 feet thick) exfoliates; it is rarely found in its pure form and is mostly mixed with the grant. The seashores of E. under the influence of waves are gradually destroyed; in connection with this destruction is the formation of sea silt (healing mud near the city of Gapsal). The following minerals are mined in E. Gubernia: limestone (on the island of Dago), sandstone (in various places), cement (in the estate of Kunda in the Vesenberg district), marble (in the estate of Vassal in the Revel district), and peat, which is mined in many localities, especially in the middle belt of the mainland; altogether there are about 100 peat bogs in the E. province, of which two are large, in the Gapsalsky (up to 100 sq. versts) and in the Vesenberg (300 sq. versts) counties. Peat mining has existed since ancient times; it goes exclusively for local consumption (for fuel). The soil is dominated by clay and peat, but in some places there is "chernozem" (a mixture of decayed plant residues with clay and sand), which belongs to the number of fertile soils.

Water

In addition to the sea and its parts attached to the province of E., which was mentioned above, there are up to 200 lakes within the province, and it is irrigated by many rivers. Of the lakes, one Chudskoe (Peipus) occupies a vast area; the part of it, included in the E. province, is 468.5 square meters. verst; the rest of the lakes are all small, of which the more significant Obersee, near the town of Revel (5.5 sq. versts), 7 lakes have an area of ​​1 to 3 sq. km. versts each; the total area of ​​all lakes in the province, excluding Chudskoye, is 17.2 square meters. versts Most of the lakes are located in the northern part of the province among swamps, and their shores are gradually swamped. Of the rivers, as navigable, only one Narova is important (length 68 versts), the source of Lake Peipsi, flowing along the eastern border of the province; the rest of the rivers are only of local importance, as a source of irrigation and for the delivery drinking water... The most significant along the length of the river: Kazargen River - in the southwest, near the Livonian border, flows into the Baltic Sea (94 versts); Kegel or Falskaya (80 versts), Yaggovalskaya (73 versts), Brigitovka (70 versts) - all tributaries of the Gulf of Finland; the rest of the province's rivers are less than 65 miles in length. Crossing the "glint", rivers flowing to the north form waterfalls and rapids; more significant of them: Narva or Ioala, near the city of Narva, on the Narova river (height 20 feet), Yaggovalsky (23 feet), Kegelsky, near Falla castle (20 feet).

Climate

The climate of the E. province is more maritime, not only than in the interior, but even in the other two Baltic provinces, since the entire E. province is located not far from the sea. Especially the maritime climate has West Coast and the island of Dago, where the winds directly reach from the middle part, which does not freeze and in winter Baltic Sea... Due to these reasons average temperature The year, and especially autumn and winter, is higher in E. province than in areas under the same latitude, but lying farther from the sea, and spring and summer, especially the months from April to July, are colder in E. province. The proximity of the sea has an effect on precipitation in the sense that there are comparatively more of them in the fall and comparatively less from May to July than in the neighboring provinces to the south and east of the E. province. Thanks to the dense rain gauge network of the Livonian Economic Society, which includes the provinces of Livonia and Estonia, this difference is clear. Swamps in E. province undoubtedly lower the temperature summer months and increase the risk of frost at night.

Population

The first census of the population of the E. province was carried out at the end of 1881, then there were 376,337 souls of both sexes in it; according to the census at the beginning of 1897 - 433724; over 15 years the population increased by 37387 souls, which is 0.7% of the actual population growth per year. The urban population in 1881 consisted of 59,814 souls, in 1897 - of 76,315 souls; it increased by 16501 people, or almost 2% per year, while the rural population increased by 20886 people, or 0.4% per year.

According to data from 1897, per 1 sq. There are 23.3 inhabitants in the province of E. In the provinces adjacent to E., 1 sq. a verst falls in St. Petersburg - 53.7, in Livlyandskaya - 32.5 inhabitants; such a huge difference comes from the presence in the latter major cities- St. Petersburg and Riga. If we exclude the aforementioned cities from the calculation, in addition - Kronstadt in St. Petersburg, Yuryev in Livlyandskaya and Revel in the E. a verst in E. province - 19.7, in Livonia - 24.3, in St. Petersburg - 16.6 inhabitants. Of the counties of the E. province, Revelsky (Garriensky) is the densest population - 31.4 inhabitants per square kilometer. a mile, which comes from the location in it of the largest urban center in the province - Revel (64578 inhabitants); if it is excluded from the calculation, the population density in the aforementioned uyezd will decrease to 18.4 inhabitants, and in this respect it will come close to the rest, fairly evenly populated uyezds of the province. The islands included in the province are partly completely uninhabited; on the Dago island - up to 14 thousand souls (about 16 inhabitants per 1 sq. verst), on Worms - 2,100 people (25 inhabitants per 1 sq. verst). There are 5 cities in E. province: Reval (64.5 thousand inhabitants), Wesenberg (5.5 thousand), Hapsal (3 thousand), Weissenstein (2.5 thousand), and the countyless Baltic Port (less than 1 thousand inhabitants). residents). There are 5 townships, of which the significant Krengolm (near the city of Narva, Vesenberg district), with a huge manufactory and 8 thousand inhabitants. Settlements over 15,000 - almost all detached estates, manors and farms; there are almost no settlements consisting of numerous households in the Estland province. In the vicinity of Revel and near Ust-Narova, large suburban settlements and resorts - Ekaterinental, Gungerburg, Merikul and others, which do not have a permanent population and revive only in summer.

In the absence of developed data for the 1897 census, the religious composition of the population is determined according to the 1881 census: Protestants make up 94.3% of the total population, Orthodox - 4.9%, Jews - 0.4%, Roman Catholics - 0.3 %, persons of other confessions - 0.1%. Protestants are almost all Lutherans; there were only 158 Anglicans, 128 Reformed, and several other sects. Half of the Orthodox population (about 9000) live in the city of Revel, up to 7000 - in the eastern part of the Vesenberg district, along the shores of Lake Peipsi, and up to 2000 - in Krengolm; there were 204 schismatics, almost all along the shores of Lake Peipsi.

According to the native language, the population is distributed as follows: Estonians - 87.6%, Germans - 5.8%, Russians - 4.6%, Swedes - 1.4%, Jews - 0.4%, speaking other dialects - 0.2% ... Estonians ( indigenous population) accounted for 56% of the urban and 94% of the rural population; 71% of Germans live in cities, where they make up 26% of the total population; Russians - in Reval and in the eastern part of the province; Swedes mainly (80%) live in the Hapsal district, making up almost the entire population of the islands of Worms (now Vormsi) and others.

There are 96 men per 100 women in E. gubernia, 108 in the cities, 94 in the counties, and 110 in the city of Revel. The 1881 census does not provide the distribution of the population by class and occupation. Eviction from the E. province has been noticeable in recent years; landless Estonians are moving en masse to the nearest Great Russian provinces - St. Petersburg, Pskov, Novgorod and Tver; there is no digital data on this movement. By the end of 1902, according to administrative data, there were 440694 inhabitants in the province of E. (217095 men and 223599 women), of which 80607 were in cities, and 68045 in the city of Revel.

National composition in 1897:

Noble birth

Administrative division

Administrative division of the Estland province

After the February Revolution on the basis of the provision of the Provisional Government of Russia dated March 30, 1917 "On the autonomy of Estonia" the Estland province included five northern districts of the Livonian province with an Estonian population: Yuryevsky, Pernovsky, Fellinsky, Verro and Ezelsky districts, as well as the Volosts of the Valksky district inhabited by Estonians. Accurate new frontier between the Estland and Livonian provinces was never established.

Provincial leadership

Governors

Provincial leaders of the nobility

Vice Governors

Land tenure

In the E. gubernia, as well as in other Baltic regions, among the private estates there are many prerogative or fidekomiss possessions, which almost completely do not allow the sale of land; the restriction that once existed, due to which only local nobles could be buyers of noble estates, although formally it was canceled, but, by virtue of traditions, it holds on quite tightly, and the number of non-noble landowners is insignificant. Peasant land tenure was formed in the E. province in accordance with the law of 1863, which allowed peasants (in some cases, and persons of other classes) to acquire the property of estates assigned to them for their use (a peasant household with its own lands) in the nobility, etc. . estates. From 1863, peasant land ownership began to grow rapidly through purchases with the assistance of credit institutions. The general character of peasant ownership is a courtyard. In 1887, in the Estland province, land was accounted for: private owners - 925,539 dessiatines (including 875,100 dessiatines, or 95% of the nobility), peasants - 682465, treasury - 3448, churches - 18979, cities - 11574, various institutions - 3036 , a total of 1,645,041 tithes. The average noble possession is equal to 1,768 dessiatines, the average peasant - 38 dessiatines. The peasants bought their lands from 49 (in 1877) to 70 (1883) and 75 (1887) rubles. for 1 tithe. By January 1, 1902, in E. province, 9031 estates were laid in mortgage institutions, in 1398312 dessiatines; debt they had 18 579 491 rubles. or 13 rubles. 29 kopecks. by 1 tithing. Despite the size of the pledged area (about 85%), the debt is not large when compared with the sale and rental prices for land. With the exception of 1 estate in 7643 tithes, pledged in a noble bank, and 10 estates in 1252 tithes in a peasant bank, all other lands are pledged by E. noble land credit society.

Agriculture

Of the 1,645,041 dessiatines recorded in 1887, the land was: arable - 300,895, under estates, vegetable gardens and orchards - 11,808, hay - 454,282 (of which flooding - 10,983), pasture - 300,835, forest - 326,506 (of which timber - 76846, wood - 193630, both together - 1092, thickets - 54938), the rest comfortable - 6315, inconvenient - 244,400 dessiatines. Some of the bogs are used as mowing, while the moss bogs (Hochmoore, in Estonian Rabba), in which the moss layer reaches 20 feet, are impassable, sometimes even in winter, as they do not freeze. Private or "manor" lands (Hofsland) are better provided with forests than peasants (Bauerland): in the former, forests account for 32% (90% of the total forest area of ​​the province), and on peasant lands - about 4% of ownership and about 8% of all forests; the remaining 2% of the forest area belongs to the treasury and other owners. Half of the forests (51%) are located in the Wesenberg county; only the least (12%) of them are in Weissenstein County. Recently, forestry throughout the province has been carried out correctly. Land lease is developed: in 1887 private owners (exclusively to peasants) rented 5303 plots in 206735 dessiatines. The culture is high; plow plowing and improved implements are used everywhere. The crop rotation is multi-field. In 1902, it was sown: winter wheat - 2069 dessiatines, rye - 59091, spring wheat - 583, oats - 39183, barley - 41002, potatoes - 40078, leguminous plants - 4138 and flax - 2870 dessiatines. The E. province stands out among all the provinces of Russia in terms of the size of the potato culture. Of the grasses, mainly clover and vetch are sown (neat and with oats). Yield (average over 10 years, 1891-1902): rye - self-6, winter wheat - self-6.2, oats - self-5.5, barley - self-5.3, potatoes - self-4.0 ... Better cultivation and fertilization of manor lands influence an increase (by about 10%) in their yield compared to peasant lands. The harvest per year is an average harvest: rye is about 430 thousand quarters, wheat - 20 thousand quarters, oats - 375 thousand quarters, barley - 315 thousand quarters, potatoes - 3480 thousand quarters. Bread and potatoes are exclusively consumed locally and processed in local distilleries. In 1902 there were 1566 mills in the E. province, grinding all local bread, of which 1274 were windmills (745 in the Gapsal district), 256 water mills, 35 steam mills, and 1 electric mills (in the town of Revel).

Cattle breeding is developed; in 1902 there were 72793 horses, 195110 cattle, 156482 ordinary sheep, 40599 fine-wool, 79730 pigs; about 80% of the total number of livestock is owned by peasants. The first place in cattle breeding is occupied by the Revel district. Livestock products are sold: meat ("Livonian"), butter and cheese - mainly to St. Petersburg, Revel, Narva, Yuriev (Dorpat) and partly abroad (to England and Denmark). Processing of local leathers in the village of Syrenets, Vesenberg district (for 50 thousand rubles per year). On the Undel estate (Wesenberg district) - chicken breeding, giving up to 6,000 rubles. in year. Gardening and horticulture are practiced on manors and suburban areas, but gardening, due to climatic conditions, poorly developed.

Though Agriculture and constitutes the basis and main occupation of the population of the E. province, but due to its advantageous geographic location and the fishing life in it is developed. In addition to the development of mineral resources (peat and building materials), almost all of the coastal (non-urban) population is engaged in fishing. In the sea, they catch mainly sprat (which is an important part of the holiday trade in the city of Revel), herring, salmon, navaga, flounder, etc. rent... The urban population of Reval is largely engaged in the loading and unloading of ships. Offshore trades are not developed. Crafts are widespread in cities, while in the counties they are engaged in them in their free time, especially in winter, exclusively for the needs of the local population. In 1902 there were 16966 artisans in the E. province, of which 10272 were in cities (9322 in Revel). Most of all producing clothes (tailors, shoemakers, etc.) - about 3,000, then blacksmiths, carpenters and others. Factories and factories in 1902 in E. province were 564, with 16,926 workers and production at 40,655,471 rubles. More significant in terms of production cost:

The total production of other types of industry does not exceed 310 thousand rubles. each one. The largest factory areas are the city of Revel, with 97 factories and plants, 7422 workers and production for 20,700 thousand rubles, then the counties of Vesenberg, with 152 factories and plants, 7198 workers and production for 14,304 thousand rubles. (Krengolm manufactory with 5705 workers and production for 12,250 thousand rubles, founded in 1857, and 61 distilleries) and Revelsky - 110 factories and plants, with 789 workers, production for 2,717 thousand rubles. (mainly distilling); in the Gapsalsky district, on the Dago island - a cloth factory. The distilleries are all steam; alcohol is smoked mainly from potatoes; in 1902 184371132 ° was smoked.

Trade

The seaside position of the E. province promotes the development of trade in it, especially foreign trade. In 1902, 7131 certificates were issued for the right to trade and trade. In terms of the number and variety of trade establishments, the first place is taken by the city of Revel. Domestic trade is greatly enlivened by fairs, of which in the whole province in 1902 there were 70-16 in cities and 54 in villages. The turnover of fairs (excluding 4 in the city of Reval, about which there is no information) was equal to 710 thousand rubles. A lot of alcohol is exported to the inner provinces from E. province: in 1900 - 167 million degrees, in 1901 - 200 million, in 1902 - 174 million. Foreign trade is concentrated mainly in the city of Revel, which has a vast, protected and briefly freezing, and sometimes even not freezing raid. On average, navigation stops for 2 months, and in recent years, thanks to icebreakers, almost never interrupted. Other harbors are the Baltic Port (rarely freezing), Hapsal, Kertel (on the Dago island), Kunda (Vesenberg district) and Werder (Hapsal district). Kungerburg located within the E. province, serves the city of Narva (St. Petersburg province). Trade in the city of Revel reaches its highest tension in winter, when the St. Petersburg roadstead freezes over. In 1902, goods worth 45,327,293 rubles were brought to Revel from abroad, and duties of 1,6885,804 rubles were collected, and exported - at 21,754,613 rubles. In total, the most significant is the import from Germany (by 21 million rubles), England (19 million rubles), Denmark (4 million rubles); export - to England (by 8 million rubles), Denmark (7 million rubles), France (over 2 million rubles), Germany (about 2 million rubles), Holland (1.5 million rubles); the rest of the countries, both in terms of import and export, do not exceed 1 million rubles. each one. In 1902, 2203 ships of 563091 tons arrived at Revel port, 2197 ships of 559210 tons left; of the departed ships there were 1009 steam and 1188 sailing ships, 1793 under the Russian and 404 under the foreign flag (most of all German, English and Danish). The average capacity of Russian ships is 153 tons, foreign (mostly steamers) - 703 tons (British - 929 tons). In terms of the size of foreign shipping, Revel ranks 8th among the port cities of Russia.

Credit institutions

Credit institutions, with the exception of 3 savings and loan banks, are all concentrated in Reval: a branch of a state bank, 2 public and 2 private banks, 2 banking offices, and an E. noble zemstvo credit society. Savings Banks 4.

Means of communication

The railway crosses the E. province from the city of Narva to the Baltic Port for 242 versts; in addition, there is a road from Taps station to Riga, and from Revel - to Meisekül (Livonian province), with a branch line to the city of Weissenstein; length of all railways within the E. province 398 versts. Railway stations 32; cargo from them sent (in 1901) 21120 thousand poods, received - 27348 thousand poods; 70% of all freight traffic falls on Revel station; to the Wesenberg station - 2801 thousand poods. There are 7 post and telegraph offices (1902), a post office - 1, post and telegraph offices - 8, post offices - 5. Telephone - in Reval and Krengolm.

The buildings

Buildings (1902). In cities, with the exception of churches, 11222 buildings, of which stone - 2078, half-stone - 289, wooden - 6895; in the city of Revel 74% of all buildings. There are about 46,000 buildings in the counties, including 89% wooden. There are 237 liturgical buildings: stone - 147, wooden - 90. Orthodox churches - 67, Protestant - 156, Baptist - 10, Roman Catholic - 2, synagogues - 2. There are permanent fire brigades in the city of Reval and Krengolm, in addition, in Reval free firefighting society; in other cities and in many villages there are 20 free firefighting societies, well equipped with fire-extinguishing tools. 5 insurance companies, provincial mutual insurance (for peasant buildings) and 53 rural communities for mutual assistance in case of fire events.

The medicine

Medicine (1902): 18 hospitals, of which 7 in cities, 356 beds (4 in Reval, 303 beds), 11 counties, 310 beds; of the last 1 hospital in Krengolm, with 240 beds. Doctors 80 (in Revel - 47), dentists - 9, paramedics - 23, midwives - 43; 49 of the medical staff are in the civil service, the rest are free practitioners. 70397 patients were registered, of which 4633 were used in hospitals. Veterinarians 10, paramedics 5. Pharmacies 40, of which 12 are in cities (8 in Reval).

Charity

In addition to the almshouse of the Order of Public Charity in Reval for 210 people (65 men and 145 women), there are many private charitable societies and institutions; some of them have existed in Reval since ancient times (the Schwarzengeipter's cash desk - since 1400, the Johannes almshouse is mentioned in 1237). In addition to small trusteeships that exist in each Lutheran parish, 69 charitable institutions (43 in Reval); most of them existed on the basis of ancient charters and only recently received statutes. These institutions do their business widely. Begging almost does not exist in the E. province.

Public education

By the end of 1902 in E. in the province of government and private educational institutions there were 664, with 28,464 students (15,846 boys and 12,618 girls). There are 4 secondary educational institutions (all in Revel): 2 male gymnasiums, with 703 students, 1 female gymnasium, with 313 female students, 1 real school, with 354 students. 4 special educational institutions: nautical classes in the Baltic Port and the village of Kaspervik (71 students), a railway technical school (265 boys and 50 girls) and a school for the blind (8 boys and 6 girls); both of the latter are in Reval. There are 656 general education schools, except for the named ones, with 26694 students (14445 boys and 12249 girls), of which 60 are in Reval, with 4794 students, 24 in other cities, with 1610 students, and 572 in districts, with 20,290 students; actually there are 576 primary (folk) schools, with 21095 students (11608 boys and 9487 girls), of which there are 6 schools in Reval, with 555 students, in other cities 4, with 322 students, and in the districts 566, with 20,218 students; of the last 504 are rural schools, with 18815 students. Literacy is developed; according to the census of 1881, 6.1% were illiterate in E. province (8.1% among men and 4.2% among women); the least illiterate was among the Germans - 0.9%, then among the Estonians - 4.3%, most of all among the Russians - 32.3%. Among the recruits accepted for service, illiterate persons were: in 1900 - 6.8%, in 1901 - 1.3%, in 1902 - 6.0%.

Societies of Scientists and Artists 15; of these, the most significant is “E. literary society "in Reval (492 members), with him" E. museum ”with a rich collection of antiquities, coins, medals, paintings, sculptures and objects of ethnography and natural history. 11 periodicals (in Reval 10 and in the city of Wesenberg 1), daily 3, weekly 6, monthly 1. In Russian 2, in German 3, in Estonian 6. Places of trade in books and libraries for reading 72 (in Reval 29, in other cities 15, in villages 28). There are 19 printing houses, 4 lithographs, 2 printing-lithographs, 25 in total, 18 of them are in Reval.

Salary fees

By the beginning of 1902 the arrears were 36183 rubles; during the year, the following were subject to receipt: state land tax - 53347 rubles, tax on urban real estate - 78000 rubles, state apartment tax - 23385 rubles, redemption payments from former state peasants - 5451 rubles. and under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property - 8674 rubles, a total of 168866 rubles; in fact, 181,479 rubles were received; with some charges and exceptions, by the beginning of 1903, 25,816 rubles remained in arrears on salary dues in the E. province.

City income and expenses (1902)

In 5 cities of E. province, 613,125 rubles were received. (of which in the city of Revel - 540306 rubles); the main items of income: emergency (from the treasury, zemstvo fees, capital income, etc.) - 31%, indirect taxes - 19%, from city property and quitrent items - 20%, fees from private real estate - 14%, from industrialists - eleven %. The total cost of all cities is 606,743 rubles. (of which the city of Revel - 542642 rubles); the main expenses: for city administration - 26% (including almost half for the maintenance of the police), landscaping - 16%, housing service - 12%, charitable and other public institutions - 23%, payment of debts (in the cities of Revel and Hapsal) - eleven %. Excise taxes in 1902 gave 1,350,164 rubles, of which actually wine and alcohol - 1,161,000 rubles. There are 211 factories subject to excise (distilleries - 178), places of sale of drinks and tobacco - 2316 (tobacco shops - 1861). Obligations in kind, with the exception of military service (in 1902, 962 people were accepted into the army), are served according to special provisions and rules; both the appointment and the distribution of these duties is left to the nobility and is carried out under its direct control.

Story

In ancient times, the Baltic coast was inhabited by the Chud tribes, which were in some dependence on Novgorod, Pskov and other cities of northern Russia. The name E. or, more correctly, Ostland is first encountered after the conquest of the region by the Danes in 1080. In 1347, the Danish king Valdemar III ceded E. for 19,000 marks to the Livonian Order, in whose power it was until 1561, when the Estonian nobility, together with cities, fell away from the order and passed into Swedish citizenship. The territory of the province was annexed to Russia in 1710; then the Revel province was formed. The E. province received its present subdivision into counties (initially called districts) in 1745. Remnants of ancient structures have survived in E. province in many localities; in addition to ancient temples and other buildings in cities, as well as the ruins of castles scattered throughout the country, there are a lot of settlements and mounds; during excavations, many items from both historical and prehistoric eras are found.

Population

According to the final count of the 1897 census, there were 412,716 inhabitants in the Estland province, including 77081 in cities; of the cities, only the provincial town of Revel has 64,572 inhabitants, in the rest there are no more than 6 thousand in each. Estonians, indigenous inhabitants of the region, 365959; in addition, in the province live: Russians - 20899 (in the city of Revel and in the Wesenberg district), Germans - 16037 (in cities - 11712), Swedes - 5768 (in the Hapsal district), etc. About 90% of the total population belongs to the Lutheran confession, 9% - to Orthodoxy, the remaining 1% - Jews, etc. According to the Central Statistical Committee, in 1905 there were 449,400 inhabitants in the E. province, of which 81,100 were in cities. Estland province in 1905-06 suffered greatly from political and agrarian unrest and the associated punitive expeditions.

Notes (edit)

Literature

• "Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire" by P. Semyonov (vol. V, St. Petersburg, 1885);
• Paul Jordan, “Ergebnisse d. ehstland. Volkszahlung "(Revel, 1883-84); him, “Die Resultate d. ehstland. Volkszahlung "(Revel. 1886); him, "Collection of information on geography and statistics of E. province", with the attachment of Art. "On the Settlements" (Revel, 1889); a map of the general staff by Burzi (1863);
• Ruswurm, "Swedes on the banks of E." (Revel, 1885);
• Dr. K. Ratlef, "Sketch of orographic and hydrographic conditions in Livonia, Estonia and Courland" (Revel, 1852);
• Dr. A. Guk, Study of Agricultural Conditions in Estland, Livonia and Courland (Leipzig, 1845);
• Dr. Greving, " Geographic map Ostsee Provinces "(1878);
• "The main data of land statistics", ed. Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of the Interior, no. XLIX: “E. province ", (St. Petersburg, 1896); "Statistical collection of the Ministry of Railways" (issue 72, St. Petersburg, 1903).
• Reference book on the Estland province. Guide to the city of Revel and counties. Revel, 1890

A source

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

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