Aak- (Dutch aak) - single-masted flat-bottomed vessel,
used in the Lower Rhine for the transport of wines. By design - a small clinker-built cargo ship with a semicircular hatch deck, flat-bottomed, without fore and stern posts. By means of the bow and stern pieces, the bottom of the ship at both ends rose flatly and obliquely starting from the waist. It did not have side centerboards, it carried a simple sprint sail and a fore staysail. A short bowsprit made it possible to carry a jib, and usually the rigging of the aaks was similar to that of coastal ships.
The oldest depiction of aak dates back to 1530.
Kölsche Aak, XVI.
Barque(Dutch. bark) - three-five-masted large sea sailing vessel for the carriage of goods with straight sails on all masts, except for the stern (mizzen-mast), which carries oblique sailing equipment. The largest barges that are still in service are Sedov (Murmansk) and Kruzenshtern (Kaliningrad).
Barque "Sedov"
Barquentine(schooner-barque) - three-five-masted (sometimes six-masted) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), carrying straight sails. Modern steel barkentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.
Brig- (eng. brig) - a two-masted vessel with direct sailing of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaffer sail on the mainsail - the mainsail-gaff-trisel. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a ship with a brig's sailing armament does not have a mizzen mast, which means that there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-gaff-trisel is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.
Brigantine(Italian brigantino - schooner-brig, brigantina - mizzen) - light and high-speed vessel with the so-called mixed sailing equipment - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and with oblique sails on the rear (mainmast). In the XVI-XIX centuries, two-masted brigantines, as a rule, were used by pirates (Italian brigante - robber, pirate). Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast, armed like a brig, and a mainmast with oblique sails, like a schooner - a trisel and topsail. Brigantine with a Bermuda grotto in our time, apparently, does not exist, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.
Galleon- a large multi-deck sailing vessel of the XVI-XVIII centuries with a fairly strong artillery weapon, used as a military and commercial. Galleons are best known as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The Galleon is the most advanced type of sailing vessel that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and karakkas (naves) and was intended for long-distance ocean voyages. 
Reducing the tank superstructure and lengthening the hull resulted in increased stability and reduced wave drag, resulting in a faster, more seaworthy and maneuverable vessel. The galleon differed from the early ships in that it was longer, lower and straighter, with a rectangular stern instead of a round one, and the presence of a latrine on the bow protruding forward below the level of the tank. The displacement of the galleon was about 500 tons (although in the Manila galleons it reached up to 2000 tons). The first mention of it dates back to 1535. In the future, the galleon becomes the basis of the fleets of the Spaniards and the British. The stem, strongly curved and elongated forward, had decorations and resembled the stem of galleys. A long bowsprit carried a blind sail. The nasal superstructure was pushed back and did not hang over the stem, like a karakka. The stern superstructure, high and narrow, was placed on the cut stern. The superstructure had several tiers, which housed the living quarters of officers and passengers. The heavily inclined sternpost had a transom above the load waterline. On the rear side, the aft wall of the superstructure was decorated with carvings and balconies. Galleons were used until the 18th century, when they gave way to more modern ships with full sailing gear.
Djonka - (Malay djong, distorted Chinese chuan - ship), a wooden sailing cargo two-four-masted vessel of river and coastal sea navigation, common in South-East Asia... During the era of the sailing fleet, D. were used for military purposes; cargoes are transported on modern D., and they are often also used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, carrying capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features - very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, square sails made of mats and bamboo battens.
Iol- (Dutch jol), a kind of two-masted sailing vessel with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) of the Iol differs from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have Iola type sailing equipment.
Caravel(ital. caravella) - 3-4 masted single-deck universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had an oblique sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus made a transatlantic voyage on 3 caravels. In addition to seaworthiness, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.
Karakka(Spanish Carraca) - a large commercial or military sailing three-masted vessel of the XVI-XVII centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament 30-40 guns. The vessel could accommodate up to 1200 people. The vessel had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. The type of such a vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 Karakka "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition made the first circumnavigation... On the karakka, for the first time, gun ports were used and the placement of guns in closed batteries was carried out.
Caracca "Victoria", recreated from Spanish models of the 16th century
Ketch, ketch(eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Sailing equipment of the type K. (Bermuda or gaffer) has some fishing boats, large sports yachts.
Flutes- a type of sailing vessel with the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* In the rigging, the topmast invented in 1570 was introduced
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards were shortened, which made it possible to make sails narrow and easy to maintain and reduce the total number of overhead crew.
The first flute was built in 1595 in the town of Horne, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider See. The sailing armament of foremast and mainmast consisted of foremast and mainsail and corresponding topsails, and later on big flutes and brahmssels. On a mizzen mast, a straight sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. On the bowsprit they put a rectangular sail of a blind, sometimes a bomb-blind. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the steering wheel. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, and a carrying capacity of 350-400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes dominated all seas.
Frigate- a military three-masted ship with full sail armament and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. The frigates trace their origins back to light and fast vessels used for raids in the English Channel since about the 17th century. With the growth of navies and their range, the characteristics 
Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent actions. The classic sailing frigates were created in France in the middle of the 18th century. They were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with about two to three dozen 12-18 pound cannons on one gun deck. In the future, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pounder guns. The largest of them could be included in the battle line and were called battle frigates, like the battle cruisers of the 20th century. Like today's cruisers, frigates were the busiest type of ship in the sailing fleet. V Peaceful time frigates, as a rule, were not laid up, like ships of the line, but were used for patrol and cruising service, anti-piracy and crew training. The reliability and speed of the frigates made them popular ships for explorers and travelers. For example, the French traveler Louis Antoine de Bougainville made a round-the-world voyage on the frigate "Boudeuse" (Angry) in 1766-1769, and the famous frigate "Pallas", on which in 1855, Admiral E. V. Putyatin arrived in Japan to establish diplomatic and trade relations, was built in 1832 as the personal yacht of Emperor Nicholas I. In the British Royal Navy, which by many accounts had the largest number of frigates in the world, they were ranked from four to six.
Frigate "Holy Spirit"
Sloop(small corvette) (Dutch sloep, from sluipen - to glide) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with direct sailing. Displacement up to 900 tons, armament of 10-28 guns. Used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In addition, the Sloop is the type sailing equipment- one mast and two sails - front (staysail with Bermuda armament, jib with direct armament) and rear - (respectively, mainsail and foresail).
Soviet sloop "Enterprise"
Schooner(English schooner) - a type of sailing vessel with 
at least two masts with oblique sails. According to the type of sailing equipment, the schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and brahmsel. A brahmselling schooner differs from a topsail by the presence of a topmast and another additional direct sail - a brahmseil. At the same time, in a number of cases, a topsail and bramssel two-masted schooners (especially with a brief) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of oblique sails (gaff or Bermuda), the schooner can also be topsail (brahmsel). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America. They had two masts with gaff sails and were used for coastal shipping. V late XIX century competition between steamers led to the need to reduce ship crews. Thanks to the simplicity of sailing equipment and ease of control, it was the schooners who were able to withstand this struggle. Basically, two- and three-masted schooners were built, less often four-, five- and six-masted ones. And in 1902 in the city of Quincy (USA) the only seven-mast schooner in the world “Thomas W. Lawson” was launched. The Thomas W. Lawson was designed to transport coal. Each of the seven steel masts, 35 meters high, weighed 20 tons. Wooden 17-meter topmills served as their continuation. The work of the seafarers was facilitated by various mechanisms. The schooner, which had no engine, was equipped with a steam steering engine, steam winches, an electrical system, and even a telephone network! After the First World War, when merchant ships were in short supply, the Americans, with excellent forests, built many wooden schooners of various sizes, ranging from three to five masts.
Yacht(Dutch. jacht, from jagen - to drive, to chase) - originally a light, fast ship for the transport of VIPs. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sailing-motor vessel intended for sports or tourist purposes. Most common sailing yachts.
The first mentions of sports sailing yachts refer to XVII century... Modern use of the term Yacht In modern use, the term Yacht means two different classes of ships: sailing yachts and motor yachts... Traditional yachts differed from working ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or moving at low speed in the absence of wind. 
Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising, with a cabin, and designed for long trips and races, pleasure and racing - for sailing in the coastal zone. By the shape of the hull, keel yachts are distinguished, in which the bottom turns into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents its drift (drift) when sailing, shallow-draft boats (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and retractable keels. There are two-hull yachts - catamarans and three-hull yachts - trimarans. Yachts are single and multi-masted with different sailing equipment.
The types of sailing equipment are quite diverse and depend mainly on the conditions in which the vessel is to sail and on its size. The armament of sailing ships differs mainly in the shape of the main sails.
Large sailing ships carried (and still do) the so-called straight sails. They are in the shape of a trapezoid and rise on horizontal yards, located symmetrically to the mast and in front of it. Under such sails, the ship goes well only with a favorable wind; it can go to the wind only at a steep angle - about 60-70. On sports yachts, straight sails are not used as the main ones, but on large cruisers, sometimes a direct additional sail, called a bribock, is placed on passing courses.
Sports sailing yachts are equipped exclusively with oblique sails, which are located on one (rear) side of the mast and the leading edge is attached to it. Oblique sails provide significantly better upwind traction than straight sails.
There are several types of oblique sails.
A quadrangular gaff sail (Fig. 12, c and 13, a) has a gaff-inclined spar tree, one end abutting against the mast. The luff (edge) of the sail is attached to the gaff. The luff of the sail is attached to the mast, and the lower to the boom, horizontal spar tree, which is using a swivel (hinge). connected to the mast. A type of gaff sail is a guari sail with a very long gaff (often longer than the boom and even the mast), standing almost vertically.
Nowadays, dvuhvertoviki are used very rarely.
On small yachts, mainly on open sailing dinghies, sometimes rake or sprint sails are installed. Their gaff is replaced by a rail, to which the head leech of the sail is tied, and its front end freely extends forward beyond the mast (Fig. 12, a), or by a sprint - a pole, which stretches the sail, resting the lower end against the mast, and the upper end against the corner sails diagonally, as on the children's dinghy "Optimist" (Fig. 12, b).
About 40-50 years ago, almost all yachts were armed with gaff sails. Now they use triangular Bermuda sails that are easier to handle and provide better traction.
The Bermuda sail (Fig. 12, d) does not have a gaff, which makes it easier to set. The luff is attached to the mast, and the lower one, like a gaff sail. - to the geek.
According to the number of masts, yachts are subdivided into single-masted and double-masted. Ships with single-masted armament are cat, sloop and tender; with two-masted-yol, catch and schooner. Sports yachts rarely have more than two masts. Exceptional in the practice of racing was the participation in the singles races across the Atlantic in 1972 of the three-masted staysail schooner "Vandredi 13" with a length of 39 m and a windage of about 100 m2.
The cat has one mast and one sail, called the mainsail. The cat's mast is placed relatively close to the bow. Cat is a very simple weapon, but it is used only on small yachts - sailing up to 8-10 m2. With a greater windage, it is uncomfortable - the sail turns out to be high, therefore, the force of wind pressure on the Sails is applied relatively high. The yacht has to be made wide, with increased stability.
In the USSR and in the majority European countries cat (fig. 12) is the dominant armament of single racing dinghies, which is operated by one person (for example, dinghies of the OK, Optimist and Finn classes).
To reduce the sail height and increase stability, small and medium-sized yachts (sailing up to 60m2) are most often equipped with a sloop (Fig. 13).
A sloop is a weapon in which the yacht, in addition to the mainsail, carries another head sail, called a staysail. The sloop can be haffle or Bermuda.
The Bermuda sloop is now the most common weapon for small and medium yachts. Among Bermuda sloops, two types can be distinguished: a normal Bermuda sloop (or, as it is often called, "three quarters", since the staysail usually reaches 75-80% of the mast height) and a Bermuda sloop with a masthead staysail (the staysail rises along the headquarters going to the very top of the mast). The first type is typical for racing, and the second - for cruising-racing yachts (Fig. 13, b and c). The gap between the mast and the staysail is called the front triangle.
Rice. 14 Tenders "
A - haffle, B - Bermuda
When the windage is more than 60-80m2, it is divided between a large number of sails. Then a type of weapon called a tender is used. The tender (fig. 14) carries two or more head sails in a forward triangle, which makes it different from a sloop. These sails are called: a jib (closest to the mast at the bottom), a jib (in front of the jib) and a jib-topsail (or fly) which is placed at the very top of the mast.
Tenders, like sloops, can be haffle and Bermuda. Gaffle tenders most often have a mast that is not one-piece, but consists of two parts: a mast and a topmast (an extension to the mast from above, which can be lowered).
Two-masted armaments (Fig. 15) are used on large cruising yachts, where it is important to have even lower windage to reduce heel than in tenders. In addition, the distribution of the total windage across several sails makes it easier for the crew to work with them, which is especially important on yachts making long voyages. The purely nautical advantages of two-masted yachts are very great: by removing one or another sails, you can immediately reduce the windage, and by combining these sails, you can adapt to a wide range of wind forces without taking reefs.
Not very large cruising yachts (50-100 m2), in most cases, are armed with yol or kache. Iol has a short rear mast (mizzen mast) that is mounted behind the rudder head. The sail on this mast is called mizzen. Iols can be both haffle and Bermuda. Note that for all two-masted yachts with oblique sails, the type of weapons is determined by the shape of the mainsail. - Gaffer or Bermuda The mizzen area on the yola usually accounts for 8-10% of the total sail area of the yacht.
Rice. 15. Two-masted yachts.
A - Bermuda Iole; b - staysail catch. B - gaff schooner; G - Bermuda staysail schooner
The kach differs from the yola in its larger mizzen, which has an area of 15-25% of the total windage, and in that the mizzen mast is in front of the rudder head.
Like iola, ketch can be Bermuda or haffle. Sometimes the ketch has a mainsail without a boom, with a clew, located at the top of the mizzen mast. The lower gap is then filled with a large mizzen staysail. Such keches are called staysail ones (Fig. 15, b). A mizzen staysail can also be found in an ordinary kech or iola, only in this case it must be removed when shifting the mainsail from one side to the other.
On yols, mizzen is more of an air rudder than a sail, in addition, in some cases, yol is more convenient from the point of view of crew work on deck and visibility for the helmsman.
The schooner has a rear mast higher than or equal to the front one. The front mast of a two-masted schooner is called the foremast, and the rear mast is called the mainmast. The sails are named respectively foresail and mainsail. Schooners, like other yachts, can be gaff and Bermuda. Bermuda schooners are often armed with a haffled foresail (at the same height as the Bermuda foresail, it can have a larger sail area than the latter). There is a kind of Bermuda schooner-staysail schooner (Fig. 15, d). This schooner has no foreshortening. The gap between the foremast and the mainmast (intermast quadrangle) is filled with one or more oblique triangular sails. Schooners, as a rule, are used to equip the largest yachts - with a sail of more than 150-200 m 2.
The very first sailing ships (to be described in this article) appeared more than three thousand years ago in Egypt and were an ordinary raft with a straight mast and a steering oar. A little later, the Phoenicians began to make more advanced models. For their construction, they used Lebanese cedar and oak wood. In the ports of Phenicia, there were shipyards that produced merchant single-masted boats and more equipped warships. Around the V century. BC NS. the ancient Greeks and Romans already had a navy. However, large sailing ships appeared in Europe during the great geographical discoveries... It was then that the most powerful European powers, in search of new colonies, began to equip naval fleets for travel not only across the ocean, but also around the world. Thus began a stubborn struggle for dominance at sea, which contributed to the active development of the shipbuilding industry.
in modern world
Nowadays, when the navy is made up of powerful ships equipped with the first word of technology, sailing models began to be used mainly for entertainment. Most modern sailboats are yachts. In Europe and America, where there are sports yacht clubs, sports regattas are held annually. Most often, such events are attended by
A regatta is a water competition between sailing or rowing ships.
Traditionally, such competitions are held in America and England. Some regattas are large international competitions such as. America's Cup.
The classification of sailing vessels is determined depending on the equipment and technical characteristics... Below are the main types of sailboat varieties.
Sail classification
Ships with straight sails.
Ships with oblique sails.
Straight sail was used by the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians. It is a trapezoidal canvas attached to a horizontal rack. Ships with straight sails go well only with a fair wind, so they were quickly changed to ships with oblique sails.
The oblique sail is located at the back of the mast, to which it is attached with its leading edge. Vessels with oblique sails perfectly sail both under a fair wind and under a sharp course towards the wind. Oblique sails, in turn, are divided into:
Latin.
Gaffle sails.
Cleavers and staysails.
Classification by number of masts
Single-masted sailing yachts.
Two-masted yachts.
Multi-masted yachts.
The mast is part of the sailing rig. It is a vertical ship structure, which is usually supported by special guy wires. The masts were made mainly of coniferous wood.
Masts in the modern world
On large modern courts without sailing equipment, masts have lost their main function and are used for other purposes:
To carry the national attributes of their country (flag and coat of arms).
To carry the identification marks about current state ship (quarantine on board, fire on board, drills, etc.).
For the installation of various lighting signal signs.
For the installation of some audible signaling devices.
In order to pay tribute to the state in whose waters on this moment there is a ship. The national flag of this country is placed on the mast.
If there is a deceased on board, the national flag is lowered as a sign of mourning and tribute to his memory.
Types of masts
Foremast. This is the very first mast, if you count from the bow of the ship.
Mainmast. It is the second structure of this type from the bow of the ship. On two-three-masted ships, it is also the highest.
Mizzen mast. The stern mast, which on any vessel is the very last mast from the bow.
What types of water vehicles are there?
Classification of sailboats by hull type:
Wooden.
Plastic.
Steel.
Classification of sailing ships by the number of hulls:
Monohull
Double-hull (sailing catamarans)
Three-hull (sailing trimarans).
And finally, the classification of sailing ships depending on the use of the keel:
Keel yachts (on such ships, a heavy one can be used to significantly reduce the vessel's drift and lower the center of gravity).
Centerboards (on such yachts a special centerboard is installed, if necessary, it can be raised and the draft of the vessel reduced).
Compromise yachts (they use intermediate design solutions between dinghy and keel structures).
Variety of ships
The names of the sailing ships should be listed.
Aak is a small, single-masted, flat-bottomed vessel designed for the carriage of small cargo.
A barque is a large ship with three to five masts. The vessel is mainly equipped with straight sails, only one scythe is fixed on the stern mast.
Barkentina is a three-to-five-masted marine sailing ship. Most of the masts are equipped with oblique sails. Only the bow structure has a straight sail.
Brig - two-masted ship, having a direct sail on the mainmast and foremast and an oblique gaff sail on the mainsail.
The brigantine is a light two-masted vessel with oblique sails on the mainmast and straight sails on the foremast, this type of sailing rig is called mixed.
The Galleon is a large multi-deck naval vessel with powerful artillery weapons. Galleons were destined for the distant sea travel and battles. Such sailing ships were fast enough and maneuverable and made up the bulk of the Spanish and British fleets.
Djonka is a wooden two- to four-masted vessel, which was used mainly in Southeast Asia and was intended for river or coastal sea freight.
Iol is a two-masted vessel with oblique sails and a stern mast position behind the rudder axis.
The Karavella is a three- to four-masted naval vessel with mixed sailing equipment, designed for sea voyages and significant cargo transportation.
Galley - this is the name of almost all sailing and rowing ships, they were used in antiquity. In addition to sailing equipment, they had one or two rowing oars.
The Karakka is a large three-masted vessel used for commercial and military purposes. The ship could have up to three decks and had an impressive cannon armament.
Catch is a small two-masted ship. Differs in the location of the stern mast in front of the rudder axis.
The frigate is a military three-masted ship with full sailing armament. The classic frigate was created in France in the middle of the eighteenth century and was a light, maneuverable vessel with good weapons.
Flute is a good naval sailing vessel designed for military transport purposes. Due to the fact that the length of this vessel was several times its width, the flutes could go quite steeply to the wind, and this gave it a significant advantage over other, less maneuverable vessels.
Sloop is a three-masted military ship sailing under straight sails. Used as a sentry and vehicle.
A schooner is a light sailing vessel that had at least two masts with oblique sails. The schooners are very easy to fly. They were mainly used for various trade transportations.
Yacht
Initially, sailing yachts were fast and light ships used to carry VIPs. Subsequently, a yacht began to be called any or simply a sailing vessel intended for tourist or sports purposes.
The first yachts appeared in the eighteenth century. They were quite fast and comfortable, which is why rich people preferred this look. sea transport... Modern sailing yachts have an outboard motor that makes it easy to maneuver in port and sail at a low speed, even when it is completely calm. They are divided into cruising (there is a cabin on board), pleasure and racing.
Buy in the store
Today, many historical sailing ships no longer exist and have remained only on the pages of adventure novels and in pictures in magazines and books. But don't be too upset. In the store you can buy craft designed for themed decor. There are also special kits and manuals for assembling sailing ships with your own hands. It is worth noting that building model ships is a very entertaining hobby that is gaining momentum in Russia.
The most famous and legendary sailing ships, photos and models of which are popular:
Barque "Endeavor" is the famous ship of James Cook, on which he sailed to the then unexplored shores of Australia and New Zealand.
"Neva" and "Nadezhda" - two sloops, which for the first time in Russian history sailed around the world.
The Prince is an English frigate that sank in 1854 in the Black Sea after a catastrophic storm. He gained popularity thanks to rumors of sunken treasures that he was transporting.
"Mary Rose" - the flagship military of the English king Henry VIII, who tragically sank in 1545.
The Great Republic is the largest clipper of the nineteenth century and was built by renowned shipbuilder Donald McKay.
"Ariel" is a British clipper who became famous for winning the famous "tea race" from China to London in 1866.
"Adventure" is the ship of one of the most famous pirates - Captain William Kidd.
Conclusion
The era of sailing ships was a truly exciting time of adventure and romance. Sailing ships took part in numerous sea battles, sailed to unexplored shores and transported priceless treasures associated with a great many legends. A huge number of literary works are devoted to ships of this type. Many famous adventure films have been shot based on historical events and mystical stories with the participation of sailing models.
Barque
Bark is a three-to-five-masted large sea sailing vessel for the carriage of goods with straight sails on all masts, except for the stern (mizzen-mast), which carries oblique sailing equipment. The largest barges that are still in service are Sedov (Murmansk) and Kruzenshtern (Kaliningrad).
Barquentine
Barkentina (schooner-bark) is a three-to-five-masted (sometimes six-masted) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), carrying straight sails. Modern steel barkentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.
Brig
The brig is a two-masted vessel with straight sailing of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaffer sail on the mainsail - the mainsail-gaff-trisel. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a ship with a brig's sailing armament does not have a mizzen mast, which means that there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-gaff-trisel is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.
Brigantine
The brigantine is a light and high-speed vessel with the so-called mixed sailing equipment - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and with oblique sails on the rear (mainmast). In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted brigantines were usually used by pirates. Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast, armed like a brig, and a mainmast with oblique sails, like a schooner - a trisel and topsail. Brigantine with a Bermuda grotto in our time, apparently, does not exist, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.
Galleon
Galleon is a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with a fairly strong artillery weapon, used both for military and commercial purposes. Galleons are best known as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The Galleon is the most advanced type of sailing vessel that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and karakkas (naves) and was intended for long-distance ocean voyages.
Junk
Djonka is a wooden sailing cargo two-four-masted vessel for river and coastal sea navigation, widespread in Southeast Asia. During the era of the sailing fleet, D. were used for military purposes; cargoes are transported on modern D., and they are often also used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, carrying capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features - very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo battens.
Iol
Iol is a kind of two-masted sailing vessel with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) of the Iol differs from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have Iola type sailing equipment.
Caravel
Caravel - 3-4 masted single-deck universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had an oblique sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus made a transatlantic voyage on 3 caravels. In addition to seaworthiness, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.
Karakka
Karakka is a large commercial or military sailing three-masted vessel of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament 30-40 guns. The vessel could accommodate up to 1200 people. The vessel had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. The type of such a vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 caracka "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition made the first round-the-world voyage. On the karakka, for the first time, gun ports were used and the placement of guns in closed batteries was carried out.
Ketch
Ketch, ketch, two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Sailing equipment of the type K. (Bermuda or gaffer) has some fishing boats, large sports yachts.
Flutes
Flutes are a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* In the rigging, the topmast invented in 1570 was introduced
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards were shortened, which made it possible to make sails narrow and easy to maintain and reduce the total number of overhead crew.
The first flute was built in 1595 in the town of Horne, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider See.
Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes dominated all seas.
Frigate
The frigate is a three-masted military ship with full sail armament and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. The frigates trace their origins back to light and fast vessels used for raids in the English Channel since about the 17th century. With the growth of naval fleets and their range of action, the characteristics of the Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the Admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent actions. The classic sailing frigates were created in France in the middle of the 18th century. They were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with about two to three dozen 12-18 pound cannons on one gun deck. In the future, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pounder guns.
Sloop
Sloop (small corvette) is a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with direct sailing. Displacement up to 900 tons, armament of 10-28 guns. Used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In addition, the Sloop is a type of sailing rig - one mast and two sails - the front (staysail with Bermuda rig, jib with direct rig) and rear (respectively, the mainsail and foresail).
Schooner
A schooner is a type of sailing vessel that has at least two masts with oblique sails. According to the type of sailing equipment, the schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and brahmsel. A brahmselling schooner differs from a topsail by the presence of a topmast and another additional direct sail - a brahmseil. At the same time, in a number of cases, a topsail and bramssel two-masted schooners (especially with a brief) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of oblique sails (gaff or Bermuda), the schooner can also be topsail (brahmsel). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America.
Yacht
The yacht is originally a light, fast vessel for transporting VIPs. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sailing-motor vessel intended for sports or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts.
Modern use of the term Yacht.
In modern usage, the term Yacht refers to two different classes of ships: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from working ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or moving at low speed in the absence of wind.
Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising, with a cabin, and designed for long trips and races, pleasure and racing - for sailing in the coastal zone. By the shape of the hull, keel yachts are distinguished, in which the bottom turns into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents its drift (drift) when sailing, shallow-draft boats (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and retractable keels. There are two-hull yachts - catamarans and three-hull yachts - trimarans. Yachts are single and multi-masted with different sailing equipment.
