BTO (type of river vessels). Modern anthropological types of Ukrainians Motor ship Danube

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✪ Four sisters in Ancient Rome - Ray Laurence

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Today we take a look at Ancient Rome through the eyes of a little girl. Here she is - painting her self-portrait on one of the columns of the atrium, in huge house my father. Her name is Domitia and she is only 5 years old. She has an older brother who is 14 years old. He was named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, after his father. Girls are not given names as long as boys. Worst of all, their father insisted that all daughters be named Domitius. "Domitia!" The one that draws on the column he calls Domitius III. Her older sister, who is 7 years old, is called Domitia II. And the one who is 10 years old is Domitia I. There could also be Domitius IV, but only their mother died in childbirth, 3 years ago. Difficult to figure it out, right? It was difficult for the Romans too. They could easily calculate the pedigree on the male line, because the men had triple names, like Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. But a terrible confusion began when they tried to figure out which of the Domitius married whom, who is their aunt or stepmother, and to whom specifically. Domitia III not only paints the column, but also observes what is happening in the house. It's morning now. During these hours, her father receives friends and clients who have come to pay him their respects. Among them is Lucius Popidius Secundus. He is 17, and in 5-7 years he plans to marry Domitius II. However, he is not looking for the location of the future bride, but her father. Poor Lucius, he does not even suspect that although his family is rich, Domitia's father considers them to be scumbags from Subura. After all, this area of ​​Rome is full of barbers and prostitutes. Suddenly, all the men, including her father, leave. The second begins one p.m and he must appear in court, in front of a large audience of clients who will applaud his speeches and boo his opponents. The house is quieter now. The men will only return for dinner, that is, after 7 hours. But what is happening in the house during these hours? What are Domitia, Domitia and Domitia doing all day? Not an easy question! All Roman documents that have survived to this day were written by men. Therefore, we know little about the life of Roman women. However, we cannot talk only about men, so let's try to figure it out. Let's start with the atrium. There is a large loom on which their mother weaved the toga material. Domitia, Domitia and Domitia were supposed to spin woolen threads, which would then go to a huge cloth, oval in shape, and more than 10 meters long. The Romans considered yarn and weaving to be good activities for their wives. We know this from many inscriptions on the gravestones of Roman women. Unlike Greek women, Roman women could leave their homes and walk around the city. They attended public baths in the mornings when there were no men, or went to separate baths for women only. In the 70s A.D. they could even bathe naked with the men at will. But there were places reserved for men only: the Forum, the courtroom, or the Senate building. For women, public spaces were porticoes, with gardens, sculptures, and walking paths. When Domitia, Domitia and Domitia wanted to go out for a walk, such as the portico of Libya, they had to prepare. Domitia II and Domitia III are already ready, but Domitia I, who is engaged and will marry dear Filat in 2 years, is not yet ready. She's not cumbersome, she just has more things to do. Once she is engaged, she must wear the appropriate signs: a wedding ring and everything that Filat gave her: jewelry, earrings, necklaces and pendants. She can even adorn herself with a myrtle tiara. All of this kind of says: "I'm soon marrying the guy who gave me all this!" Meanwhile, Domitius II and Domitius III are playing with dolls, portraying their sister, dressed in a wedding dress. The day will come when the girls will get married, and the dolls will be brought as a gift to the home gods. So everyone is ready. The girls sit in the palanquins, which are carried by strong slaves. An escort is with them, and they move to the portico of Libya to meet with their aunt there. Slaves carry palanquins on their shoulders. Girls peek out from behind curtains to gaze at the street crowd. They will cross the city, pass the Colosseum, and then turn towards the hill on which the portico of Libya is located. It was built by order of Livia, wife of Emperor Augustus, next to the estate of Vedia Polion. Not that he was an exceptionally good guy. Once he tried to feed his slave to eels, from his own fish pond, just for the fact that he knocked over a dish. Fortunately, the emperor, present at the dinner, tempered his ardor. The palanquins have stopped and the girls are leaving. Holding hands, in pairs they climb the steps leading to an enclosed garden surrounded by a colonnade. Domitius III separates and goes to paint on the column. Domitia II follows her, but her eyes are drawn to the graffiti on the column. She notices the drawing of the gladiators and imagines them fighting. She cannot observe gladiatorial fights, except with one eye, from the extreme back rows of the Colosseum. From there, she can perfectly see the 50,000 spectators, but she is unlikely to see the bloody battle in the arena. If she wants to get a good place, she can become a priestess of Vesta, and then she will get the best place on the ground. But the career of a virgin vestal is not to everyone's taste. Meanwhile, Domitia I met a future bride like her, who is 10 years old. Time to go home. They return after 8 hours of walking, but something is happening in the house. There is a broken dish on the floor. All slaves are gathered in the atrium and await the arrival of the master. He will be beside himself with rage. He does not raise a hand against children, but like most Romans, he believes that slaves should be punished. The whip is already prepared and is waiting for him. No one knows who broke the dish, but if necessary, the owner will order them all to be tortured. The butler opens the front door. A disturbing whisper echoes among the slaves. But it is not the owner who enters the house, but a pregnant teenage girl. This is the eldest daughter of the family - she is 15 years old, and she is already a veteran in marriage and childbirth. Guess her name. She has a 5-10% chance not to survive the upcoming birth, but now she came to have dinner with her family. Although she is still a teenager, she has already shown herself to be a good wife, having given birth to her husband children who will bear his name, and in the future will become his heirs. The family moves to the dining room, where dinner has already been served. It seems that the father of the family was invited to dine at someone's place. After dinner, the girls return to the atrium, where they see off their older sister. She will go home in a palanquin, accompanied by her father's bodyguards. After the wires, the sisters return to the atrium. All slaves, young and old, men and women, await the arrival of their master with trepidation. When he returns, each of these slaves may fall prey to his anger and desire to restore order and obedience through intimidation and beatings. And the girls go upstairs to their bedrooms and get ready for bed.

Description, history

Medium linear pusher tugs of the BTO type (lake pusher tug) are a continuation of the series of vessels of the Volgar type (project R-45), and due to the initial name of the lead vessel of the series - Volgar-40 - they are sometimes mistakenly assigned to this type .Author of the project - TsTKB MRF RSFSR, Leningrad (now JSC "ICS"), chief designer of the project - S. B. Shur (1984), construction plant - SSRZ im. Butyakova, Zvenigovo, Mari ASSR.

BTO tugs were produced in a series of 9 vessels. Construction of the series lasted from 1985 to 1991. The first ship of the series was named “Volgar” with the next number - 40 (later this name was changed to its own name “Nikolay Ilyin”), the rest of the ships received serial numbers from 601 and their own names. The numbers "600" in the numbers indicated the engine power - 600 hp. with.

The purpose of the vessel is to push dry cargo and oil tankers and barges with a total carrying capacity of up to 8,000 tons along inland waterways on local and transit lines, as well as on roadsteads and locks; navigation area - rivers and reservoirs of category "O" with the provision of work in broken ice with a concentration of 8 points, thickness up to 30 cm. (class * "O" (ice) according to the classification of the RSFSR River Register (now the Russian River Register)).

Structurally, the vessel is an all-metal twin-screw motor ship with a developed tank and a four-tier superstructure. A feature of the vessels of this project is the presence of a rotary-stop device (PUU), that is, the bow stops for pushing and the automatic coupler O-150T-8 are located on a special spatial structure connected with the bow end of the hull by a vertical hinge and having the ability to rotate about the longitudinal axis of the hull by 20 degrees in each direction with hydraulic cylinders with an inner diameter of 320 mm., stroke 2240 mm. (2 per side, one above the other) controlled from the wheelhouse.

The vessel has the following characteristics: - overall length - 31.4 m; - overall width - 10.2 m; -Height amidships - 3.7 m; - draft: with reserves for 12 days (with a displacement of 410.2 tons) - 2.37 m; with full reserves and 37t ballast. (with a displacement of 453.4 tons) - 2.53 m; -height from the waterline, overall with a collapsed mast - 13.2 m; - traction force in quiet deep water: 62 kN (6.32 tf) at a speed of 10 km / h; 31 kN (3.16 tf) at a speed of 13 km / h; -speed without a train - 18.2 km / h; -crew - 10 people (including 4 command personnel); - living cabins in the superstructure: single blocks with individual bathrooms - 2; single cabins - 4; double cabins - 3; - main engines (2 pcs) - 6NVD26A3, 272 kW (370 hp) at 950 rpm; -reverse gearboxes (2 pcs.) - MS-400, gear ratio - 3.42 (forward) / 2.75 (backward); output flange power - 224.3 kW (305 hp) at 208 rpm; - propellers - 2 pcs., in swivel (35 degrees in each direction, both synchronously and independently of each other) guide nozzles; diameter - 1.8 m; step - 1.05; 1.10; 1.15; 1.9 m (execution options); number of blades - 5; - steering car (for turning the guide nozzles) - 2RG4.0, hydraulic, torque on each stock 40kN * m (4 tf * m.); - diesel generators - DGA 50M1-9, 50 kW (2 pcs.); -diesel-hydraulic pump (for the operation of the PUU and the towing winch) - 2G13-36A, 50 kW; - towing winch - 1ГЛБ6 / 12, hydraulic, traction force 60 kN (6.12 tf.); - towing hook - 3TA per 100 kN (10.2 tf.) with the possibility of recoil from the wheelhouse; - anchors: Hall, bow - K300 (2 pcs.), stern - K1000; - bow tie rods: left - YaSh2R, right - YaSh2RD with the possibility of remote recoil of the right anchor from the wheelhouse; (the stern anchor is lowered and raised by a towing winch); - rescue equipment - boat SSHPV-7, life rafts PSP-10 (2 pcs.), life rings (2 pcs.);

The vessel has fuel, oil and cooling systems for the main and auxiliary diesel engines, power supply with 220 V alternating current and 24 V. engine room, fire extinguishing, ballast and drainage, hydraulics.

The vessel is equipped with a short-wave radio station "Angara-RB", an ultra-short-wave "Kama-R", radar station"Pechora-1R", self-recording echo sounder "NEL-M4", magnetic compass KM 100-1, radio transmission system "Ryabin", emergency, fire alarms and internal telephone communication with the switchboard KATS-20.

BTO tugs were supplied to Volzhsky and Moscow shipping companies. They worked on the Upper Volga and on the Moscow-Volga canal. It is possible that in the 1990s, due to lack of work, some ships were mothballed.

PUUs on the ships of this project were practically not used in operation, and on the motor ship building No. 9 ("Pavel Piankin") from the construction, instead of hydraulic cylinders, rigid box-section beams were installed.

During operation, a significant drawback of the project was revealed - a low power density for a vessel of such dimensions and weight with a relatively large windage. To improve the operational parameters on some motor ships (in particular, building No. 2 "Igor Aseev", 5 "Boris Safonov", 7 "Engineer Smirnov", work was carried out on a comprehensive modernization, consisting in replacing the main diesel engines built in the GDR with domestic more powerful 211D (6ChN21 / 21) Balakovo shipyard with a capacity of 585 hp with the corresponding replacement of reverse gears and propellers. Due to this, as well as a number of other measures, the class of ships was increased from * "O" (ice) to M-PR (for BTO "Igor Aseev", in addition, the bow was changed to a conventional design instead of PUU).

Nordic race: an example of the predominance of the Danube type

In contrast to the previous insert, this is a series of Nordics in which the element of the Corded Ware culture is weak or absent, and thus maintains a close proximity to the older, small-headed, mesocephalic Danube type. The reason for the relativity of this definition is that not enough skulls of the Danube type have been found, and this does not allow us to draw more accurate conclusions.
Rice. 1. Norwegian from Drommen, near Oslo. The absolute head size is medium, comparable to the small dark Mediterranean varieties; height and body weight are small.
Rice. 2. Mesocephalic Englishman from Southampton; its small face, concave profile, rounded nose, lack of angularity in the features of the face and skull, in combination with the high vault of the skull suggest its proximity to the known skeletal remains of the Danube type.
Rice. 3. A Galician of mixed Ukrainian-Polish descent: an excellent example of the Danube type, prevalent here since the Neolithic and settled throughout the rich agricultural plain from southern Poland to Russia, while the Nordics themselves settled in other regions.
Rice. 4. Lithuanian, although brachycephalic, but basically belonging to the same Danube type.

Nordic race: Galiptian and Celtic types

Rice. 1 (Brun and Schreiner, Die Somatologie der Norweger, table 27, fig. 81). Norwegian from Drangedal, the standard type of eastern valleys described in chapter 9, section 4. This type is associated with Hallstatt remains of the Iron Age found in Central Europe - and this type spread throughout Scandinavia, perhaps only after the middle of the 1st millennium BC. NS. Since that time, the Galyptat type was replaced by other types in Europe, but survived in Sweden and the eastern parts of southern Norway.
Rice. 2. An Englishman from the vicinity of London, belonging to the same racial type. In England this type is mostly of Anglo-Saxon and Danish origin.
Rice. 3. East Englishman from Ipswich, Suffolk. Most Englishmen belong to this ancient local Iron Age Celtic type (Nordic Iron Age type), which was brought from southwestern Germany by the Celts and is characterized by a lower vault of the skull, a more sloping forehead and a larger protrusion of the nose. Hair color is often brown than blond.
Rice. 4 (photo by K.U.Dyuperty). The Nordic type of the Iron Age is especially common in Ireland, which has never experienced a major invasion of the Hermian-speaking Galyptian Nordics. This individual from County Clare, with his sloping forehead, aquiline nose, and brown hair, is a perfect example of this type.
Rice. 5 (photo by K.U.Dyuperty). A specific population, a product of isolation that developed on the Aran Islands. Here a local Nordic type arose with a huge head length, an extremely low cranial vault, a long nose and face, a predominance of blue eyes and golden and red hair. The young man in this photo is a perfect example of this type.
Rice. 6 (photo by K.U.Dyuperty). The Aranian islander in this photo is quite dark-haired for his group and has an extremely low head height of 10 mm. It illustrates the fact that the lowest-headed individuals in the Aran population are not blond. Note the converging temporal edges and the cylindrical profile of the calvarium when viewed from the front. This trait in a less pronounced form is inherent in the entire Celtic Nordic type of the Iron Age as a whole.

Exotic Nordics

Shown here are Nordics living in areas far removed from the present Nordic concentration center in Northwest Europe.
Rice. 1. Russian from the upper class, Kharkov province, southern Russia. His homeland is the secondary center of concentration of the Nordics, and, apparently, it has been it since the time of the Scythians. Nordics are quite common among representatives of the upper stratum of Russia; this can be explained by the preservation of their unchanged Slavic racial type, and partly by the infusion of Scandinavian blood during the formation of the Russian state. Other Nordic influences could also have been taken from the Iranians and Finns.
Rice. 2 (photo by B.N. Vishnevsky). Chuvash from the Chuvash Republic, eastern Russia. Chuvash - Tatarized Finns - include both partially Mongoloid forms (see Box 3), as well as Nordic and Nordic-Ladoga types. The Chuvash in this photo is a Nordic, long-faced and narrow-nosed type; these Nordic features could have been introduced by the ancient Finns, or they originate from the Iranian and Turkic-speaking Nordics from Central Asia who came here as part of the Scythian-Sarmatian and even Turkic conquerors.
Rice. 4. A Portuguese from Traz-us-Montij, with a strong Nordic tendency. Nordics are found periodically in the north of Portugal and Spain; since the Celtic migrations, there have been Nordic settlements in these areas of the Iberian Peninsula.
Rice. 5. A Rithian from the coastal village of Aydir, the Beni-Urriagel tribe. In pigmentation, size and morphology, this individual is an excellent example of a Nordic, moreover, a Northern European. The Nordics appeared in North Africa during the Middle Kingdom in Egypt, and possibly even earlier. Today they are mostly preserved in the Rif Mountains, but sometimes they are found in Canary Islands and also in the mountains of Giurdjura and Aures in Algeria.

Non-Danes

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The term "non-Danes" is used in this work to describe the general class of Central and Eastern European light or partially light brachycephalics, which appear to be descended from a non-cord Nordic (ie Danube) prototype brachycephalized by the Ladoga substrate. This type predominates among the modern Slavs of Poland and Russia, and is also common in East Germany and among the Austrians.
Rice. 1. Belarusian from Minsk province.
Rice. 2. A Ukrainian from Volyn, where this type is especially widespread. The shape of the tip of the nose and upper lip is inherited from the Ladoga type. As a rule, these traits are more pronounced in women than in men.
Rice. 3. A German from Saxony, where the largest number non-Danes from all lands of Germany. Note the extremely small interorbital distance, combined with a low root and bridge of the nose, and extreme brachycephaly. The type represented by this individual is not a transitional Danube-Ladoga type, but is a recombination.
Rice. 4. Brachycephalic Austrian from the vicinity of Linz, Upper Austria. Although he has a significantly less Ladoga appearance than previous specimens, this Austrian, upon careful examination, exhibits the same general neo-Danish features: a round head, a low nasal skeleton, a wide, upturned nose tip, a long, inverted upper lip, strongly developed cheekbones. light pigmentation. As this individual and others in this insert show, the Neo-Danube type is a very diverse mixture of the Danube element in a Nordic combination with the Upper Paleolithic types of Eastern Europe.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term is also used by R. McCulloch; it was not distinguished by other anthropologists. The famous Polish anthropologist Czekanowski called this type pre-Slavic, and in Soviet anthropology its closest analogue is the Central Eastern European race.

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Links

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Literature

• Kuhn K.S. Races of Europe. Per. from English - M .: AST: Astrel. - 720 p.

An excerpt characterizing the Neo-Danube type