Funa fortress at the foot of demerdzhi. MAU AIM "Big Alushta Funa fortress in the Crimea

The address: Russia, Republic of Crimea, near the village of Luchistoe, near the South Demerdzhi mountain
Start of construction: 1422 year
Completion of construction: 1459 year
Coordinates: 44 ° 45 "06.1" N 34 ° 23 "19.6" E

The medieval fortress Funa is located on the territory of the Crimea peninsula. It is located from the southeast of mountain range Demerdzhi, near the village of Luchistoe. From the Greek language "funa" is translated as "smoky".

Funa fortress model

The history of the appearance of a medieval fort

The first written evidence of the fortress is found in the annals of 1384. In those days, Funa was the southern outpost of the principality of Theodoro, one of the most powerful medieval states. When the principality gained power over the Crimean lands, its ruler issued a decree on the construction of several impressive fortresses. They should have been placed on rocky cliffs and hills, turning them into solid fortifications. The combination of these fortresses provided the principality good protection from opponents. In addition, from these forts, the inhabitants of the principality could, if desired, attack neighboring cities.

Funa Fortress was a classic version of the medieval residential complex, which included a settlement, a fort and a burial ground, i.e. a cemetery. They occupied an area of ​​just over 0.5 hectares. In the Middle Ages, next to Funa, there was a trade route along which goods from Aluston and Gorzuvit ( modern resorts Alushta and Gurzuf) were delivered to the north - to the Crimean steppes.

Ruins of the Church of Theodore Stratilates in the Funa fortress

Why did Prince Theodoro choose a place for a fortress at the foot of the majestic Demerdzhi mountain range? Historians believe that his choice was due to the passage of a busy road in this place. And the results of the study of the territory of the village itself led archaeologists to the idea that it appeared at the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th centuries. This period is considered a turning point for the Crimean peninsula, because it was then that these lands were freed from the rule of the Khazars.

However, no matter how hard the scientists tried, the mysterious fortress Funa did not reveal all its secrets to them, and the descendants got only meager written sources telling about the life of the settlement. Due to the fact that the Funa fortress often turned out to be a place of clashes between the opposing sides, it was destroyed, but each time the fortifications were not only restored, but also strengthened.

View of the eastern side of the fortress

The turning point in the fortress's fortune took place in 1475. Funa, unable to withstand the onslaught of the stubborn Ottoman Turks, was almost destroyed to the ground. They did not rebuild it again, although people lived near the ruins of the fortress for a rather long time. They only left here in late XIX centuries, when giant boulders fell from the slopes of Demerdzhi into the valley. They can still be seen today.

Fearing that the terrible landslide might repeat itself, people moved down to the valley. Another natural disaster happened in the Crimea in 1927. A strong earthquake led to significant changes in the structure of the fortress - the formation of new cracks and destruction.

Entrance tower

Settlement layout

The greatest interest for connoisseurs architectural monuments on the territory of the ancient fortification there is an old church and the remains of fortifications. In the first half of the 19th century, traces of two large buildings and the entrance to the territory of the fortress were visible here. According to the famous researcher Pyotr Ivanovich Keppen, the author of the "Crimean Collection", at one time there was a tower on the east side of this entrance. The scientist also suggested that the purpose of erecting such a powerful fortification was the desire of the Theodorites to control the road passing through the Angarsk gorge. In addition, the observant Köppen noticed the orderly arrangement of all defensive fortifications.

Fortress Gate

The appearance of the settlement was recreated by archaeologists along the perimeter of the estates, the location of which was guessed in ancient ruins. From the central street there were small alleys, and in them there were houses with one or two rooms. The walls of the dwellings were thin, as they were erected from wild stone, combined with a solution of clay. The buildings were covered with tiles. Outbuildings were located close to each other in the courtyards. Surprisingly, scientists have not been able to find traces of the defensive fence protecting the settlement.

Cemetery and fortress churches

In the Middle Ages, in the central part of the burial ground, there was a cemetery church, more reminiscent of a chapel - its size was so small. The temple was 4.6 meters long and 3.2 meters wide. This miniature one-nave basilica received its parishioners from the 13th to the 15th centuries.

Forge

The fortress church is also represented by a one-nave basilica. It was used both as a religious building and as a bastion, that is, it was part of the defense system of the fortress. The single-apse fortress church had a cylindrical vault, and its keeled and pointed arches resembled an inverted ship bottom. The window structures of the temple were decorated with a carved ornament.

The size of the serf church was almost 3 times larger than the cemetery. It was 15 meters long and a little over 10 meters wide. All church services were held on the top floor. In this room, along the walls, there were small columns, crowned with capitals decorated with carved floral ornaments.

Fortress ruins

The church of the ancient fort could be accessed through two aisles. One of them led to the casemate on the first floor of the building, and the other, with steps, led to the church building. Scientists believe that this church was built at the end of the XII - the beginning of the XIII century. Until the 15th century, the architectural design of the shrine did not undergo changes, but later the church was rebuilt, and it was slightly reduced.

Funa fortress burial ground

On a small hill on the north side of the fortress there is a cemetery, in the slab graves of which the inhabitants of the settlement are buried. All burials were lined with slate slabs, which were mounted on the bottom - the ground covered with a piece of cloth or felt. They are also covered from above by slabs - lime or slate.

Fortress defenders weapons

Single burials were rare here. Most of slab graves contain the remains of 2-5 bodies. All the graves are oriented from east to west, and the deceased lie in them with their feet to the east, as Christian custom dictates. Since the inhabitants of the village of Funa professed Christianity, after their death their relatives did not put any objects in their graves. However, in some burials, researchers still found amulets, mugs and jugs. And this fact became a confirmation that some families in the settlement adhered to pre-Christian customs.

Archaeological finds

By pursuing archaeological excavations, researchers found many interesting artifacts in Funa, especially fragments of dishes and kitchen utensils. For the storage of liquids and bulk products and grain, the population of the serf settlement used pithos - tall capacious vessels resembling a spindle in shape. The pithos had a pointed bottom. They were decorated with ornaments-waves or "belts" made in the form of rollers and having indentations made by the fingers of the potters who sculpted the vessels. Pithos put either specially equipped niches, or the bottom part was buried in the ground.

Replica of a slab found during excavations at Funa Fortress

In addition to these huge vessels, archaeologists have found pottery with one handle, as well as glazed utensils that are covered with a layer of glass. A low-melting glass layer was attached to the clay when the ceramics underwent secondary firing. The sleek glass décor of the crockery had shades of brown, green and yellow.

If you plan to stay at South Bank Crimea, be sure to visit the Valley of Ghosts on Mount Demerdzhi, 7 km. from Alushta.

There are ruins at the foot of this mountain ancient fortress Fun. Usually all these 3 attractions (Mount Demerdzhi, Valley of Ghosts, Funa Fortress) are visited together.

Funa in miniature

How to get to Funa Fortress

By car:

From the side of Kerch and Feodosia you go towards Alushta, through Sudak. Before reaching about 7 km to Alushta there will be a signpost Luchistoe, there you turn right and go to the center of the village (landmark Church and bus stop). From the stop, drive another 100 meters and turn right onto Gornaya Street, go to the sign "Fortress Funa" (this is the very end of the street), then left and then in a straight line to the fortress for about 2 km.

From Sevastopol, Yalta, Alushta, Alupka, drive towards Sudak to the Luchistoye sign, then to the left.

On the public transport:

107 bus from the bus station of Alushta to the village of Luchistoye. Get off at the terminal, then walk about three kilometers along Gornaya Street to the end, then turn left and go straight for about 2 km. You can take a UAZ from the terminal (usually there are cars waiting for tourists). The cost is about 500 rubles.

If you are going to get there by public transport, do not forget to clarify when the last bus runs, otherwise you risk not leaving!

As part of tourist group, by UAZ, taxi:

Here I think there is nothing special to explain. There are plenty of excursion sellers in any city. You will definitely not pass by. The cost of the excursion (2016) from 1100 rubles. per person.

Excursion to Funa Fortress

Fortress history

The first mention of the Funa fortress is attributed by historians to 1384. Having become an outpost of the principality of Theodoro, the fortress covered a busy trade route from Alushta (Aluston) and Gurzuf (Gurzuvit) to the lands steppe Crimea.

Records about Funa were found in the patriarchal letters, which describe various opinions and judgments about the parishes of the metropolitans of Gotha, Sugei and Kherson. The deans could not divide the territories, so they argued about the villages, one of which was located next to Alusta Funa, nicknamed by the Genoese Fonn.

A slightly later mention of the fortress is in church records from 1836, where there are polls of resettled Greeks of the Mariupol district. The Crimeans say that the village of Funa was the focus of faith and there was the church of St. Theodore Stratilates, one of the famous warriors of the times of the Byzantine emperor Constantine I the Great.

The fortress located on the rocky hill of the South Demerdja mountain was built from the side of the western foot. The busy road is not the only reason for the construction, because the inhabitants of the principality of Theodoro, being Orthodox Christians, waged a continuous war with the Genoese. And when the latter conquered the entire Crimean coast from Kafa to Chembolo (in modern times Feodosius and Balaklava), the ruling princes were forced to build fortifications on the slopes, placing them opposite the main Genoese fortifications. Funa became one of such fortresses - the southern outpost, whose name is translated from Genoese as "Smoky".

The historical path of the Funa fortress was very destructive. It was crushed by guns and earthquakes, it burned both from natural fires and during periods of hostilities. In 1459 Funa underwent a general reconstruction and turned into a castle. In addition to the reconstruction, the fortress was reinforced with a capital donjon, the three-tiered tower of which was raised to a 15-meter height! The thickness of the walls was more than 2 meters, and the internal dimensions of the tower are striking: 6x10 meters and this is not today, but in the 16th century, when there were practically no buildings of such dimensions.

Donjon was equipped with space to accommodate 30-40 warriors, and this was enough to cover the exit gates, and the location at the main gate provided an ideal shooting range for the areas adjacent to the citadel. The enemy did not even have a chance to penetrate the territory of the Funa fortress unnoticed.

The Church of St. Theodore Stratilates was also part of the fortress ensemble. The building has practically turned into ruins, however, this is the fault of that time. The church was not destroyed by any enemy, and even during the attack in 1475, the Ottomans, completely destroying all the fortifications, did not touch the object of the Christian shrine. Much better preserved than the Funa fortress, the temple also needed restoration. The church was rebuilt and renovated, only because of this it was able to survive until the beginning of the 20th century, and today tourists can see the remains cult building, clearly distinguishable inside the fortress wall.

Funa was truly one of the most notable fortresses. The inner line of fortifications was over 700 meters long. The walls and towers were replete with loopholes, staircases and platforms for the convenience of the soldiers.

The defensive citadel consisted not only of a wall, but also of a three-story building, as well as a gate covered with a protective vault. But time is ruthless, like the boulders of Demerdzhi, rolling down the slopes. The fortress walls were partially destroyed by stones, and some fragments collapsed into the abyss due to the convergence of the ground. But even today, connoisseurs of antiquity can enjoy the remains of the ancient masonry, estimate the size of the interior, admire the views and estimate the power of the famous Funa fortress.

Coordinates: 44 ° 45′06 ″ s. NS. 34 ° 23'18 ″ in. etc. /  44.751667 ° N NS. 34.388333 ° E etc.(G) (O) (I)44.751667 , 34.388333

According to the data of the candidate of historical sciences V.P. Kirilko, who conducted a comprehensive architectural and archaeological study of the fortification structure of the monument, the fortification was erected no earlier than 1422 and no later than the end of 1423, most likely in the spring and summer of 1423. In October-November 1423, it was destroyed everywhere as a result of a powerful earthquake. Presumably, in 1425 the fortification was restored. Soon, the buildings of the outpost were burned down. The exact cause of the fire and its date are unknown. Either the Genoese, who in 1434 undertook a punitive expedition led by Carlo Lomellini, against the Theodorites, or the Ottomans, who repeatedly plundered the coast in the 1450s, could betray the fortification on fire. In 1459 the fortress ensemble underwent a thorough reconstruction and was turned into a castle. In 1475 (as a result of the capture of the Crimea by the Ottoman Turks) it ceased to exist.

The results of excavations showed that in 1459 the fortress, 105 m long and 52 m wide, damaged as a result of hostilities and earthquakes, was overhauled and significantly strengthened. In particular, a 15-meter three-tier donjon was erected, the internal dimensions of which were approximately 6 × 10 m with a wall thickness of 2.3 m. The donjon, located in the gate area, provided cover for the exit gates and lumbago of the adjacent citadel area. The garrison of the castle was about 30-40 soldiers.

Important place in architectural ensemble The Funk fortress is occupied by the church of St. Theodore Stratilates, whose ruins can still be seen today. After the destruction of the fortress in 1475 by the Ottoman Turks, it was the church that was best preserved. Church of st. Theodora Stratilat was repaired and rebuilt several times, as a result it was preserved until the beginning of the 20th century.

Not far from the ruins of the fortress, there is blocky chaos - a heap of huge boulders and stones. This is the result of the massive collapse of 1894 and subsequent collapses. As a result of the collapse locals left the territory. Subsequently, the Yalta earthquake of 1927 caused significant damage to the structures.

There is a legend about the burial in this area of ​​the Queen of the Goths, as well as her famous crown. After the capture of the Crimea by fascist troops and the excavations carried out there by the Germans, this legend was not confirmed. Locals still believe that the crown lies somewhere under the walls of the castle.

Sources of

• Kirilko V.P. Funa's fortress ensemble. (1423-1475) publishing house Stilos (Kiev), 2005 269 pp. ISBN 966-8518-30-6
• Kirilko V.P. The medieval fortification of Funa of the 15th century: a comprehensive architectural and archaeological study of the fortification structure of the monument: Dis. Cand. ist. Sciences: 07.00.04 / NAS of Ukraine; Crimean branch of the Institute of Archeology. - Simferopol, 2001 .-- 294 p.
• Kirilko V.P. Organization of defense and spatial planning structure of the Funa fortress ensemble (1423-1475). - Old life of the steppe Prichernomor and Crimea (Zp.), 2001, vol. 9, p. 240-253.
• Kirilko V.P. Funa - from C.E. Köhler to A.L. Berthier-Delagarde // Antique Antiquity and the Middle Ages. - Yekaterinburg: Ural. state un-t: Volot, 1999. - Issue. 30 .-- S. 319-327.
• Myts V.L. About the works of the Crimean Mountain Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1991 - ADU, 1993 p., P. 75 - 77.
• Kirilko V.P., Myts V.L. Funa fortress in the defense system of Theodoro principality // Byzantine Taurica. - Kiev, 1991
• Kirilko V.P. Gate Church of the medieval fortification Funa. Dating and attribution. \\ Northern Black Sea region and the Volga region in the relationship between East and West in the XII-XVI centuries. Rostov-on-Don, 1989
• Myts V.L. Some results of the study of the medieval fortress Funa. - "Architectural and archaeological research in the Crimea", K., Naukova Dumka, 1988, p. 97-115.
• Myts V.L. Research in the mountainous Crimea. - "Archaeological discoveries in 1981", M., 1982, p. 294-295.
• Kogonashvili K. K., Makhneva O. A. Medieval Funa. - "Feudal Tavrika", K., Naukova Dumka, 1974, p. 111-123.
• Kogonashvili K. Aluston and Funa, Simferopol: Crimea. - 1971

Notes (edit)

Links

Funa (Greek Φουνα) is a medieval fortress located on a rocky hill at the foot of Mount Demirji. The name translated from Greek means "smoky". Previously, Mount Demirji was also called Funa.

The monument of archeology and architecture "Fortification of Fun" is located 2 kilometers north of the village of Luchistoye at the western foot of the South Demerdzhi mountain. The greatest length of the fortress from north to south is 106 m; from west to east - 56 m. Fortification area - 0.52 hectares.

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The first mention of the Funa fortress dates back to 1384, at which time the fortress was an outpost of the principality and was of great military importance. In the Middle Ages, near the fortress, there was a trade route that led from Gorzuvit (Gurzuf) and Aluston (Alushta) to the steppe Crimea.

After Genoa seized the Crimean coast from Kafa (Feodosia) to Chembalo (Balaklava), the princes of Theodoro principality built a number of fortresses located higher in the mountains, opposite the main fortresses of the Genoese. These fortresses, on the one hand, controlled and held back the enemy's advance deep into the Crimean Peninsula, on the other hand, they were bridgeheads for capturing coastal cities. Such actions of the Theodorites were caused by the struggle between the principality and the Genoese for the possession of the coast. The Funa fortress in this system served as an eastern border outpost, which not only opposed genoese fortress, located on the territory of Alushta, but also controlled one of the most important caravan routes from the steppe Crimea to the coast.

According to the candidate of historical sciences V.P. Kirilko, who conducted a comprehensive architectural and archaeological study of the fortification structure of the monument, the fortification was erected no earlier than 1422 and no later than the end of 1423, most likely in the spring-summer of 1423. In October-November 1423 It was destroyed everywhere as a result of a powerful earthquake. Presumably, in 1425 the fortification was restored. Soon, the buildings of the outpost were burned down. The exact cause of the fire and its date are unknown. Either the Genoese, who in 1434 undertook a punitive expedition against the Theodorites led by Carlo Lomellini, or the Ottomans, in the 50s, could betray the fortification on fire. repeatedly plundered the coast. In 1459 the fortress ensemble underwent a thorough reconstruction and was turned into a castle. In 1475 (as a result of the capture of the Crimea by the Ottoman Turks) it ceased to exist.

The results of excavations showed that in 1459 the fortress, 105 m long and 52 m wide, damaged as a result of hostilities and earthquakes, was overhauled and significantly strengthened. In particular, a 15-meter three-tier donjon was erected, the internal dimensions of which were approximately 6 x 10 m with a wall thickness of 2.3 m. The donjon, located in the gate area, provided cover for the exit gates and lumbago of the adjacent area of ​​the citadel. The garrison of the castle was about 30-40 soldiers.

It occupies an important place in the architectural ensemble of the Funskaya fortress, the ruins of which can be observed today. After the destruction of the fortress in 1475 by the Ottoman Turks, it was the church that was best preserved. it was repaired and rebuilt several times, as a result it was preserved until the beginning of the twentieth century.

Not far from the ruins of the fortress, there is blocky chaos - a heap of huge boulders and stones. This is the result of the massive collapse of 1894 and subsequent collapses. As a result of the collapse, local residents left the territory.

The Funa fortress belonged to the Theodorites, who at one time were one of the three major forces in the Crimea. The capital of the principality of Theodora was on Mangup ( cave city), up to 24 (other sources say a smaller number) fortified fortresses were spread throughout the coastal Crimea. The population of the principality was Orthodox and was constantly at enmity with the Muslims (for some period of history they united with Hadji-Giray in the struggle against the Genoese) and the Genoese (Catholics). The place for the fortress was not chosen randomly. The conveniently located valley was quite far from the sea (the Aluston fortress was located on the very shore), but on the rather busy at that time the Small Silk Road, which ran to Kafu. This location allowed to charge a toll for passage through the territory and security. Around the fortress there was a village where farmers lived, who provided food for the fortress garrison and who, in case of danger, had the opportunity to find shelter behind its thick walls. The walls of the fortress are really impressive - some were up to 15 m high! Unfortunately, the fortress was badly damaged during the 1927 Crimean earthquake. Scientists believe that gate temple was finally destroyed by this earthquake. Only fragments of the walls have survived to this day, part of the fortress - don-jona and part of the temple. Excavations were carried out in the fortress, which made it possible to determine the exact age of the fortress and also many interesting details. For example, during the excavations, a marble slab was found (a copy is in front of the entrance), according to which it was possible to read the time of the construction of the fortress and precisely establish the prince-owner of the fortress. Another interesting fact, during excavations in the masonry of the walls, amulets crosses were found. The builders embedded crosses into the walls with the relics of the saints so that they would defend the fortress in case of danger. Funa as a fortification is really very interesting, first of all, for its thoughtfulness. The outer gate, a narrow stone bag that allowed the defenders, could, if the main gate was broken, shower the attackers with arrows from the walls, while the besiegers could not maneuver in the narrow passage. And finally, a rounded passage under the casemate tower, which made it difficult to drag in and deploy the ram to break the third gate. The angle of curvature of the walls in this part did not allow the attackers to scatter to ram the gate. Enemies had to break them manually. And all this under a hail of stones and arrows. Despite, however, a superbly thought out defense system - the fortress was taken. Together with the fall of the great principality of Theodoro, all its fortifications fell.

The southern coast of Crimea was liked not only by modern vacationers, but also by people rushing to the peninsula hundreds of years ago. Representatives of different civilizations have left many traces of life. These include the remains of fortifications. Some of these can boast of the urban district of Alushta. Having climbed several kilometers from residential areas into the mountains, a tourist will find a beautiful fort. In Crimea, the Funa fortress is on the list of the most visited historical sights.

Where is Funa in Crimea?

The bastion is easy to find between the villages of Lavender and Luchistoye - it is mountainous part Alushta region, 200 m below (east) private estates. The object stands almost at the very top of Mount Yuzhnaya, on a rocky hill adjoining it.

Fortress on the map of Crimea

The history of the appearance of the fortification

Like the rest, the Funa fortress leaves the most information about itself in the period 1377-1390. She is mentioned more than once in two Patriarchal Acts. From Greek - the official language of Byzantium - the name of the citadel is translated as "smoky". Indeed, it was from here that they signaled the approach of enemies with the help of fires.

Unfortunately, the official history is silent about when the first military installations appeared here. However, it is not difficult to guess that before the inhabitants of the Eastern Roman Empire, the strategic height was most likely used by the Tauro-Scythian settlers who lived in this region.

In the Middle Ages, a section of the trade route ran through the pass, which is now called, connecting Aluston (Alushta) and Gorzuvit (Gurzuf) with the steppe Taurida - the restless kingdom of the Turkic nomads. It passed just below Funa. At the time of the threat of robberies on the mountain roads, the caravans turned to the fortress.

When Genoa began to capture this area, the princes of the Gothic-Byzantine added the construction with a number of additional militarized towers. The Funa that we see now, according to the historian V. Kirilko, was built in the distant 1422-1423.

The Theodorites were preparing for the strike of the punitive army of Carlo Lomellini, in which brutal mercenaries from all over Europe served. Since the 1450s. the coast began to be disturbed by the Ottomans, who were haunted by the last center of Christian culture. As a result, in 1459 the Funa fortress in the Crimea was improved to the state of an impregnable castle.

However, in 1475, after a long siege, the Turks nevertheless captured this fortification. Muslim invaders, the collapse of 1894 and - all this almost erased the landmark from the face of the Earth. Only the Church of Theodore Stratilates is well preserved. Since 2015, the ruins and temple complex- objects cultural heritage Russia.

What attracts tourists to the fortress near Demerdzhi?

The photo clearly shows the deplorable state of most of the buildings that make up the historical complex of the Funa Fortress. Alushta in this regard for many is of interest only as a place,
from where you can get to the unique ruins of the fortification.

The fortress of 1459 has dimensions of 105 by 52 m.In the same year, a 3-tier donjon was erected on its walls - its internal dimensions were 6 by 10 m, and the thickness of the walls was at least 2.3 m. the area of ​​the gate provided cover for the so-called "sortie wickets" and lumbago adjacent to the inner square. Remnants of all these structures can be observed even now.

From the guides emanate interesting information they say, Funa's garrison numbered about 30-36 fighters. An important place in the ensemble is occupied by the Church of St. Theodore Stratilatius. It is noteworthy that not only the foundations, but also the walls remained from it. Not far from the fortress ruins, a vacationer will meet a pile of Cyclopean boulders and stones - a "memorable souvenir" after the collapse that happened here in 1894.

It remains to add that the entrance to the historical monument costs money, although the fee is symbolic. Littering is prohibited here, as well as scrawling commemorative inscriptions on the stones. Now it is strictly protected by Russian law.

How to get to Funa?

The route to the Byzantine bastion at the first stage is connected with the road to the village. It is only 2 km from it to the unique one - to overcome them you should follow the paths steeply climbing the overgrown slope. And then you can already consider the view familiar from many photos.

It makes sense to get to the village itself by commuter bus, regularly starting from the Alushta bus station (goes along the highway "P29"). Another option is to climb Simferopol trolleybus to the stop "Radiant", and then walk to settlement admiring the majestic - the main peak of the Angarsk pass.

By car, you can get from Alushta to the specified village in 15 minutes, on the map the route looks like this:

Tourist notes

• Address: s. Radiant, Alushta, Crimea, Russia
• Coordinates: 44 ° 45′6 ″ N (44.751704), 34 ° 23′19 ″ E (34.388748).
• Working hours: from 8:00 to 17:00.
• Prices for admission: for adults - 75₽, for children - 45₽.

The Funa fortress in Crimea is one of the few structures that tell tourists about the heroic defense of the Orthodox population against Catholic colonists and Muslim invaders. Having visited here, it is easy to imagine the political instability of the old days! In conclusion, we offer you a video about this memo of the past. Happy viewing!