Interesting facts about the Egyptian pyramids. Egyptian pyramids. Great architecture of antiquity

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Many articles and publications have been written about the pyramids of Egypt. In Egypt, there are about a hundred pyramids - large and small, stepped and with smooth sides, which have come down to us in an almost unchanged form and are more like a shapeless pile of stones.

They are located along the left, western bank of the Nile in small groups, not far from the place where in the era the ancient kingdom was the capital of the country - Memphis.

The most famous of the pyramids are on the outskirts of Cairo, on the edge of the desert plateau of Giza, which looms over the green valley of the Nile. Here, in Giza, there are three great pyramids - Cheops, Chephren and Mikerin.

Even in antiquity, the pyramids of Giza were considered one of the seven "wonders of the world." But even today they are capable of hitting anyone.

The largest of them is the pyramid of Cheops, the second pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. This pyramid is still the largest architectural creation of human hands.

At the base, it is a square with a side of 230 meters. Construction height - 147 meters, and now the pyramid is 9 meters lower: the top stones fell during the earthquakes. Tilt angle 50 '.

The construction of the pyramid, and it was completed around 2590 BC, took 2.3 million hewn stone blocks weighing two and a half tons each.

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Many years of research by scientists have shown how the pyramids were created. Stone blocks were cut in Mount Mukattam on the other side of the Nile. the ancient quarries are still clearly visible.

Then they were delivered by ships to Giza through a canal specially dug for this. Recently, archaeologists have found a pier next to the pyramids. The blocks were dragged onto the pyramid along an inclined earthen embankment.

There are no inscriptions or decorations inside the Cheops pyramid. There are three burial chambers there. The burial chamber of the pharaoh is a room about 11 meters long, five meters wide and almost six meters high.

The walls of the tomb are finished with granite slabs. The red granite sarcophagus is empty. Neither the pharaoh's mummy nor the funeral utensils were found. It is believed that the pyramid was plundered in ancient times.

The second largest pyramid of Giza belongs to Pharaoh Khafren. It was built 40 years later than the first one. Sometimes it seems that the pyramid of Chephren is even larger than Cheops.

In fact, it is slightly smaller. The side of the square base of the Khafre pyramid is 215 meters. Height - 136 meters. However, in ancient times, like the Cheops pyramid, it was 9 meters higher. The angle of inclination is sharper than that of the first pyramid: 53 degrees and 8 minutes.

The ensemble of the great pyramids of Giza is completed by the pyramid of Mikerin. Its construction was completed in 2505 BC. This pyramid is much smaller than its predecessors. The side of the base is 108 meters, the height is 66 meters, the angle of inclination is 51 degrees. The pyramid's only burial chamber was carved into its rocky base.

The pyramid of Mikerin emphasizes the greatness of the pyramids of Cheops and Khafre. The latter are easy to distinguish from each other: near the top of the pyramid of Khafre, a white basalt facing has been partially preserved.

The Great Pyramids are part of the vast necropolis of Giza. Next to them are several small pyramids, where the wives of the pharaohs, the tombs of priests and high officials are buried.

Burial temples and the Great Sphinx are located at the foot of the Giza plateau.
Sphinx. Each of the great pyramids also had a triune complex: the lower burial temple - the road - the upper burial temple. But this complex has survived in a more or less integral form only at the pyramid of Khafre.

The stone-paved road from the lower temple, where the embalming was carried out, to the upper one, where they said goodbye to the pharaoh before the burial, stretched for more than half a kilometer.

Near the lower granite temple, devoid of a roof, lie the ruins of the Sphinx temple. And behind them, the ancient guardian himself turned his gaze to the east.

Great Sphinx

The Sphinx, a resting lion with a human head, is the largest monolithic sculpture.

Its length is 80 meters, height is 20 meters.

It is believed that the sphinx was cut down during the construction of Khafre, and its face bears the features of that pharaoh

About the pyramids of Egypt. ENERGY OF THE PYRAMIDS

But the statements of the famous clairvoyant E. Casey in the Great Pyramid contain the chronicles and objects of the Atlanteans, proving the existence of highly developed science and technology in the distant past, and the Pyramid itself was built between 10490 and 10390 years BC.

Egyptologists, however, believe that the great Gizian Cheops, Khephren and Mikerin, which have a classical pyramidal shape, were erected during the period of the Old Kingdom during the IV dynasty of the pharaohs, that is, approximately 2800-2250. BC.

The starting point of most existing hypotheses about the functional purpose of the Great Pyramid - to be the tomb of the pharaoh, is opposed by the opinion about another, hidden from the uninitiated, purpose.

About the pyramids of Egypt. Esoteric pyramids

The word pyramid comes from the Greek "pyramis", etymologically associated with "feast" - "fire", denoting a symbolic representation of the One Divine Flame, the life of all creatures.

Initiates of the past considered the pyramid to be the ideal symbol of the Secret Doctrine - a symbol of the hierarchy that exists in the universe. The square base of the pyramid denotes the earth, its four sides are the four elements of matter or substance, from the combination of which material nature is created.

The triangular sides are oriented in the direction of the four cardinal points, which symbolizes the opposites of heat and cold (south and north), light and darkness (east and west).

The triangles rising from each side of the base with their apex upwards serve as a symbol of the Divine being, the Spirit, enclosed in a four-dimensional material nature.

The sum of the sides of the base is four, which corresponds to matter, triangles - three, which corresponds to Spirit.

The sum of the sides of the base and the triangle is seven, symbolizing the perfect man, expressing his True Nature, which consists in the unification of spirit and flesh. The human head is symbolized by a three, a triangle, and four limbs - by a four, and the location of the three over the four means the dominance of spirit over matter.

The sum of the sides of the four surfaces of the pyramid is twelve, which corresponds to the twelve signs of the zodiac.

The three main chambers of the pyramid correspond to the brain, heart and reproductive system of a person, as well as to his three main energy centers.

The main purpose of the Great Pyramid was carefully hidden. It was neither the tomb of the pharaoh, nor the observatory, but was a gigantic, powerful generator of special energy used by the pharaoh and the priests for various purposes.

According to esoteric doctrine, the Great Pyramid was the first temple of the Mysteries, A repository of secret truths underlying all arts and sciences, the whole universe

The technique and ritual of the Mysteries were created by the mythical Master of the Hidden House, who dwelt in the Great Pyramid invisibly to everyone except those who had second sight.

The Mysteries teach that Divine energy descends to the top of the pyramid, from which it spreads along the inclined sides, spreading over the world. The stone crowning the pyramid, which is absent at the present time, was probably a miniature pyramid, repeating the entire structure of the main one.

Thus, the Great Pyramid was likened to the Universe, and the crowning stone - to man.

Following this analogy, the mind is the crowning stone of a person, the spirit is the crowning stone of the mind, and God, as the prototype of the entire structure of the pyramid as a whole, is the crowning stone of the spirit ..

Like a rough and uncouth stone being transformed into one of the stone blocks of a pyramid, an ordinary person through a secret development system

The Mysteries are gradually transformed into a true and perfect stone that crowns the pyramid.

Spiritual construction is completed only when the initiate himself becomes the peak through which the Divine power spreads into the surrounding world.

The Sphinx served as an entrance and through mystical passages, and the initiates passed through the inner chambers.

They entered as people, and left transformed as Gods, finding a "second birth" in the Great Pyramid - the womb of the Mysteries.

How this happened is the secret of the mysteries of the pyramid. One can only assume, but it is quite possible that the enormous energy of the Cheops pyramid accumulated by the form, focused at the location of the sarcophagus in royal room with the help of a special structure located above it, it served as the main field factor that made possible the accelerated transformation of a person.

In the king's chamber, the initiate was buried for several days in a huge sarcophagus, where the Great Work (Magnum Оrus) was performed to achieve individual completion.

The initiate was exposed to the method of separating the spiritual body from the physical, and a key secret and unpronounceable name was given, denoting the Supreme Deity.

This knowledge made man and God aware of each other and the one who had passed initiation into the highest degrees of the Mystery himself became a Pyramid, gaining the ability to carry the light of spiritual transformation to other human beings.

Stimulated by secret processes in the Mysteries, man's consciousness expanded and he got the opportunity to see the Immortals - those who were already at the highest stage of evolutionary development.

“Medicine of the future will stop using injections and drugs. The old therapeutic arsenal will be replaced by new types of radiation, only some of which we are beginning to discover. "

About the pyramids of Egypt. EFFECT OF FORM

The ancient Egyptians not only knew about the existence of radiation created by the shape and mass of an object, but also knew how to use them for a variety of purposes: in the construction of pyramids, special concentrators that possessed "Magic power" different directions - from healing, creative, to shielding and destructive.

This area, which undoubtedly represents a part of Atlantean knowledge, is currently being studied and is only beginning to be used, but it is already clear that it will become the science of the future.

Studies of recent years have proven that all objects of the surrounding world emit and, in addition to the main radiation inherent in the substance of which they are composed, create specific radiation due to their shape.

Experiments have shown that the radiation strength of a form depends not only on its orientation in space, volume and mass, but also on the time and location of its location.

The strength of any field increases with the curvature of its isointensive lines. This is the reason for the effect of the tip.

This also applies to the energy of forms: the concentration of the psi-field occurs along a line or at the point of intersection of surfaces, especially if several of them intersect at once.

As a result of this, the influence of the surfaces themselves is minimized and it becomes possible to do without them altogether, limiting ourselves to some ribs - a wire or tube frame of one or another polyhedron.

The area covered by the frame is essential, so the capacity of any battery is related to its size. The same reason determines the high energy capacity of capillary-porous bodies.

The colossal radiation power in giant pyramid Cheops. Using models of small-sized forms, it is possible to increase their strength due to the total radiation of identical objects connected to each other in the form of battery links. Let us dwell on the results of studies of radiation of characteristic forms.

PHENOMENON OF PYRAMID CONSTRUCTIONS

The first of our contemporaries to establish a number of unusual phenomena associated with the pyramid was the French scientist Anthony Bovy.

Investigating the pyramid of Cheops during the thirties, he discovered that the bodies of small animals that accidentally got into the king's room were mummified.

Returning to France, he built a wooden model of a pyramid with a base side about one meter long.

By orienting it to the cardinal points and placing it in the location of the royal room, i.e. About 1/3 of the distance from the base to the top, the body of a dead cat, he found it mummified a few days later.

He achieved the same effect with other organic substances, which, being mummified, did not deteriorate or rot.

A. Bovi's research did not arouse any interest until the fifties, until the Czech engineer Karel Drban became interested in them, who not only reproduced the results of A. Bovi's experiments, but also discovered a connection between the shape of the pyramid space and the biological and physicochemical processes occurring in this space.

It turned out that by changing the size of the pyramid it is possible to influence the ongoing processes, speeding up or slowing them down.

Very famous discovery Drban, it turned out that the energy of the pyramid, oriented by its sides to the geomagnetic poles, sharpens the razor blade placed in it, provided it is located at a level 1/3 of the height from the base of the pyramid at right angles to the geomagnetic meridian.

The invention was patented and a plastic device "Shaving sharpener "The Pyramid of Cheops" allowing multiple use of the same razor blade.

Since the fifties, there have been more and more patents.

It turned out that the energy of the pyramid shape "Knows how to do" a lot: instant coffee, standing over the pyramid, acquires the taste of natural; cheap wines significantly improve their taste; water acquires properties to promote healing, tones the body, reduces the inflammatory response after bites, burns and acts as a natural aid to improve digestion; meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, fruits are mummified, but not spoiled; milk does not sour for a long time; the cheese does not grow moldy.

If you sit under a pyramid, the meditation process is reduced, the intensity of headache and toothache decreases, and the healing of wounds and ulcers is accelerated. Pyramids eliminate geopathogenic effects around them and harmonize the interior space of the premises.

Studies carried out in the sixties by the famous kabbalist and Egyptologist Enel (his real name is Mikhail Vladimirovich Saryatin, 1883 - 1963), it was shown that the radiation of the pyramid has a complex structure and special properties.

He singled out several rays: a ray called Pi, under the influence of which the destruction of tumor cells occurs; a ray that causes mummification (drying) and destruction of microorganisms and a mysterious ray of Omega, under the influence of which food does not deteriorate for a long time and which has a beneficial effect on the human body. Enel was the first to suggest that it was this concentrated ray that the initiates were exposed to during initiation in the sarcophagus of the royal room.

Subsequent studies have shown that due to a wide spectrum of frequencies, some of which are identical to the vibration frequencies of healthy cellular structures of biological objects, the radiation of the pyramid turns out to be a harmonizing effect that improves optimal functioning.

The French radio aesthetics L. Chaomery and A. de Belisal (1976) first suggested the role of the Great Pyramid as a transmitting station.

They showed that, due to its huge mass, the radiation of the pyramid shape reached such a force that from a very large distance using a pyramid model it was possible to determine this radiation, and without a compass, it was possible to accurately orient along it the route of a ship in the sea or a caravan in the desert. Scientists were especially intrigued by the existing structure

The Great Pyramid is a special feature - it was not finished until the top. In fact, its top is formed not by four faces, but by a platform measuring 6x6 meters.

The radio esthetic studies carried out by D. Shomeri and A. de Belisal made it possible to establish that such a structure formed a false vibrational prism, which created radiation, vertically descending to the base of the pyramid.

The pharaoh's room, located outside the range of this beam, avoided this influence, but it had to capture a hitherto not found underground room located well below ground level.

The data obtained by French researchers, as well as the purpose of the mysterious structure of four elements, established by Enel (1958), which creates radiation directed to the sarcophagus of the royal room, suggests that the Great Pyramid was used as a transceiver multifunctional device with a huge range of action, inside which other laws than in the world around her.

Studies by L. Alvarez, carried out in 1969, who installed cosmic radiation counters in the Khafre pyramid, caused a huge resonance in the scientific world.

This attempt, like many others, revealed another feature of the study of the pyramids - with each new study, more new questions arise than answers.

VARIETY OF SHAPE EFFECTS

Radiation from mummies. The art of Egyptian embalming was not only about the use of pharmacological substances and the placement of mummies in certain areas, where the radiation of the form of burial structures was focused.

Radiesthetic studies using a universal pendulum, carried out by L. Chaomery and A. de Belisal, showed the fundamental importance of the location of the parts of the mummified body: the legs touch, the arms are folded on top of the body, the hands are closed at the level of the elbows, each hand is located on the opposite side of the body.

It is this form that directs radiation along the body axis and through two perpendicular planes of radiation distribution contributes to the process of uniform mummification, transforming the entire body into a powerful wave emitter.

In this case, the maximum value of the field is reached at the level of the location of the forearms.

The discovered effect allowed scientists to reveal another mystery - the mummies themselves provided protection of the burial from robbers.

This was achieved by placing a strong poison in the embalmed body in the area of ​​the solar plexus.

The form of the mummy created a carrier wave, and the poison - a harmful carried one, forming around itself a powerful radiation that killed an uninvited guest.

To this basic protection of the tombs was also added the damaging radiation of the compositions of figures or drawings on the walls of the burial chamber. However, microbiology also stood guard over the secrets of the pyramids: one of the research expeditions died due to infection with the Aspirgillus fungus.

Nowadays, this disease is successfully treated.

PRACTICE OF USING THE ENERGY OF THE PYRAMIDS

The pyramid, provided that it is oriented by the edges of the base to the cardinal points, turns into an accumulator of cosmic energy or, in the terminology of A.I. Veinik, into a chronal accumulator.

For a better understanding of the ongoing processes, let us briefly dwell on the concept of the chronal field of the famous Belarusian scientist A.I. Veinik, who created a number of devices that demonstrate the reality of phenomena that are impossible from the point of view of official science.

According to the hypothesis of A.I. Veinik, there is a large class of microparticles called chronons, the mass of which is millions and billions of times less than an electron. In physics, these particles are called leptons.

The speed of their movement is from several meters per second to multiples of the speed of light.

Chronons of two signs were found - positive and negative, determined by their spin.

In this case, chronons of the same name attract, and opposite ones repel. Chronons carry complete information about any object that emits them.

All physical, chemical and other processes occurring in living and inanimate nature are accompanied by radiation and an increase in the number of chronons.

The aggregate of the chronal nanofield and the chronons contained in it (chronal gas) is called the chronal field. Along with the air that creates the atmosphere around the Earth, the chronal gas forms the chronosphere.

The latter is continuously replenished from the Cosmos, being the main source of the chronal field.

In this case, the most powerful stream of chronal radiation comes from the Sun, but all other astronomical objects also contribute their specific chronal radiation to this general stream.

One of the features of the chronal field is its manifestation during movement, rotation and vibration of an object, which is used to create generators of chronal radiation.

The flow of liquid and gas is also accompanied by the manifestation of a chronal field, which, in the case of underground waters, creates harmful radiation that can harm human health if a residential building is located above it.

Vibrations not only generate a chronal field, but also discharge a chronal charge from the body.

Rotating bodies emit a rotating chronal field. Combustion, evaporation and condensation of steam, melting and solidification - all these processes are characterized by the simultaneous manifestation of specific radiations of the chronal field.

Light radiation is accompanied by a stream of chronons carried away by photons, therefore any light source is the simplest generator of chronal radiation of continuous action.

At the same time, the properties of chronons can be purposefully changed by the selection of material, light filters and the design of the device.

Similarly to this phenomenon, electric current, electron emission, electromagnetic and magnetic fields can also be chronal generators, which is already widely used in the transfer of information (imprinting) specific to one object to another using electromagnetic radiation.

The person himself is a characteristic and important source of the chronal field. The life lines or meridians of his body are chronal channels, and biologically active points are the emitters of the chronal field.

The main source of human chronal radiation is the brain. Therefore, a person through the eyes can significantly influence the course of any study of chronic radiation, especially if he is specially trained. The chronal field has a decisive influence on the regulatory processes of the human body, and each organ has a strictly defined chronal specificity.

The corresponding chronal emanation of yoga is called the aura. It is not registered directly by photographic film, but due to the indirect entrainment of chronons by other particles, it can be registered, which is used in the methods of A.V. Zolotov and Kirlian.

Chronic radiation coming from the Cosmos can be captured using various geometric shapes, using them as batteries.

The chronal field accumulates in them relatively quickly, reaching maximum power after a few days, while charging not only the battery itself, but also objects in its immediate vicinity.

Let us now proceed to consider the issues of practical use of one of the most widely used chronal accumulators - the pyramid.

The pyramid model can be monolithic, hollow, made of plastic, metal, glass, cardboard, etc., or be represented by a frame made of copper wire or tubes.

The most commonly used pyramids with a height of 10 - 15 cm. Larger models are used for storing perishable food or for special purposes.

The chronal field reaches the highest intensity in the lower third of the pyramid, then at its apex, then in decreasing magnitudes at the four corners of its base and, finally, on its edges.

Making a pyramid model is not difficult. It is built according to certain proportions, based on the value of its height (H).

The rest of the necessary indicators are determined by the formulas: the length of the lateral rib = H x 1.4945; base side length = H x 1.57075.

The figure below, as an example, is a drawing of the components of a model of a miniature pyramid with a height of 10 cm, made of thick cardboard, which is used to sharpen the blades of safety razors.

After removing a copy of the above drawings in the appropriate scale and checking the corners of the triangles that make up the sides of the pyramid, cut out the four elements presented from thick cardboard along it. Glue, respectively, the sides of the pyramid with the bottom, and the pedestal for the location of the razor blade with the base.

Additionally, glue two cylindrical holders made of cardboard or plastic pieces to the pedestal, fixing them along the centerline of the upper plane of the pedestal at the locations of the blade holes. The dimensions of the pedestal are proportionally smaller than the blade, so that its edges protrude along the perimeter.

Cylindrical holders of the appropriate diameter prevent the razor blade from moving. With the blade on the pedestal, the base is placed in the cutout of the bottom of the pyramid model.

The "device" is assembled and ready to work.

It remains only to fulfill four prerequisites:

1) using a compass to orient the center line of the pyramid model along the geomagnetic meridian, in the north-south direction;
2) install a pyramid model oriented to the cardinal points in a place remote from reinforced concrete reinforcement;
3) always place the razor blade on the pedestal with the same side, guided by its markings;
4) do not move the blade when placing the pedestal in the pyramid model.

In the same way, you can "sharpen" razor blades of various sizes, but for this you need to prepare replaceable pedestals, the dimensions of which will correspond to one or another blade.

In these cases, the sharpened side (s) of the blade should also protrude a few millimeters beyond the edges of the plinth, and its centerline should run parallel to it.

The key factors in realizing the "self-sharpening" effect of the blade are: the size of the pyramid model, its orientation in the north-south direction, and the placement of the blade in the pyramid at a height of one third from the base. After 12 hours, the blade is like new.

Changes occur in the material of the cutting side (sides), allowing one blade to shave up to 50-200 times, depending on the quality of the metal and the individual characteristics of the hair.

The better the dielectric properties of the material from which the pyramid model is made, the more efficiently the “self-sharpening” of the blade occurs.

For more than four millennia, the pyramids that inspire respect and even awe have stood in the sands of Egypt. The tombs of the pharaohs look like aliens from another world, they contrast so strongly with the environment and their scale is so great. It seems incredible that thousands of years ago people were able to erect structures of such a height that, with the use of modern technologies at that time, it was possible to surpass only in the 19th century, and have not surpassed in volume until now.

Of course, theories about the "other" origin of the pyramids could not but arise. Gods, aliens, representatives of disappeared civilizations - whoever was not credited with the creation of these magnificent structures, simultaneously attributing the most incredible properties to them.

In fact, the pyramids are the work of human hands. In our age of an atomized society, when the joining of efforts of several dozen people for the sake of achieving a common goal already seems like a miracle, even large-scale construction projects of the 20th century look incredible. And in order to imagine that the ancestors were capable of such a union thousands of years ago, you need to have an imagination at the level of a science fiction writer. It's easier to attribute everything to aliens ...

1. If you still did not know this, the Scythian burial mounds are pyramids for the poor. Or how to look: the pyramids are mounds for the poor in the land. If it was enough for the nomads to drag a pile of earth to the grave, then the Egyptians had to carry thousand-ton boulders - the sand mounds would be blown up by the wind. However, the wind covered the pyramids with sand. Some had to be dug up. Large pyramids were more fortunate - they were covered with sand too, but only partially. So, a Russian traveler in late XIX century noted in his diary that the Sphinx was covered with sand up to the chest. Accordingly, the Pyramid of Khafre, standing next to it, seemed to be lower.

2. The first serious problem in the history of the pyramids is connected with sand drifts. Herodotus, who described and even measured them, does not mention a word about the Sphinx. Modern researchers explain this by the fact that the figures were covered with sand. However, the measurements of Herodotus, albeit with slight inaccuracies, coincide with the modern ones, made when the pyramids were cleared of sand. It is thanks to Herodotus that we call the most great pyramid"Pyramid of Cheops". It is much more correct to call it the "Pyramid of Khufu".

3. As often happens with ancient travelers or historians, from the creations of Herodotus one can learn more about his personality than about the countries and phenomena he describes. According to the Greek, Cheops, when he did not have enough money to build his own burial complex, sent his own daughter to a brothel. At the same time, he built a separate small pyramid for his own sister, who combined family responsibilities with the role of one of the wives of Cheops.

Heterodyne

4. The number of pyramids, oddly enough, fluctuates. Some of them, especially small ones, are poorly preserved or even represent a heap of stones, so some scientists refuse to consider them pyramids. Thus, their number varies from 118 to 138.

5. If it were possible to disassemble the six largest pyramids into stones and cut tiles from these stones, it would be enough to pave the road from Moscow to Vladivostok 8 meters wide.

6. Napoleon (then not Bonaparte yet), having estimated the volume of the three pyramids in Giza, calculated that from the available stone it is possible to encircle the perimeter of France with a wall 30 centimeters thick and 3 meters high. And the launch pad of modern space rockets would fit inside the Cheops pyramid.

Napoleon is shown a mummy

7. To match the size of the pyramids-tombs and the territory on which they were located. So, around the pyramid of Djoser stood stone wall(now it is destroyed and covered with sand), which fenced off an area of ​​one and a half hectares.

8. Not all pyramids served as tombs of pharaohs, less than half of them. Others were intended for wives, children, or had a religious purpose.

9. The Pyramid of Cheops is considered to be the highest, but the height of 146.6 meters was assigned to it empirically - this would be the case if the facing had survived. The actual height of the Cheops Pyramid is less than 139 meters. The crypt of this pyramid can fully fit two middle two-room apartments, stacked one on top of the other. The tomb is faced with granite slabs. They fit so well that a needle does not fit into the gap.

The Pyramid of Cheops

10. The oldest pyramid was built for Pharaoh Djoser in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. Its height is 62 meters. 11 tombs were found inside the pyramid - for all members of the pharaoh's family. The robbers stole the mummy of Djoser himself in antiquity (the pyramid was robbed several times), but the remains of family members, including a young child, have survived.

Djoser's pyramid

11. When the ancient Greek civilization was born, the pyramids stood for a thousand years. By the time of the founding of Rome, they were two thousand years old. When Napoleon, on the eve of the Battle of the Pyramids, exclaimed pathetically: “Soldiers! They look at you for 40 centuries! ”, He was mistaken for about 500 years. In the words of the Czechoslovak writer Vojtech Zamarovsky, the pyramids stood when people considered the moon a deity, and continued to stand when people landed on the moon.

12. The ancient Egyptians did not know the compass, but the pyramids at Giza are very clearly oriented to the cardinal points. Deviations are measured in fractions of a degree.

13. The first European entered the pyramids in the 1st century AD. NS. The multi-talented Roman scientist Pliny turned out to be lucky. He described his impressions in the VI volume of his famous “ Natural history". Pliny called the pyramids "evidence of senseless vanity." Saw Pliny and the Sphinx.

14. Until the end of the first millennium AD. NS. only three pyramids at Giza were known. The pyramids were opened gradually, and the Menkaur pyramid was unknown until the 15th century.

Pyramid of Menkaur. The trail of the Arab assault is clearly visible

15. Immediately after the construction of the pyramids were white - they were faced with polished white limestone. After the conquest of Egypt, the Arabs appreciated the quality of the cladding. When Baron d'Anglure visited Egypt at the end of the 14th century, he still saw the process of dismantling the facing stone for construction in Cairo. He was told that white limestone had been “mined” in this way for a thousand years. So the cladding did not disappear from the pyramids under the influence of the forces of nature.

16. The Arab ruler of Egypt, Sheikh al-Mamun, deciding to penetrate the pyramid of Cheops, acted as a military leader besieging the fortress - the wall of the pyramid was hollowed out by rams. The pyramid did not give up until the sheikh was told to pour boiling vinegar on the stone. The wall began to gradually move, but it is unlikely that the sheikh's idea would be successful if he was not lucky - the break accidentally coincided with the beginning of the so-called. Great gallery. However, the victory disappointed al-Mansur - he wanted to profit from the treasures of the pharaohs, but found only a few precious stones in the sarcophagus.

17. Rumors are still circulating about a certain "curse of Tutankhamun" - anyone who desecrates the burial of Pharaoh will die in the very near future. They began in the 1920s. Howard Carter, who opened the tomb of Tutankhamun, in a letter to the editorial office of the newspaper that he and several other members of the expedition had died, stated that spiritually contemporaries did not go far from the ancient Egyptians.

Howard Carter is somewhat surprised by the news of his painful death

18. Giovanni Belzoni, an Italian adventurer who roamed all over Europe, in 1815 entered into an agreement with the British Consul in Egypt, according to which Belzoni was appointed the official representative of the British Museum in Egypt, and the Consul Salt pledged to buy from him the acquired values ​​for the British Museum. The British, as always, pulled the chestnuts out of the fire with someone else's hands. Belzoni went down in history as a grave robber, and was killed in 1823, and the British Museum "preserved for civilization" a lot of Egyptian treasures. It was Belzoni who managed to find the entrance to the Khafre pyramid without breaking the walls. Anticipating prey, he burst into the tomb, opened the sarcophagus and ... made sure that it was empty. Moreover, in good light, he saw the inscription on the wall, made by the Arabs. It followed from it that they did not find the treasures either.

19. For about half a century after Napoleon's Egyptian campaign, only the lazy did not plunder the pyramids. Rather, the Egyptians themselves plundered, selling the relics they found for a pittance. Suffice it to say that for a small amount, tourists could watch the colorful spectacle of the fall of the facing slabs from the upper tiers of the pyramids. Only Sultan Khediv Said in 1857 forbade robbing the pyramids without his permission.

20. For a long time, scientists believed that the embalmers who processed the bodies of the pharaohs after death knew some special secrets. Only in the twentieth century, after people began to actively penetrate into the deserts, it became clear that dry hot air preserves corpses much better than embalming solutions. The bodies of the poor, lost in the desert, remained practically the same as the bodies of the pharaohs.

21. Stones for the construction of the pyramids were mined by trivial carving. The use of wooden stakes, which tore the stone when wet, is more a hypothesis than an everyday practice. The resulting blocks were pulled out to the surface and polished. Special craftsmen numbered them near the quarry. Then, in the order determined by the numbers, by the efforts of hundreds of people, the blocks were dragged to the Nile, loaded onto barges and transported to the place where the pyramids were built. The transportation was carried out in full water - an extra hundred meters of transportation by land extended the construction for months. The final grinding of the blocks was carried out while they were in place in the pyramid. Remains of traces of painted boards, which checked the quality of grinding, and numbers on some blocks.

The blanks are still left ...

22. There is no evidence of the use of animals to transport blocks and build pyramids. The ancient Egyptians actively raised livestock, but small bulls, donkeys, goats and mules are clearly not animals that can be forced to do the hardest work every day. But the fact that during the construction of the pyramids, animals went for food in herds is quite obvious. According to various estimates, from 10 to 100,000 people worked at the same time on the construction of the pyramids.

23. Either in Stalin's times they knew about the principles of work of the Egyptians in the construction of the pyramids, or the inhabitants of the Nile Valley developed an optimal scheme for using forced labor, but the breakdown of labor resources looks surprisingly similar. In Egypt, pyramid builders were divided into groups of up to 1,000 people for the most difficult and unskilled jobs (analogous to the GULAG camp). These groups, in turn, were divided into shifts. There was a "free" bosses: architects (civilian specialists), overseers (VOKHR) and priests (political unit). Not without "idiots" - stone cutters and sculptors were in a privileged position.

24. The whistling of whips over the heads of slaves and the terrifying mortality during the construction of the pyramids are the inventions of historians closer to the present. The climate of Egypt allowed free peasants to work in their fields for several months (in the Nile delta they took 4 crops a year), and they were free to use the forced “idle time” for construction. Later, with the increase in the size of the pyramids, they began to be attracted to the construction site without consent, but so that no one would die of hunger. But during the breaks to cultivate the fields and harvest the harvest, slaves worked, they were about a quarter of all employed.

25. Pharaoh of the 6th dynasty Piopi II did not waste his time on trifles. He ordered to build 8 pyramids at once - for himself, for each of the wives and 3 ritual ones. One of the spouses, whose name was Imtes, cheated on the sovereign and was severely punished - she was deprived of her personal pyramid. And Piopi II still surpassed Senusert I, who built 11 tombs.

26. Already in the middle of the 19th century, “pyramidology” and “pyramidography” were born - pseudosciences that open people's eyes to the essence of the pyramids. By interpreting Egyptian texts and various mathematical and algebraic actions with the size of the pyramids, they convincingly proved that people simply could not build pyramids. As of the end of the second decade of the 21st century, the situation has not changed dramatically.

26. Do not follow the pyramidologists and confuse the accuracy of the granite slabs of the tombs and the fit of the outer stone blocks. The granite slabs of the interior claddings (by no means all!) Are fitted very precisely. But the millimeter tolerances in the external masonry are the fantasies of unscrupulous interpreters. There are gaps, and quite significant ones, between the blocks.

27. Having measured the pyramids up and down, the pyramidologists came to an amazing conclusion: the ancient Egyptians knew the number π! Replicating discoveries of this kind, first from book to book, and then from site to site, the experts obviously do not remember, or have not already found mathematics lessons in one of the elementary grades of the Soviet school. There, children were given round objects of various sizes and a piece of thread. To the surprise of the schoolchildren, the ratio of the length of the thread that was used to wrap round objects to the diameter of these objects hardly changed, and was always slightly more than 3.

28. Above the entrance to the office of the American construction company The Starrett Brothers and Eken hung a slogan in which the company that built the Empire State Building promised to erect a life-size copy of the Cheops Pyramid at the request of the customer.

29. The Luxor entertainment complex in Las Vegas, which often appears in American films and TV series, is not a copy of the Cheops pyramid (although the association “pyramid” - “Cheops” is understandable and forgivable). For the design of Luxor, the parameters of the Pink Pyramid (the third largest) and the Broken Pyramid, known for its characteristic broken edges, were used.

Second name of Egypt- "country of pyramids". It was in Ancient Egypt that the first pyramids were erected. They are located on the Giza plateau. Not all pyramids have survived, but only the pyramids of Cheops, Mikerin and Khafre.

• How did 70-ton blocks rise to a 40-meter height?
• Why do the inner tunnels of the pyramid have such straightness of the walls?
• Why can't a person be the author of the creation of these structures?

Both in ancient times and in our days, legends are made about the Egyptian pyramids. It is not by chance that these unusual buildings are considered the most mysterious and unique on the planet. Probably, it is difficult to find another place on Earth where the breath of history is so tangible.

Around the Egyptian pyramids, at any time of the year and day, crowds of tourists gather who want to see this wonder of the world with their own eyes. Many people say that this place seems to be filled with some kind of powerful energy.

Video about the pyramids (Kondrashov Alexander Alexandrovich):

Facts about the Cheops pyramid

The largest of the Egyptian pyramids is the Pyramid of Cheops. At the moment, the height of the pyramid is 138.75 m. Previously, its height was 146.6 m. According to scientists, there was a large piece of granite at the top - the pyramidion, which fell during an earthquake. Now, the top of the pyramid has a square platform.

The sides at the base are 230 meters long. The total area is five hectares. The volume of the pyramid is 2.35 million cubic meters. You will need to walk about a kilometer to look at this wonder of the world from all sides.

The pyramid is built of 2,300,000 limestone blocks arranged in 210 rows. The average weight of one block is 2.5 tons. The height of the blocks is from 0.5 to 1.5 m. The total weight of the structure is approximately 6,300,000 tons.

For many years, the pyramid was the tallest structure on the planet. The record was broken only in 1880.

What and how do we know about the Egyptian pyramids

According to historians, the Egyptian pyramids were erected in 2,500 BC. pharaohs Cheops, Khafren and Mikerin.

Such conclusions are made by scientists on the basis of the book "History" by the Greek thinker Herodotus. It is in this book that it is indicated who built the pyramids. The point of view of Herodotus is considered to be the only correct one in our time.

Meanwhile, the question arises, is it possible to trust the Greek scientist? This is a very controversial question, because:

• Herodotus wrote his book in the 5th century BC, that is, 2000 years after the construction of the pyramids.
• The scientist's judgments about who built the pyramids, are based on information collected by him during his travels, and in fact are an arrangement of legends and myths.

Do not lose sight of the fact that many documents have been preserved to this day, compiled by the ancient Egyptians, which contain detailed descriptions that time. But here's the strangeness, they do not have a word about who built the pyramids, and when it happened.

There are no inscriptions or drawings in the pyramid either. Not a single papyrus or rock painting has been found where Cheops was named as the creator of such a grandiose building. It is puzzling why there is no mention of such an incredible structure and its builder in the culture. Ancient egypt.

There are serious inconsistencies in the text written by Herodotus. In particular, the scientist makes mistakes in the chronology of Egypt, confusing the dates of the reign of the pharaohs. The amount spent on the construction of the pyramid - 1600 talents of silver also looks strange, it is significantly lower than the cost of building such a gigantic structure. According to the documents found later, it can be seen that Cheops ruled not for 50 years, but for 24 years. And after the death of the pharaoh, power passed to his brother Dedefru, not Khefren. The epistles ruled later, and was the son of Pharaoh, not his brother.

What can we say about the indication of the labor force, who worked for 20 years and with wooden mechanisms lifted multi-ton blocks to a height of 147 meters ... We are talking about 2.5 million blocks weighing about 2.5 tons each. If you count, it turns out that every day, around the clock, 346 blocks were lifted for construction, that is, one block in 5 minutes ...

Another detail raises doubts: from the tools of labor, the Egyptians had only stone and copper. How could the incredibly hard granite stones be processed with such tools?

The information described by Herodotus is based on the information he received from the Egyptian priests. At the same time, in the text of the book, the scientist himself repeatedly expresses doubts about certain of their stories. So, for example, according to the information provided by the priests, Cheops did not have enough funds to build a pyramid. Because of this, he forced his daughter into prostitution in order to obtain these funds. At the end of the story, Herodotus ironically remarks - “exactly how much was earned, the priests, however, did not say,” thereby hinting at the absurdity of such a story.

Fake find in the pyramid

More than once they tried to find confirmation of what Herodotus wrote. In 1837, the whole world learned about the amazing discovery - the English explorer Howard Wise blew up the passage above the royal room in the middle of the pyramid, as a result new rooms were found. In one of them, the name of Cheops was written on the wall in red paint. It would seem that the author who was involved in the construction of the Egyptian pyramids was found.

But when the scientist presented his discovery to the scientific community, his colleagues expressed their disagreement, because the name of the pharaoh was misspelled. At that time, Egyptology was a new science, and mistakes in the spelling of names came across in serious research. Such errors were also contained in the writings of Wise. All this indicated that the scientist himself wrote the name on the wall in order to gain popularity and pay off debts.

So, no evidence of what Herodotus expounded in his work has ever been found.

Who actually built the pyramids and why?

The answer to the question of who built the pyramids is not so simple. But it is obvious that the strength and abilities of the Egyptians in those ancient times simply would not have been enough to erect such incredible structures.

There is an alternative, generally accepted theory that the Egyptian pyramids were built by aliens. The version that the pyramids were built by aliens is quite convincing and popular, looks very, very reasonable. Of course, anyone who does not believe in the existence of alien civilizations will not take into account such a theory.

Read about aliens and aliens.

The Egyptian pyramids, built by aliens, according to the proponents of this point of view, were a cosmodrome where their spaceships landed, including for refueling.

At the top of the Cheops pyramid, there is now a flat area. According to scientists, there was a triangular stone pyramidion, but perhaps it was not there at all. It is hard to imagine that he just disappeared, because his weight was about one hundred tons.

Why aren't the aliens using the pyramids for their intended purpose now? Experts agree that although extraterrestrial beings continue to visit our planet, they no longer need pyramids. In view of technical progress, they now have other ships that do not need such a cosmodrome. Thus, Egyptian pyramids Is a kind of outdated alien space equipment.

Signs have been preserved in the pyramids indicating the placement of special alien equipment there. So, in the Great Gallery, there are 28 recesses on the walls. One gets the impression that they housed something, perhaps some kind of mechanisms and devices, with the help of which, in particular, energy was generated for the functioning of ships.

Where did all these devices go? Most likely, they were destroyed by the aliens themselves. After the invention of more advanced means of transportation, the old technology was no longer needed.

In the middle of the pyramid, in the king's room, is a large granite box. It may have contained alien fuel. There is also an opinion that various chemical processes took place in this room for a reason, this room is finished with granite, not limestone, because granite is much harder and more reliable. The room is completely sealed, except for two tunnels, which scientists believe are ventilation shafts. But is it?

The tunnels have entrance holes 20 x 20 cm, they are located on the walls at a distance of 1 m from the floor. Is it a coincidence that the top of the granite box is at the same height. Another oddity is that the walls of the tunnels are made of large stone slabs, which suggests that it was not water that flowed through them, but something else. It can be concluded that fuel was supplied to the top through the tunnels for refueling ships.

At the bottom of the pyramid there is a room with an uneven bottom. This is strange because all the other rooms are perfectly aligned. Perhaps there was a warehouse in it, so they did not bring it to perfect condition. The room has a tunnel leading upstairs. Most likely, an elevator was moving along the tunnel, transporting substances from the warehouse.

And the aliens moved inside the pyramids with the help of special elevators, like capsules through numerous tunnels. It's no coincidence that all these tunnels have such precise dimensions.

How did the aliens build the pyramids? It can be assumed that they did not move the stone blocks manually, but through the air using special beams that were generated by alien ships.

Why information about aliens is hidden

There are two main reasons why information about alien civilization so carefully concealed.

The first reason is to prevent panic among the population. It is known that the US government has created a special project "Blue Book". By official information, he had to study alien phenomena. In fact, he developed various ways to hide the fact of the existence of aliens from the inhabitants of the planet.

Another reason is that the world powers are trying to get ahead of each other in the field of alien technology research. By studying high-tech equipment, you can gain the ability to apply extraterrestrial knowledge to produce unrivaled types of weapons.

Despite such secrecy, an increasing number of the planet's inhabitants believe that we are not alone in this universe.

The version about the construction of pyramids by a highly developed civilization

This theory also does not apply to the officially recognized, but boils down to the fact that the pyramids were built by people.

Proponents of this theory believe that once upon a time there was already a civilization on Earth with a high level of consciousness and technology.

According to one of the theories, such a civilization was the Atlanteans (inhabitants of Atlantis), who built the pyramids or helped the inhabitants of Egypt in this.

According to another version, the ancient inhabitants of Egypt were able to find and apply the technologies of civilizations that existed in the past for the construction of pyramids. Again, historians know nothing about the existence of such civilizations.

Another theory boils down to the fact that the ancient Egyptians themselves were at an extremely high stage of development.

Conclusion

Summing up, we can come to the following conclusion: the one who built the pyramids of Egypt clearly had a high level of development in the field of technology. This level of knowledge could only be possessed by an extraterrestrial civilization or, as we call them, aliens.

Most people just know that the Egyptian pyramids are large, impressive structures dating back to ancient Egypt. It is also widely known that the pyramids served as monumental tombs in which the pharaohs, the rulers of ancient Egypt, were buried. However, in fact, there are many more interesting things and little-known facts that many do not know about these fascinating structures. To expand your knowledge of the Egyptian pyramids, check out the twenty-five facts below that you may not know.

25. The three most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found in the Giza Necropolis, but in fact, approximately 140 pyramids have been discovered in the area of ​​ancient Egypt.

24. The most ancient Egyptian pyramid is the Pyramid of Djoser, which was built in the Saqqara Necropolis in the 27th century BC.

23. While the Pyramid of Djoser is considered the oldest, the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as Great pyramid Giza) is the largest. The original height of the pyramid was 146.5 meters, and the current height is 138.8 meters.

22. Until Lincoln Cathedral was built in England in 1311, the Great Pyramid of Giza held the title of tallest man-made structure in the world. She held the record for at least 3871!

21. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest of the Seven Wonders Ancient World(Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) and the last one in existence at the moment.

20. Estimates of the number of workers involved in the construction of the pyramids vary widely, however, it is likely that at least 100,000 people built them.

19. The pyramids of Giza are protected The Great Sphinx(Great Sphinx), the largest monolithic sculpture in the world. It is believed that the face of the sphinx was given a resemblance to the face of the pharaoh Khafra.

18. All Egyptian pyramids were built on the western bank of the Nile River, which is the place of sunset and was associated with the kingdom of the dead in Egyptian mythology.

17. The ancient Egyptians buried their noble citizens in pyramids with funerary gifts that ranged from household items to the most expensive items such as jewelry. They believed that the dead would use them in the afterlife.

16. The earliest known architect of the pyramids was Imhotep, an ancient Egyptian polymath, engineer and physician. He is considered the author of the first large pyramid- Pyramids of Djoser.

15. While experts generally agree on the hypothesis that the pyramids were built from huge stones carved with copper chisels in quarries, the methods used to move and fold them are still the subject of heated debate and speculation.

14. Another, relatively obvious, is the fact that the methods used to build the pyramids evolved over time. The pyramids of the later period are not built in the same way as the earliest pyramids.

13. After the end of the pyramid construction period in Ancient Egypt, an outbreak of pyramid construction began on the territory of modern Sudan.

12. In the 12th century, an attempt was made to destroy the pyramids of Giza. Al-Aziz, Kurdish ruler and second sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty (Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt), tried to demolish them, but he had to surrender, as the task was too large-scale. However, he managed to damage Menkaure's Pyramid, where, due to his attempts, a vertical gaping pit remained in its northern slope.

11. The three pyramids of Giza are precisely aligned with the Constellation of Orion, which may well have been the builders' intention, since the Orion stars were associated with Osiris, the god of rebirth and the underworld in ancient Egyptian mythology.

10. It is estimated that the Great Pyramid of Giza consists of 2,300,000 stone blocks that weigh between 2 and 30 tons, and some of them even weigh more than 50 tons.

9. Initially, the pyramids were covered with finely polished white limestone facing stones. These stones reflected the light of the sun and made the pyramids shine like precious stones.

8. When the facing stones covered the pyramids, they could be seen from the mountains in Israel and maybe even from the moon.

6. It is rather difficult to calculate accurately, but the weight of the Cheops Pyramid may well be approximately 6 million tons.

5. The Pyramid of Cheops was built facing north. In fact, it is the most carefully north-aligned structure in the world. Despite the fact that it was built millennia ago,

general information

Among the Egyptian pyramids there are huge and more modest scale, with a smooth surface and stepped, very well preserved and resembling a heap of ruins. They can be seen in Sakkara and Memphis, Hawara and Upper Egypt, Medum and Abusir, El Lahoun and Abu Rawash. However, only a few are considered the main tourist sites, namely the pyramids in Giza, a suburb of the Egyptian capital, erected, as is commonly believed, during the reign of the IV-VI dynasties of the pharaohs, which fell on the XXVI-XXIII centuries BC. NS.

Looking at these grandiose creations of human hands, one involuntarily ponders: how much time and effort was spent on the construction of such structures, which seem - at least in their scale - absolutely useless. Either the pharaohs who ruled 45 centuries ago thereby wanted to emphasize their own divinity and greatness of their era, or these structures contain a certain hidden meaning that is still inaccessible to our understanding. But it is difficult to comprehend it, because the secrets are reliably hidden under a layer of millennia, and we have no choice but to speculate and versions, hoping that sooner or later all the secret will definitely become apparent ...

Secrets of the Egyptian pyramids

The Egyptian pyramids are shrouded in a halo of myths and mysteries, and with the passage of time and the development of science, there are still more questions than answers. As the proverb says: "Everything in the world is afraid of time, but time itself is afraid of the pyramids." Interest is also fueled by various theories about the appearance of these majestic monuments. Fans of the mystical consider the pyramids to be powerful energy sources and believe that the pharaohs spent time in them not only after death, but also during life in order to draw strength. There are also quite incredible ideas: for example, some believe that the Egyptian pyramids were built by aliens, while others that the blocks were moved by people who own a magic crystal. Let's look at the generally accepted and most likely scenario.

Religion in the life of Ancient Egypt occupied a dominant position. She shaped both the worldview of the people and their entire culture. Death was perceived only as a transition to another world, so preparation for it had to take place ahead of time, even during earthly life. However, the privilege of remaining "immortal" was believed to be held only by the pharaoh and his family members. And he, at his discretion, could bestow it on his surroundings. Commoners were denied the right to an afterlife, with the exception of servants and slaves, whom the powerful ruler "took" with him. Nothing was supposed to interfere with the comfortable "existence" of a high-ranking deceased, so he was supplied with everything he needed - food supplies, household utensils, weapons, servants.

First, the rulers were buried in special "houses after life", and so that the body of the pharaoh was preserved for centuries, he was embalmed. These early burial buildings - mastabas - date back to the early dynasties. They consisted of an underground burial chamber and an aboveground part in the form of a stone structure, where chapels were equipped and burial items were kept. In section, these tombs resembled a trapezoid. They were built in Abydos, Nagadeya, Upper Egypt. The main necropolis of the then capital of the first dynasties - the city of Memphis - was located in Saqqara.

The actual pyramidal tombs began to be erected about 5 thousand years ago. The initiator of their construction was the Pharaoh Djoser (or Necherihet), the first in the III dynasty of the Old Kingdom. The construction of the necropolis named after this ruler was led by the supreme dignitary and the famous architect of his time Imhotep, who was almost equated with a deity. If we discard all the fantastic versions about the contacts of the then rulers with aliens and proceed from the fact that these structures were nevertheless built by people on their own, then the scale of the work, their labor intensity cannot but impress. Experts have tried to establish their chronology and character, and these are the results they came to. Since the pyramids are made of stone blocks, the question immediately arose: where and how were they mined? It turned out in the rocks ...

Marking in rock shape and hollowing out grooves, dry trees were inserted into them, which were watered. They expanded from moisture and created cracks in the rock, facilitating the process of excavating blocks. Then they were immediately, on the spot, subjected to processing with tools and, having given the desired shape, were sent by river to the construction site. But how did the Egyptians lift these heavy massifs up? First, they were loaded onto wooden sleds and pulled along gentle embankments. These technologies look backward by modern standards. However, the quality of work is at the highest level! Megaliths are so tightly adjacent to each other that there are practically no discrepancies.

The pyramid of Djoser, located in Saqqara, is considered the very first pyramid in Egypt and the oldest surviving such large stone structures in the world (its size is 125 by 115 meters at a height of 62 meters). It was built in 2670 BC. NS. and has the appearance of a building with six huge tiled steps. Because of such an unusual shape, it was called "false pyramid" in those ancient times. The Djoser pyramid began to attract the attention of travelers since the Middle Ages, and this interest does not dry up to this day.

The architect did not initially plan to build such a pyramid. The stepped tomb became under construction. The symbolic meaning is clearly guessed in the presence of steps: the deceased pharaoh was supposed to climb to heaven exactly along them. This structure also differed from previous necropolises in that it was built of stone, not brick. And one more feature: the presence of a very wide and deep vertical shaft, closed from above by a dome. There is nothing like this in the pyramids built later. No less interest of archaeologists and Egyptologists is caused by marble fragments under the sarcophagus, on which carvings resembling stars can be seen. These are clearly fragments of some unknown structure, but no one knows which one.

The pyramid of Djoser was intended not only for himself, and in this it also differs from other similar structures. In the burial chambers, there are 12 of them, the ruler and members of his family were buried. Archaeologists have discovered the mummy of an 8-9-year-old boy, most likely a son. But the body of the pharaoh himself was not found. The mummified heel found here may have belonged to him. Even in antiquity, it is believed that robbers entered the tomb, probably kidnapping its dead "owner".

However, the version of the robbery does not seem so straightforward. When examining the inner galleries, gold jewelry, porphyry bowls, clay and stone jugs and other valuable things were found. Why didn't the thieves take out all this wealth? Historians were also interested in the seals affixed to small earthen vessels. The name "Sekemkhet", translated as "mighty in body", was displayed on them. It clearly belonged to an unknown pharaoh of one of the most powerful dynasties. Everything indicated that in ancient times the construction of another pyramid had begun here, but for some reason it was not completed. They even found an empty sarcophagus, the internal state of which made it possible to conclude that no one was buried here ...

As for the Djoser pyramid itself, the attraction has been well preserved to this day and is open to tourists. The entrance to it, like to other structures on the territory, is located on the north side. A pillared tunnel leads inside. The northern temple, the location of which on the terrain is evident from the name itself, is one with the pyramid architectural ensemble... Memorial services were held there and sacrifices were made in the name of the pharaoh.

Egyptian pyramids at Giza

The most famous of all the Egyptian pyramids are the so-called great pyramids located in Giza, the third largest city in the modern Arab Republic of Egypt, with a population of almost 3 million people. The metropolis is located on the western bank of the Nile, about 20 km from Cairo and is the actual suburb of the capital.

Today the Great Pyramids of Giza are the most popular ancient monuments in the country. For many years visiting them has become almost a ritual for tourists. Fly to Egypt and not see these majestic structures with your own eyes? This is impossible to imagine! Many travelers even consider this place to be spiritual, connected with space, and visiting here becomes akin to some kind of healing. Recent studies have shown that the builders of the necropolises pointed them surprisingly precisely to the belt of the constellation Orion, which reveals an as yet unsolved meaning. It is also interesting that their faces are oriented to the sides of the sun, and this is done with the same precision.

The Egyptian pyramids at Giza are undoubtedly an extremely impressive sight. Their sandstone facades reflect the sunlight: they are pink in the morning, golden in the afternoon, and turn dark crimson at dusk. It is impossible not to admire the feat of engineering and organization that resulted in millions of stone blocks being transported from one place to another and precisely stacked on top of each other without power plants or lifting equipment.

The complex of the great pyramids is made up of the tombs of the three most ancient rulers - Cheops, Chephren and Mikerin. In contrast to the previous "houses after life" (macabs), these necropolises are characterized by a strict pyramidal shape. Moreover, the first of them is the only one of the seven wonders of the world that have survived to this day.

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

It is possible to tell a lot about the pyramid of Cheops (or Khufu), but the story will in any case be incomplete, because it continues to keep many unsolved secrets in itself. One of them is the orientation to the North Pole exactly along the meridian: with its top the monumental structure “looks” at the North Star. It is amazing how the ancient architects could make such accurate calculations without having modern astronomical instruments in their hands. This accuracy has even less error than the famous Paris Observatory.

Cheops, the second pharaoh of the fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt, who reigned for 27 years, has the glory of a cruel and despotic ruler. He literally drained the resources of his kingdom, channeling them into the construction of the pyramid. He was also merciless towards his people, forcing them to overwhelming work on the construction of his posthumous "home". The Great Pyramid was built in three stages, as evidenced by the corresponding number of chambers. The first, its area is 8 by 14 meters, was carved deep into the rock, the second (5.7 x 5.2 m) - under the top of the pyramid. The third chamber - it is the only one completed - became the tomb of the pharaoh. Special mention should be made of it. It stretches 10.4 m from west to east, and 5.2 m from south to north. The granite slabs, which the room is faced with, are flawlessly fitted to each other. Nine monolithic blocks form the ceiling, with a total weight of 400 tons.

Each cell has its own "hallway" connected to the adjacent shaft corridors. At first, the entrance to the tomb was located on the north side and was located above the base at a height of 25 meters. Currently, you can enter the pyramid from another place, and this entrance is not so high. The builders could hardly imagine that after a few thousand years their brainchild would become a tourist attraction, so the 40-meter corridor was made not only narrow, but also low. Numerous tourists have to duck down to overcome it. The corridor ends with a wooden staircase. It leads to the same low room, which is the center of the entire necropolis.

The height of the Cheops pyramid is more than 146 meters - this is the "growth" of a 50-storey skyscraper. After the Great Wall of China, it is she who is the largest structure ever erected in human history. The attraction is not "alone", there are several other buildings around it. Of these, only three companion pyramids and the ruins of a memorial temple have survived to this day. Obviously, no less effort was put into their construction. According to the most common version, the companion pyramids were intended for the ruler's wives.

Pyramid of Khafre (Khafre)

Pharaoh named Khefren was either a son or a brother of Cheops and reigned after him. Its pyramid, located nearby, is somewhat smaller, however, at first glance, it is perceived as more significant. And all because it stands on a certain elevation. The pyramid of Khafre was found during archaeological excavations in 1860. The tomb of this ancient Egyptian ruler is "guarded" by the famous Sphinx, which looks like a lion lying on the sand, whose face may have been given the features of Khafre himself. Being the oldest of the monumental sculptures preserved on our planet (its length is 72 m, height is 20 m), it is interesting in itself. Egyptologists tend to think that the tombs of the two pharaohs, together with the sphinx, constitute a single burial complex. Slaves, it is believed, were not involved in the construction of this pyramid: free workers were hired for this purpose ...

Pyramid of Mikerin (Menkaure)

And, finally, the pyramid of Mikerin is the third in the complex of the great monuments of Giza. It is also known as the pyramid of Menkaur, and is named after the fifth pharaoh of the fourth ancient Egyptian dynasty. Little is known about this ruler - only that he was the son of Cheops (at least that's what the ancient Greek historian Herodotus claimed). This necropolis is called the "younger brother" of the two above-mentioned tombs: it was built later than the others and the lowest of them, its height is a little more than 65 meters. Such a modest size testifies to the decline of the ancient kingdom, the lack of resources necessary for construction.

However, the monumentality of the building as such did not suffer from this. For example, the weight of one of the blocks used in the construction of the funeral temple exceeds 200 tons, which makes it the heaviest on the Giza plateau. Just imagine what inhuman efforts had to be made to put this colossus in place. And the majestic statue of the Pharaoh himself, sitting inside the temple! It is one of the largest sculptures that personify that mysterious era ... From the pyramid of Mikerin, as from the smallest, the destruction of the entire historical and architectural complex in Giza, conceived by Sultan al-Malik al-Aziza, who ruled at the end of the 12th century, could begin. The dismantling of the necropolis lasted about a year, but the practical result was minimal. The Sultan was ultimately forced to curtail them, since his, frankly, stupid and unjustified undertaking entailed exorbitant expenses.

Sphinx

At the base of the sacred embankment road that once connected the pyramid of Khafre with the Nile, there is the Sphinx - a mysterious sculpture with the head of Khafre attached to a lion's body. In Egyptian mythology, the sphinxes were guardian deities, and this sculpture is a protective monument 73 m long and 20 m high. After the death of the pharaoh, the body of the Sphinx was gradually covered with desert sands. Thutmose IV believed that the statue turned to him and said that he would become a pharaoh if he cleared the sand, which he hurried to do. Since then, the ancient Egyptians believed that the monument had prophetic powers.

Sun Boat Museum

Behind the pyramid of Cheops is the Sun Boat Museum, which houses a beautifully restored cedar boat, on which the body of the dead pharaoh was transported from the east to west coast Nile.

Useful information for tourists

The Giza Great Pyramids Complex is open to the public from 8:00 to 17:00 daily. The exceptions are the winter months (open until 4:30 pm) and the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, when access closes at 3:00 pm.

Some travelers believe that if the pyramids are located under open air and are not a museum in the literal sense of the word, here you can feel free, climb and climb these structures. Remember: it is strictly forbidden to do this - in the interests of your own safety!

Before agreeing to enter the pyramids, objectively assess your psychological state and physical health. Those who have a fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia) should skip this part of the tour. Due to the fact that the inside of the tombs is usually dry, hot and a little dusty, it is not recommended to enter here for asthmatics, hypertensive patients and those suffering from other diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system.

How much will an excursion to the area of ​​the Egyptian pyramids cost a tourist? The cost has several components. Entrance ticket it will cost you 60 Egyptian pounds, which is the equivalent of about 8 euros. Do you want to enter the Cheops pyramid? For this you will have to pay 100 pounds or 13 euros. Inspection from the inside of the Khafre pyramid is much cheaper - 20 pounds or 2.60 euros.

A visit to the Museum of the Solar Boat, which is located south of the pyramid Cheops (40 pounds or 5 euros). Taking pictures in the pyramid zone is allowed, but you will have to pay 1 euro for the right to take pictures. Visits to other pyramids on the territory of Giza - for example, the mother and wife of Pharaoh Khafre - are not paid.

Many tourists admit that, after exploring the main attractions, leave this amazing place, literally imbued with the spirit of antiquity, I absolutely do not want to. In such cases, you can rent camels for leisurely walks. Their owners are waiting for customers right at the foot of the pyramids. They may overcharge for their services. Do not agree to it right away, bargain, and you will get a discount.

• The Pyramid of Cheops is the only surviving wonder of the world.
• The pyramids were built for two centuries and were erected several at once. Now, according to the research of various scientists, their age ranges from 4 to 10 thousand years.
• In addition to precise mathematical proportions, pyramids have another feature in this area. The stone blocks are located so that there are no gaps between them, even the thinnest blade will not fit through.
• Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.
• The Cheops pyramid, the largest in the world, reaches a height of 146 meters, and its weight is more than six million tons.
• If you want to know how the Egyptian pyramids were created, Interesting Facts you can learn about construction from the pyramids themselves. Construction scenes are depicted on the walls of the aisles. The sides of the pyramids are curved one meter so that they can accumulate solar energy. Thanks to this, the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and emit an incomprehensible rumble from such an intensity.
• A perfectly straight foundation was made for the Cheops pyramid, so the faces differ from each other by only five centimeters.
• The first pyramid built is dated 2670 BC. NS. In appearance, it resembles several pyramids located next to each other. The architect created a type of masonry that helped achieve this effect.
• The Pyramid of Cheops is created from 2.3 million blocks, perfectly aligned and matching each other.
• Buildings similar to the Egyptian pyramids are also found in Sudan, where they later took up the tradition.
• Archaeologists managed to find the village where the pyramid builders lived. A brewery and bakery were discovered there.

How to get there

Tourists from Russia and the CIS countries usually prefer to spend their holidays in Sharm el-Sheikh or Hurghada and often wish to combine a vacation on the magnificent beaches with a visit to the pyramid complex in Giza. Since the resorts are far enough from the named city, you can only get there as part of an excursion group. If you go by bus, you will have to spend from 6 to 8 hours on the way. It will be faster by plane: fly in just 60 minutes. You can also get there by car with a driver. It is much more comfortable, but it will hit your wallet noticeably.

Those who are on vacation in Cairo or are in the Egyptian capital on a business trip are in a more advantageous position. They can take the bus (routes no. 900 and 997) or the metro (yellow line no. 2, exit at Giza station). Alternatively, you can call a taxi or catch one in Tahrir Square. The trip will cost more than by public transport, but you will get there faster, in just half an hour. It will be possible to go back and forth by the same car, only you will have to pay a little more.

You can get to Giza from the capital by taking a bus in the New Cairo (aka Heliopolis) area, which follows one of two routes: No. 355 or No. 357. These comfortable vehicles, running every 20 minutes, are marked with the letters CTA, along which they are easy to recognize. The final stop is just before the entrance to the pyramid zone, at the crossroads.