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At the junction of the Stavropol Upland and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasian Range, at almost equal distance from the Black and Caspian Seas, five cities are located, forming a polycentric agglomeration - "Caucasian Mineral Waters". The history of this exceptional place as a popular balneotherapy resort dates back to the 19th century, namely in 1803, when Alexander I signed the rescript "On the recognition of the state significance of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and the need for their arrangement." Since then, a large-scale development of the region began, in particular, the study of its main wealth - mineral springs, of which there are more than 130! There are also large deposits of healing mud on the territory of KMV. The advantages of the resort, which is considered one of the most ecologically clean and hospitable regions of Russia, also include a mild climate with a large number of sunny days, mountain air and unusually beautiful landscapes.
The numerous advantages of the CMS have been appreciated by well-known figures of politics, science, culture and art, whose names are associated with a number of monuments and historical places, which, together with natural splendor, constitute the appearance of the famous resort cities.
Museum, Landmark
A kind of gateway to the "Forge of Health" is the city of Mineralnye Vody, located at the foot of Mount Zmeika, in the valley of the Kuma River. Today it is, first of all, a transport hub and a transit point: from here tourists usually go to the mineral water resorts - Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki and Kislovodsk. This role is due to the historical past of the city, which arose in 1878 as a settlement at the junction station of the Rostov-Vladikavkaz railway. City status former settlement Sultanovsky received it in 1921. And in 1925 an air station was opened here, making the Ministry of Water Resources one of the first "winged" cities of the Soviet Union. Modern international Airport Mineralnye Vody appeared in the 60s. XX century, in the early 2010s was reconstructed and is now the largest airport in the south of the country.
Another "transport" attraction is the Minvod station building, which is an example of Soviet neoclassicism. It should be noted that, in general, the architectural appearance of Minvod is made up of buildings of the post-war period: the city was seriously damaged during the Nazi occupation. The main city church - the Intercession Cathedral - was built in 1997.
The Mineralovodsk Museum of Local Lore tells about the history, culture, and natural wealth of the region. It will be interesting to visit the house-museum of Alexei Bibik, a proletarian writer who lived in Minvody until he was 99 years old. This amazing example of longevity is not the only one in the region with incredibly healthy conditions.
The picturesque surroundings of the city were no exception for the placement of an excellent health resort here - the sanatorium "Mineralnye Vody", on the territory of which there is a spring with a drinking pump room.
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The name of the oldest resort Kavminvod was given by the nearby five-domed mountain Beshtau - the highest elevation of the region. The city is spread out at the foot of another mountain - Mashuk, on the southwestern and southern slopes of the Stavropol Upland. Within the boundaries of Pyatigorsk are also the mountains Dubrovka, Piket, Post and others. Healing waters, amazing beauty of mountains and valleys, mild climate, a large number of historical sights are the specifics of Pyatigorsk tourism. But first things first.
Pyatigorsk, first of all, is famous for an exceptional variety of mineral springs, the first of which were explored back in the 1890s. Since 1803, medical institutions began to appear here, more and more springs were opened. So, gradually the former military fortification in the valley of Mount Mashuk turned into a first-class Russian health resort. Today in Pyatigorsk there are about 50 wells and mineral springs with different types of healing water, more than 20 of them are actively used for medical purposes. Such water wealth, combined with the medicinal mud of Lake Tambukan, used in the Pyatigorsk sanatorium complexes, makes the city one of the most effective multi-profile resorts in modern Russia.
Sanatoriums in Pyatigorsk coexist with numerous parks, museums and historical and architectural monuments. In the center of the oldest city park "Tsvetnik" (before the revolution - "Nikolaevsky"), planned back in 1828, there is the Lermontov Gallery - an interesting building of the early XX century and a concert and exhibition complex that is currently operating. From the "Flower Garden" you can climb a wide stone staircase to another historical building - the Academic (Elizavetinskaya) Gallery, from the observation deck of which a magnificent panorama of the city and its environs opens.
A number of attractions in Pyatigorsk are inextricably linked with the name of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. Must-see places include Lermontov's House, where one of the departments of the M.Yu. Lermontov; place of the duel between Lermontov and Major N.S. Martynov; Diana's grotto, where the poet has been more than once; Lermontov's grotto, captured by him in the novel "A Hero of Our Time". Another cult place of Pyatigorsk, immortalized in Russian literature, is Proval - a karst cave with an underground lake. It was here that Ostap Bender, the character of the "Twelve Chairs", managed to earn money for visiting the legendary attraction. Today, at the entrance to Proval, you can see a modern bronze sculpture of the "great strategist". And the monument to the main hero of Pyatigorsk - Lermontov - has been decorating the city since 1889. Numerous monuments and ancient buildings are surrounded by dense greenery of centuries-old trees and the mesmerizing beauty of mountain landscapes.
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Among the four resorts of Kavminvod, the first place in terms of the number of health resorts is unconditionally occupied by the cozy and sunny Kislovodsk, the main asset of which is the world famous narzan. Like Pyatigorsk, the city arose from a military fortress and a village. Its founders and first inhabitants were Russian soldiers. Of particular importance in the development of the city were the activities of General A.P. Ermolov, on whose orders the creation of the famous Kurortny Park, once the largest park in Europe in terms of area, began.
In the second half of the 19th century, Kislovodsk was already a popular comfortable resort, attracting representatives of famous merchant and noble families. Today, as well as more than a century and a half ago, the Narzan Gallery, built in the Gothic style, attracts many people who want to improve their health. Healing narzan is not only drunk, but also used for taking baths. The "Eastern" building of the Main Narzan Baths, erected at the very beginning of the last century, is one of the most interesting buildings in the city.
In total, there are more than a hundred in Kislovodsk architectural monuments and historical sites. So the rest here promises to be not only useful, but also informative. You should definitely visit the old theater and concert hall. V. Safonov (Philharmonic building), where Sergei Rachmaninov gave a concert, Fyodor Chaliapin sang. Great artist of the world opera house not only toured in Kislovodsk, but rented a mansion here for his family. The historical building, known as "Chaliapin's Dacha", today houses a literary and musical museum dedicated to the legendary singer.
Walking along the winding streets of the center of Kislovodsk with its original old buildings can be alternated with longer routes, implying gradual ascents to the mountains. For terrenkur (recreational walking), the Resort Park is perfect, where six different routes are laid. The sea of greenery, the purest rarefied air will make it easy to overcome more than one kilometer and at the same time get great pleasure.
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There are many legends about the origin of the city and the toponym Essentuki, there are also many scientific points of view on this issue. According to the most common of them, the name comes from the name of Khan Essentug, the ruler of a large Golden Horde settlement located not far from the modern city. But from the Karachai language “Essen tyuk” is translated as “living hair”. The explanation for this is the beautiful legend about the healing of a boy, the son of a rich prince, on whose head beautiful curls grew after bathing in a local spring.
Today, many ailments are treated with mineral waters bearing the same name as the famous balneological resort town. The richest in terms of water volume and mineral composition are the "Essentuki-4" and "Essentuki-17" springs. There are other sources, each of which has its own healing properties.
The pride of Essentuki is the Mud-cure them. ON. Semashko is the largest institution of its kind in Europe. The grandiose complex in the spirit of neoclassicism was erected in 1913-1915. For more than a hundred years, procedures with the healing mud of the Tambukan Lake have been carried out here. Another large-scale attraction of the city is the largest drinking gallery on the European continent "Five-thousanders", which can accommodate up to 5,200 tourists per shift. It is impossible not to mention the Zander Institute of Mechanotherapy, built in late XIX century. The building of unusual architecture housed an institution no less unusual for its time - the prototype of a modern fitness center, which housed "exercise machines" for therapeutic gymnastics, developed by the Swedish physiotherapist Gustav Zander.
At the foot of Mount Zheleznaya and partly on its eastern slopes, the smallest of the KMV cities, Zheleznovodsk, is located. Its area is only 93 sq. km, which does not detract from the merits of the resort, which is also distinguished by the richness of mineral springs, the presence of interesting historical and natural monuments.
The first two hot springs on the slope of Mount Zheleznaya were discovered in 1810 by the outstanding Russian physician Fyodor Gaaz. In the same year, a health resort with a bath was established. To date, more than 20 springs have come to the surface in Zheleznovodsk. The oldest of them, the Lermontov spring, is still functioning, being, moreover, one of the city's attractions: the great Russian poet has been here as well.
Mud therapy has been practiced in Zheleznovodsk for several centuries. For medical procedures in 1893, a building in the Moorish style was erected - Baths, named after the Russian statesman, Minister of State Property M.N. Ostrovsky.
By analogy with the Lermontov Gallery in Pyatigorsk, in the medical park of Zheleznovodsk there is the Pushkin Gallery - an original iron construction made of glass, created for concerts and exhibitions. Not far from the gallery there is another famous monument of the city - the Emir's Palace, which reproduces the features of Central Asian architecture. Today the former residence of the Emir of Bukhara is occupied by a sanatorium.
The resort is distinguished by amazingly picturesque nature: the city, located in the valley of the Dzhemuk and Kuchuk rivers, is surrounded by mountains and a natural forest. From the foot of Mount Zheleznaya, the main natural attraction of Zheleznovodsk, a terrenkur route over 3 km long has been laid. From the top of the mountain, at an altitude of 853 m above sea level, a magnificent view of the entire vicinity of the Caucasian Mineral Waters opens.
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DO NOT ROTATE THE GLOBE: YOU WILL NOT FIND SUCH BEAUTY ANYWHERE!
Caucasian Mineral Waters is located between the Black and Caspian Seas, 90 km from Elbrus. In good weather, its characteristic outlines are visible at a glance.
The region occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory, the heart of the North Caucasus, the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian Range, and is located on the same latitude with the resorts of the French Riviera and the Italian Adriatic.
The nature of the North Caucasus is picturesque and unique. For just a few tens of kilometers from north to south, the steppe plain smoothly turns into a mountain landscape, and feather grass steppes into gorgeous deciduous and pine forests, over which alpine meadows stretch. All this splendor is crowned by the majestic two-headed Elbrus.
The height of the resorts above sea level is from 600 to 1000 meters. The Main Caucasian ridge retains the humid air of the Black Sea, creating a favorable healthy climate, warm, but not hot summers, mild winters.
Caucasian Mineral Waters is a mountain resort, balneotherapy, mud and climatic, specially protected, ecological region of the Russian Federation, a single artesian basin of various types and richest in resources of mineral waters. The area of formation of these waters is located on the territory of three constituent entities of the Federation: Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria.
The uniqueness of the region lies in the exceptional concentration of numerous mineral waters of various composition, as well as curative mud, exotic landscapes that create favorable climatic conditions, and resort complexes with developed infrastructure? structure.
The resort region includes five resort cities: Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk and Mineralnye Vody themselves.
The climate, one of the healing factors of the region, is diverse and is formed under the influence of several factors. The continentality of the climate is determined by the piedmont nature and the proximity of the snowy peaks of the Main Caucasian ridge on the one hand, and the proximity of arid steppes and semi-deserts of the Caspian coast on the other. The studies of bioclimatologists of the Pyatigorsk State Research Institute of Balneology have clearly proved that the air of the resorts is distinguished by high transparency, moderate natural hypoxia, high natural ionization with a low coefficient of unipolarity of ions. With a favorable regime of solar radiation, this combination allows for all types of climatotherapy. The surrounding mountain alpine meadows and resort parks cleanse the air from pollution and enrich the air with healing volatile phytoorganic substances.
The most favorable, according to medical climatology, is the southern zone of the KMV. The climate of Kislovodsk and its environs is distinguished by a very large number of sunny days, almost complete absence of wind, low atmospheric pressure, especially in the upper part of the park, partial pressure of oxygen and water vapor, and increased solar radiation. There is only 37 days a year without sun. The area of the rest of the KMV cities belongs to the climatic zone with a large amount of heat and moderate rainfall. Cloudy foggy days with frost are observed mainly in the autumn-winter period, which creates a contrast with Kislovodsk, where it is extremely rarely cloudy at this time.
Therapeutic factors of CMV
- Mineral waters of various composition.
In terms of richness and diversity, the KMV group of mineral springs is a rare phenomenon: narzans in Kislovodsk with its "cold boiling water" seething from carbon dioxide, hot waters of Pyatigorsk and Zheleznovodsk, radon waters in Pyatigorsk, hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium in Essentuki and others. In a relatively small area, there are currently over 130 mineral springs, 90 of which are used for medicinal purposes.
- Favorable climate in the southwestern part of the region
This climate is used for climatotherapy, especially in the Kislovodsk resort, throughout the year, and in other resorts - mainly during the warm period.
- Mud of the Tambukan lake.
Mud is used for mud therapy at all resorts in the region.
Lake Tambukanskoe is located 12 km southeast of Pyatigorsk, on the border between the Stavropol Territory and Kabardino-Balkaria. It is small, only 180 hectares, but the reserves of mud are more than 2 million tons, which meets the needs of the curative mud resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters for many years and even centuries. The water in the lake is bitter-salty - brine of sulfate-chloride-sodium composition with high mineralization.
The tambukan has always been mysterious and a little eerie, always amazed by its uniqueness. Its surface looks black even in calm, windless weather, the layer of that healing mud lying at the bottom is so clearly visible through the water column. For the first time, the lake was scientifically described in 1773 by I. Güldsnstedt. He called it "Tambi", which in translation from the ancient Turkic means "bad, bad smell": when approaching the lake, a strong smell of hydrogen sulfide strikes the nose. Since ancient times, Kabardians knew everything about the healing properties of the mineral waters and muds of Tambukan. This is evidenced by the remaining traces of baths carved into stones near the springs, and the remains of primitive wooden and stone bathing devices from the early Bronze Age.
The mud and brine of the lake have a pronounced bactericidal effect, therefore no one is found in the lake, except for brine crustaceans. Black plastic sulphide mud has a high content of organic matter, hydrogen sulphide, methane, etc. It consists of fine clay and sand.
The main indications for the treatment of diseases
The first official information about one of the oldest regions of Russia and its mineral springs are contained in the reports of Dr. Schober in 1717. By the highest decree of Peter I, he was sent to the region of the North Caucasus in search of "spring waters". The indications for the treatment of diseases evolved as the sources were discovered. Today KMV is the most versatile resort in the world.
Pyatigorsk. In terms of composition, 50 springs represent almost all types of mineral waters in the region. A successful combination of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, radon sources and mud of Lake Tambukan, a favorable climate and a wonderful natural landscape makes the city the most versatile resort in Russia. Here all diseases are treated in a complex: the peripheral nervous system, musculoskeletal system, digestive organs, skin, peripheral vessels, gynecological and andrological diseases, occupational diseases.
Essentuki. The waters of this resort are often compared to European resorts... It is worth noting, however, that the treatment of patients with diseases of the digestive system has long allowed Essentuki to be recognized as one of the best world resorts of this profile.
Zheleznovodsk. City sanatoriums specialize in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system, kidneys and urinary tract.
Kislovodsk. Carbonic mineral waters, the climate of the middle mountains make this resort a unique place for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as the respiratory tract.
Kavminvody- the name speaks for itself. Famous resort places, the all-Russian balneoclimatic resort Caucasian Mineral Waters - these are four cities with their own characteristic features, cozy and attractive.
The healing power of the local mineral springs has long been familiar to the local population. Legends tell about this, where truth is bizarrely intertwined with poetic fiction. An echo of such a legend is contained in the name of one of the popular local mineral waters - Narzan. In Russian, this word can be translated as "heroic drink", "water of heroes". Narzan was considered the source of strength of the Narts, a tribe that once allegedly lived in the North Caucasus.
The first historical information about the "hot waters" of Pyatigorye dates back to the XIV century and belongs to the Arab traveler Ibn Batut. Peter I, who sent an expedition to study, showed scientific interest in them. However, the information received was soon forgotten. Interest in them revived again at the end of the 18th century, when the first Russian settlement appeared in these places - the Constantinogorsk fortress, erected near Mount Mashuk in 1780.
The date of birth of the resort is considered to be 1803, when the state significance of the Caucasian mineral waters was recognized and the study of their medicinal properties began. Settlements appear near the springs. The first such settlement was Goryachevodsk at the foot of Mashuk. In 1830 it was renamed Pyatigorsk after the nearby five-domed mountain Beshtau. Then Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk arose.
The poetic discovery of the Caucasus belongs to the great Pushkin. The first time he saw the Caucasus was on the waters, where in 1820 he arrived with the Raevskys, heading for exile. And this meeting left an indelible mark on Pushkin's poetry. He himself wrote about this in a dedication to N. Raevsky to the poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus":
Caucasus...
Where is the gloomy Beshtau, the majestic hermit,
The five-headed ruler of auls and fields,
Parnassus was new to me.
There have been many outstanding people on the waters. Such great names are associated with the Caucasian Mineral Waters: Odoevsky A.I., Ogarev N.P., Glinka M.I., Rachmaninov S.V., Balakirev M.A., S.I. Taneev, L.V. Sobinov, Chaliapin F.I., Gorky A.M., Mayakovsky V.V., Yesenin S.A., Repin I.E., Yaroshenko N.A., Tolstoy L.N. But a special place among them belongs to M.Yu. Lermontov.
Lermontov was on the waters several times, first as a child, then during his exile to the Caucasus in the army. He knew the Caucasus perfectly, knew the society that gathered on the waters. The novel "Princess Mary" was written based on the impressions of life on the waters. It is fully recognizable cities and their surroundings, characters and types. A gifted painter, Lermontov was one of the first to create the romantic landscape of the Caucasus as well. In Pyatigorsk, in the 27th year, Lermontov's life was cut short, he was killed in a duel. A memorial to M. Lermontov was created at the resorts. And in the center of Pyatigorsk, a monument to M. Lermontov was erected in 1889, created by the sculptor A. Opekushin with funds raised by subscription.
Today the Caucasian Mineral Waters is a recognized balneo-climatic resort. Every year, at least a million people are treated and rest here. The main wealth of the resort is its unique in diversity and healing properties mineral springs, supplemented by deposits of therapeutic mud. Treatment at the resort is strictly scientific. Each of the resort towns, depending on the composition of the springs and the microclimate, specializes in the treatment of various diseases. And all together they bring people health and joy. In the cities of Kavminvod, health resorts with a high level of service have been created, much is being done here for the convenience of those who come to receive treatment and just relax.
Kavkazskie Mineralnye Vody is located in the middle of the seven-hundred-kilometer isthmus between the Black and Caspian Seas on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian Range, just 90 km from the highest mountain in Europe - Elbrus, the two-headed summit of which is clearly visible almost throughout the region. Occupying an area of about 6 thousand square meters. km, the region is distinguished by great contrasts of natural conditions.
In the south, in the foothills of Elbrus, there are the valleys of the Khasaut and Malka rivers, in the west - the upper reaches of the Eshkakona and Podkumka rivers, in the north, beyond the town of Mineralnye Vody, there are steppe expanses. The region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory. It borders in the south-west and west with the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, and in the south with the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.
In the vicinity of the Caucasian Mineral Waters there are many wonderful places that attract with the beauty of nature, interesting tourist routes. Closeness pulls people to these places mountain peaks, amazingly beautiful intermontane valleys with elegant vegetation, fresh alpine meadows, noisy azure-blue waterfalls, rapid transparent rivers, an abundance of mineral springs, exceptionally clean, always cool air, saturated with phytoncides with a tart smell of resin and pine needles. Bus excursions are organized to these areas - to Teberda, Dombay, Arkhyz, Baksan gorge, Chegem gorge, to the foot of Elbrus, Blue Lakes.
Relief
The region is a sloping plateau that slopes gently from south to north. By the nature of the relief, the region is divided into two parts: the northeastern part, where the laccolithic mountains rise against the background of the plain, and the southwestern part with the characteristic features of the mountain landscape.
On the territory of the region, four types of landscapes can be distinguished, belonging to the transitional type - from plain to mountainous:
1. Pyatigorsk low-mountain intrusive (with quasilaccoliths) on a foothill sloping alluvial terraced plain with steppes, forest-steppe, deciduous forests, xerophytic mountain meadows on chernozem, mountain-forest and mountain-meadow soils. It occupies almost half of the territory of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The plain is cut by the valleys of the Kuma and Podkumok rivers, tributaries of the Bugunta, Yutsa, and Dzhutsa. Three levels of Pleiotocene terraces are well developed here - Goryachevodskaya (100-110 m), Dzhamgatskaya (55-75 m), Pyatigorskaya (24-30 m).
The terraces form vast interfluvial surfaces and are covered with cover pebbles. 17 picturesque island domed mountains rise above the plain, which are shallow Miocene-Pliocene intrusive massifs: Beshtau (1399.8 m), Dzhutsa (1198 m), Zmeika (994 m) Mashuk (993 m), Yutsa (972 m), Razvalka (930 m), Camel (885 m), Golden Kurgan (884 m), Ostraya (881 m), Sheludivaya (875 m), Iron (859.4 m), Bull (821 m), Kabanka (Tupaya, 772 m) , Lysaya (740 m), Medovaya (721 m), Dagger (practically destroyed), Kokurtly (406 m). The mountains of the Pyatigorsk landscape are unusual geological and geomorphological formations. In the depths of the mountains, there are rare mineral parageneses containing compounds of uranium, boron and rare earths, including a unique hydrous phosphate of calcium, cesium and uranium, called lermontovite.
In the Quaternary time, in a number of places in the Pyatigorsk landscape, thick strata (up to 70 m) of travertines were formed as a result of the release of carbon dioxide springs (Goryachaya town). In travertines and limestones, karst is observed in the form of craters, caves, niches, ponors (for example, the Failure on Mount Mashuk).
Mineral water deposits are formed here in the original hydrogeological structure. The water-bearing complex of monoclinal salt-rich Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine sediments is combined in it with a zone of permeable magma-conducting faults. The laccolithic mountains are the main pharmaceutical laboratories in this system. Mineralized stratal-pore and fractured vadose waters, getting into streams of hot solutions and gases rising from their depths, are saturated with them, and then rush upward along annular and radial faults and, mixing in countless cracks, give a variety of healing mixtures. The cities of Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Mineralnye Vody and other settlements are located on the territory of the Pyatigorsk landscape.
2. Kislovodsk mountain-hollow in the intercutaneous dissected erosion-tectonic depression with meadow-steppes on mountain chernozems and alluvial soils of river floodplains. It begins with a rocky ridge, uniform in relief, from which the Bermamyt plateau slopes gently towards Kislovodsk with flat peaks of the Bolshoi (2643 m) and Maly (2592 m) Bermamyt, Shadzhatmaz (2070 m) mountains, located near Mount Elbrus (5642 m). To the north-east of the Bermamyt plateau, the Pasture Range stretches, divided into two parts by the Podkumok River. One part is called the Dzhinalsky ridge (the highest point is Maly Dzhinal mountain, 1584 m above sea level), the other is called the Dar'insky heights (with the highest elevation of 1419 m above sea level). The Borgustan plateau slopes gently from the Darya heights to the northeast.
The Kislovodsk landscape is one of the rare in the North Caucasus and extremely picturesque. It covers the bottoms and slopes of the intramountain erosional-tectonic basin and the adjacent parts of the Podkumok River valley. Relatively low altitudes (800-1500 m above sea level), orographic isolation create here a special healing climate with clear calm weather. The presence of carbon dioxide mineral springs of the Kislovodsk deposit gives additional value to the landscape in recreational terms. The Kislovodsk structural-erosional depression was developed by the Podkumok River and its tributaries at the site of the outcropping of chalk sandy-clayey sediments. The Podkumok River with its tributaries Eshkakon, Alikonovka, Berezovka flows in the middle of the landscape. The foothills of the Dzhinalsky ridge have been turned into a resort park with a variety of local and introduced species of trees, shrubs, terrenkurs, recreational facilities, and recreational infrastructure. The area of the spa park is 1340 hectares. The park is the pearl of the resort. Shady groves, cozy meadows and alleys have become not only a favorite vacation spot for holidaymakers, but also a kind of flora museum in the Caucasus. More than 250 species of trees and shrubs are collected here, including Amur velvet, noble chestnut, red oak, black walnut, Manchurian walnut, Sosnovsky pine, Crimean pine, walnut others. There is even a rare relict tree - kinkgo. Special attention is paid to the decorative design of the park. Many flowers are planted in the park, which adorn it until late autumn. The length of the terrainkur is more than 70 km.
The sandy and chalk mountains surrounding Kislovodsk are very beautiful and form numerous terraces with deep caves and grottoes. Individual blocks of red sandstones, weathered, took on the most bizarre shape. Krasnye Kamni became such a memorable place in the Kislovodsk park. In the Kislovodsk region there are picturesque natural areas and natural objects - Ring Mountain, Berezovka Gorge, Honey Waterfalls, Charm Valley, Lermontovsky Waterfall, Lermontovskaya Rock, Red stones, White stones, Blue stones, Big and Small Saddle, Temple of Air, Red Sun and a lot others.
3. Borgustan structural-denudation mid-mountain karst on Cretaceous monoclinal structures with mountain meadows, steppes and meadow-steppes on mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils and on leached and mountain chernozems. The Borgustan mid-mountain landscape covers the western part of the territory of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The southern slope of the Borgustan ridge abruptly breaks off to the Podkumok River valley with several scarps of structural terraces composed of Upper Cretaceous sandstones, tuffaceous sandstones, marly limestones, silicified shales, marls and carbonate clays of the Upper Cretaceous. The northern slope slopes gently towards the valley of the Kuma River. The vegetation is represented by steppes and meadow-steppes. A rare xerophilous flora has been preserved on the southern slopes.
4. Dzhinalskiy the monoclinal landscape enters the KMV territory with its north - western part. The southwestern slopes of the Dzhinal ridge are steep with structural terraces, the northeastern slopes are gentle, cut by river valleys and gullies. The upper parts of the landscape are occupied by subalpine forb meadows; oak, hornbeam, and ash forests with hazel grow along the slopes on the slopes.
Climate
The climate of the region is diverse and is influenced by a number of factors. The foothill nature of the terrain and the proximity of the snowy peaks of the Main Caucasian ridge on the one hand, and on the other, the proximity of arid steppes and semi-deserts of the Caspian coast determine the continental features of the climate of this region.
In the formation of the climate of the region, a decisive role is played by its southern location, which provides a large supply of solar energy, the peculiarities of atmospheric circulation in the south of temperate latitudes, the relief and elevation of the area above sea level, which create climatic differences in certain parts of this region. The pasture ridge (Dzhinalskiy and Borgustanskiy) divides the territory under consideration into two unequal parts: the southern part - the Kislovodsk region with features of the moderate continental climate of low mountains and middle mountains and the northern part - Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk with typical features of the steppe zone. The degree of continentality of the climate, which characterizes the variability of temperature and air humidity throughout the year, in a given territory decreases with an increase in the altitude of the area above sea level from northeast to west. So, in Pyatigorsk (576 m) the climate is sharply continental, in Kislovodsk (890 m) - continental, on Dzhinal - slightly continental, and on Bermamyt (2586 m) - transitional.
The most favorable, according to medical climatology, is the southern zone. The climate of Kislovodsk and its environs is distinguished by a large number of clear days, low wind speeds, low atmospheric pressure, partial pressure of oxygen and water vapor. The air is clean and transparent. The average annual air temperature in January is 3.7 °. On some days in winter, the air temperature can drop to 33 ° C, or rise to 20 ° C. In the daytime, on more than 50% of winter days, the air temperature is positive during the day. Summer is usually comfortable. The average monthly temperature in July is 19 °. The intensity of solar radiation is increased. During the year, the number of hours of sunshine reaches 2147 hours. There is only 37 days a year without sun. Snow cover lasts 40-45 days. Autumn is long, warm and sunny. Spring is long, cool, rainy.
The area of the resorts Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk is a climatic zone with a lot of heat and moderate rainfall. The average temperature in July is 22 °, in January 4.5 °. The average annual amount of atmospheric precipitation falls within 600 mm, mainly in spring and early summer. Compared to the southern zone, the average annual air temperature is higher here, the relative humidity is at the level of 65-71%, the number of days with fog and without the sun is 85-120, days with rainfall 120-160, and frosty about 90. Cloudy days with fog and frost are mainly in the autumn-winter period, which creates a contrast with Kislovodsk, where it is mostly sunny at this time. The duration of the frost-free period decreases from northeast to southwest from 190 in the area of the town of Mineralnye Vody (300 m above sea level) to 80 days a year on Mount Shatzhatmaz (2070 m above sea level).
Rivers and lakes
The Darya Upland is a feeding zone for the sources of the Darya, Kuma, Bogunta rivers. On the slopes of the Darya Upland, the Essentuchok reserve is located. The area is composed of sedimentary rocks: limestones and dolomites of the Lower Cretaceous in a complex with sandstones and marls. From above, these rocks are covered by a cover of Quaternary sediments, but in some places they are almost completely washed away.
The dismemberment of the territory is significant. Deep valleys and gorges of medium and small rivers and streams, as well as dry gullies flowing into them, dissect the relief of the territory so that the impression of a typical mountainous country is created, although the absolute heights do not exceed 800-1200 m above sea level.
Limestone deposits are fractured, permeated with numerous voids and are easily permeable to atmospheric precipitation, being the aquifers of the Kavminvod springs recharge zone. The water-resistant horizons, dipping obliquely to the northeast, are clays of the Lower Cretaceous, clays of the Maikop stage, and dense metamorphosed shales of the Paleozoic basement.
The floodplain ecosystem of the rivers is represented by willow-poplar cenosis, including Greek mountain ash, beautiful and Tatar maples, relict (tertiary) species - light maple, Glagolen mountain ash, about 19 species of willow, white poplar, black, Sosnovsky, common hazel, forest grapes. On wetlands, narrowish rdes grow, cereal and plantain ditches, as well as cereals - southern reed, rhizome bent, ground reed grass, forest bluegrass, flattened, swampy, false-sharp sedge, coastal, barley-row.
Caucasian Mineral Waters is a unique region in terms of the richness of resort resources and, first of all, deposits of mineral waters. There are deposits of mineral waters of various chemical and gas composition with a total flow rate of 14.5 m3 / day. Among them are the famous Slavyanovsky and Smirnovsky springs, Kislovodsky narzans and the mineral waters of Essentuki 4 and 17; Pyatigorsk sulfide and radon waters, Nagutsk waters of Essentuki 4 and 17 type, Borjomi, Arzni and others. Among the most valuable deposits of carbonic mineral waters are the Kumskoye and Nagutskoye, the exploration and exploitation of which led to an uninterrupted supply of valuable carbonic water to the Kislovodsk resort and the prospects for a significant increase in the bottling of mineral waters such as Essentuki 4 and 17.
But there are few natural lakes in the region. These are the salty Lysogorsk lakes and Lake Karras. Lake Tambukan is of great balneological importance; it produces healing mud, which is rated as one of the best. This is silt fine-structured mud containing organic and inorganic acids, gases, and antiseptic properties. The healing mud of Lake Tambukan is used not only at all the resorts of Kavminvod, but also in Nalchik.
Flora
On the Pyatigorye mountains, one can trace unique island ecosystems with altitudinal zoning. In a relatively small area, more than 1300 plant species grow, forming a gene pool of rare diversity. According to the ecological-botanical station of the Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, several dozen relict and endemic plants and more than a hundred medicinal plants grow on the mountains of Pyatigorye. Of particular interest is the Beshtaugorsky forest with plantations of oriental beech, edible chestnut, Norway maple, linden, willow, willow, alder, hazel, hawthorn, euonymus, elderberry, blackthorn, dogwood, barberry, oak-ash and ash birch, mountain ash-tree unusually picturesque subalpine glades, as well as forests with rare and endangered plant species on Mount Lysaya. From the second half of March, steppe valleys and lower mountain slopes come to life and are covered with flowers. In the forests, violets, primrose bloom in a continuous cover, in the steppe - saffron, hyacinths, yellow adonis. In the virgin island steppes to the west to Essentuki and in the east beyond Mashuk, on the high left bank of the Podkumok River, fiery-red adonis blaze in the fields, wild irises, white anemones, and pinkish rose hips on the mountain slopes. Azaleas, yellow lilies, Mytnik Wilhelms delight the eye on the top of Mount Beshtau. And on the steppe foothills of Beshtau, sometimes gigantic poppies are found. On the northern slope of Mashuk, large-flowered pollenheads grow, green-flowered lyubka. On the northern slope of the Golden Mound, you can see an ordinary nesting site.
The ornamental and orchard and fruit vegetation is rich and varied. The Walnut Grove on the western slope of Mashuk has become one of the sights of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region. The area abounds in orchards, vineyards, berries, vegetable gardens, rich park vegetation. The Perkal Arboretum Nursery, located on the northeastern slope of Mashuk Mountain, is legally considered to be living flora museums. Botanical Garden Pyatigorsk Pharmaceutical Academy.
The natural attractions of the Pyatigorsk landscape include shale mountains with steppe, forest and mountain meadow vegetation and picturesque rocks, Goryachaya travertine mountain, Perkalskaya rock with bone remains of extinct animals, Mashuksky and Lysogorsky Gaps, island permafrost and Selitryanka cave on Mount Razval and Goat rocks, Monastic glade on Mount Beshtau.
The forbs of meadows create a unique flavor - tartar katran, rough burdock, Siberian and poster crumbs, gray and Caucasian cinquefoil, apothecary burdock, common meadowsweet, many legumes, blood-red geranium, Siberian mound, gigantic bluehead, Siberian gorseya , geneva tenacious, spear-leaved skullcap, purple mullein, woodruff erect, tenacious bedstraw, double-pinnate scabiosa, coarse-wrap rootworm, bell very tall, sour sorrel, meat-red buckwheat, cereal asterisk, polycarpous diva, 40 narrow-leaved peony species of Compositae, more than thirty species of cereals and many others. Steppe ecosystems are distributed mainly on the southern slopes of medium steepness. In mature steppe cenoses, dense perennial grasses predominate: feather grass, feathery and hairy, Valais fescue, white-grass, soddy pike, grass crop, asphodoline thin, mouse hyacinth, Husson's birdhouse, pseudo-yellow and whitish onions, ), early sedge and blackhead, spring adonis.
On subalpine meadows, there are Steven's dandelion, Caucasian dryad, Fischer's cornflower, hairy feather grass, beautiful feather grass, saxifrage, glacial foxtail, dotted areas of hedgehog lamira, drooping bell.
This area is dominated by complex multi-tiered deciduous forests with a developed shrub layer. Among the trees are common beech, olive, elm, hazel, maple, rosaceous and other families, pedunculate and chalk oaks, common ash, hornbeam elms, rough, Caucasian hornbeam, common hazel, gray alder, gray and Tatar maples, naked apple carp, , Caucasian pear, plum, sometimes oriental beech.
Shrubs are mainly represented by honeysuckle, euonymus, olive, rosaceous: black elder, southern svidina, common viburnum, privet, warty and European euonymus, mountain ash and Greek. On forest edges and clearings, fruit-bearing vegetation is found: dog rose, Caucasian blackberry, raspberry, mountain ash.
In this area, you can often find rare and endangered plant species: feather grass, feather grass, beautiful and Caucasian, thin asphodeline, Caucasian snowdrop, fake and forked iris, net saffron, meat-red orchis, katrans and others.
Fauna
In the forests and steppes, there are many foxes, badgers, weasels, hares, hares, hamsters, hedgehogs, steppe ferrets, field mice, jerboas. In rare cases, snakes and large lizards can be seen on the mountain slopes. On the steppe areas, you can occasionally see a hare and a jerboa, a gray hamster, a hedgehog. Vole mice live here. Mounds of land, lined up in a row, testify to the underground work of the common mole rat. Of the predators in these places, the steppe ferret, weasel, fox, and occasionally wolf hunt. Squirrels have taken root well in city alleys and resort parks. Red fluffy animals have settled down here, they are not afraid of people, they take nuts and seeds from their hands.
The world of birds is unusually rich. Beshtau is home to bald eagles, hawks, falcons, kites, red fawns, tits, blackbirds, woodpeckers, warblers, nightjars, jays, black buzzards, and zoryanka. In the steppe there are many larks, quails, buntings, wheats, chasing, meadow and field harriers, rolling rollers, kestrels, burial eagles. Pheasants, warblers, yellow wagtails, waders, ducks are found in river floodplains. Of the migratory birds in the summer, starlings, pigeons, hoopoes, owls, swallows, and golden bee-eaters nest on the Kavminvody. Crows, rooks, jackdaws roam in large flocks. Whitethroats, greenfinches, blackbirds, millets, goldfinches, warblers, and shrikes live in shrub thickets. In the parks you can see orioles, nightingales, hoopoes. Woodcocks arrive in spring and autumn. The city is inhabited by starlings, swallows, sparrows, pigeons, pheasants, white-fronted thrushes, mountain swallows, and crows. Near Beshtau there are warblers, waders, corncrake, yellow partridges, black swifts. Black swifts, alpine jackdaws, eagles, falcons, griffon vultures, stone partridges nest on mountain cliffs. In the shallow and fast Podkumka there are many small fish: minnows, roach, barbel.
HEALING WATERS OF THE CAUCASUS
RAIN DROP JOURNEY
“Once the elders of one of the Sahara tribes got on an excursion to Niagara Falls. .. "
Filling their glass with sparkling moisture at the source, hardly anyone realizes that they are drinking ... the rain that fell 100, and maybe even more years ago, on the northern spurs of the Caucasus - the Dzhinalsky ridge.
Here are the doors to the natural "kitchen", in which the well-known "Narzan", "Essentuki", "Mashuk" and "Slavyanovskaya" are prepared. Composed of thick layers of sedimentary rocks (marls, limestones, sandstones), Dzhinal lowers its slopes to the north, passing under resort cities, skirting the Beshtau and Mashuk, Zheleznaya and Zmeika mountains. And if the ridge itself is a mineral water supply zone, then its underground slopes are their transport system.
Not far from Kislovodsk to Pyatigorsk or Zheleznovodsk, only a few tens of kilometers. But rainwater travels this way for an agonizingly long time. After all, the speed of its movement along the huge "biscuit" of sedimentary rocks is only about 40 meters per year! On this way, the water has time to be enriched with various salts of sedimentary rocks. But this is not yet mineral water, it is still its "semi-finished product". And the future "Slavyanovskaya" or "Essentuki" flows through different layers of the "pie", at different speeds, at different temperatures, with its own labyrinths known only to her. Mineral water it will be in the "unloading zone" - in the Kavminvod area.
The birth of the healing waters of each resort has its own characteristics. But the "kitchen" is one for all.
It has been operating for many millennia at a depth of several tens of kilometers, where huge blocks of the earth's crust collide with their "heads".
Here is a zone of abnormally high pressures and temperatures. Everything is possible in this underground laboratory. Ordinary limestone can become noble marble, and loose marl can become the strongest granite. And the by-product of these transformations is carbon dioxide. Through a system of faults and cracks, it tends to the surface. In the places of underground meeting of the former rainwater and carbon dioxide, mineral water is born. Weighty evidence of the "weakness" of the earth's crust in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is the famous local mountains of the Laccoliths. They did not become volcanoes like Elbrus. And they just lifted the cover of sedimentary rocks and created new, so-called calcite faults, along which mineral water came out to people.
The role of a kind of elevator that lifts water to the surface is played by the same carbon dioxide. Geologists call this phenomenon - "gas lift". Now it is clear that the faster and from greater depths mineral water rises to the surface, the hotter it is and the more carbon dioxide it contains, and vice versa.
Well, what happens to the water that passed the network of faults and did not come to the surface. Where does the river flowing from the underground streams of the Dzhinal ridge?
Along the "flaky cake" of sedimentary rocks, it gradually sinks to a depth of several kilometers and flows into a huge, very salty sea lying under the Tersko-Caspian lowland. But not all water is lost forever. Part of it, colliding with a wall of impermeable rocks in the area of the Nagutskaya station, rises almost to the surface and, as if offended by the inhospitable reception, flows back, making its way to the sun in the area of Essentuki. This water has been in the underground "kitchen" longer, and therefore it is more saturated with salts.
Concluding the story of the deep journey of a small raindrop, it is worth mentioning one unique place. Hydrogeologists named it the Nagutskoye field.
Here Jinal's salty pie smashed against a wall of solid rock. And in this jumble of cracks and faults one can find all the mineral waters of the Caucasus: "Slavyanovskaya" and "Smirnovskaya", "Narzan" and "Essentuki", "Mashuk" and "Borjomi". These riches will still serve the health of people!
Thousands of years will pass ... But while rain falls from the sky and fire burns in the underground smithy, Caucasian Mineral Waters will remain what they are - the eighth miracle of the world!
The story of hydrogeologists L.A. Skok and
M.A.Samotey recorded S.P. Prokopov.
Zheleznovodsk.
Caucasus. How much of this word! Majestic mountains, healing waters, colorful nature and such friendly people.
Having visited the Caucasus once, you leave a piece of your soul there forever.
My love for the Caucasus began as a light resort romance, but grew into a real quivering feeling.
WHAT IS CMS?
Caucasian Mineral Waters (or abbreviated KMV) is the name of an area in the Stavropol Territory, which includes such cities as Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk.
HOW TO GET THERE, HOW TO GET TO THE TOWN?
The nearest airport to KMV is located in Mineralnye Vody.
Despite its name, Mineralnye Vody does not have its own sources of mineral water, so vacationers do not stay in the city for a long time.
There are several ways to get to the Spa towns from the airport. But first you need to take a taxi or shuttle taxi No. 10 or No. 11 to get to the railway station of Mineralnye Vody.
TO THE CITIES OF ESSENTUKI, PYATIGORSK, KISLOVODSK can be reached by train. This is a very convenient form of transport for KMV, because the route has been laid through large resort towns... There is enough space in the carriages, travel is not expensive, and electric trains run often.
The city of ZHELEZNOVODSK electric train passes by. You can get there by train to Beshtau station and then by taxi (about 100 rubles) to Zheleznovodsk. Or take an electric train to Pyatigorsk and then change to a fixed-route taxi number 213.
You can use the services of fixed-route taxis.
From the stop Airport route No. 11 to the stop Kinoteatr Oktyabr (Mineralnye Vody), where you need to change to minibus No. 107 (to the stop of the railway station in Zheleznovodsk)
From the railway station, walk to the stop Dom Torgovli, take route No. 133, get to the stop 11 km, where change to minibus No. 107 (to the stop of the railway station in Zheleznovodsk)
From the Airport, go to the Railway Station of Mineralnye Vody (minibuses No. 10.11), take a train to the station of Pyatigorsk and then take a minibus No. 213 to the railway station of Zheleznovodsk.
The most convenient way to get to Zheleznovodsk is by taxi. For example, in the airport building there are the reception of several taxi companies, which for 200-300 rubles will take you directly to the doors of the sanatorium. In this case, you will be given a business card with an individual number, which will give you a discount on the return trip.
MANY, MANY TOWNS, BUT WHICH WOULD YOU CHOOSE?
Each city of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is unique, has its own spirit, atmosphere, climate. Yes, yes, the climate in cities is completely different.
I suggest taking a mini-tour of each of the cities.
************************** ZHELEZNOVODSK ************************ *
The city, which is called the Caucasian Switzerland. And this name is quite justified. In Zheleznovodsk unique nature: mountains, immersed in the greenery of trees, the aromas of herbs and flowers soar in the air, the songs of birds are heard.
The city is divided into two parts: a residential town and a resort part. The residential town is located on a more flat area, consists of multi-storey buildings and a private sector. There are shops, a city park (though abandoned), a market, a mineral pump room "Zapadny" (near the "Dubrava" sanatorium).
The resort part is located in mountainous and hilly terrain. Some of the sanatoriums are located right on Mount Zheleznaya.
In the resort part of Zheleznovodsk there are three open sources of mineral water, which are available to every vacationer who wants to drink water.
Sources Slavyanovskiy, Smirnovskiy and Lermontovskiy.
In the resort part there is a medical park located on the Zheleznaya mountain (853 m above sea level) and several terrenkurs (along the Zheleznaya mountain, near the Razvalka mountain).
Zheleznovodsk, despite the fact that it is the smallest resort town of KMV, is rich in sanatoriums (of varying comfort and size).
The sanatoriums are versatile, but the main profile is diseases of the digestion and gastrointestinal tract.
Indications for treatment in Zheleznovodsk:
diseases of the digestive system:
Reflux esophagitis. Chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency, with preserved and increased secretion. Gastroduodenitis. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and 12-humus in the phase of remission or fading exacerbation. Diseases of the operated stomach (after surgery for gastric ulcer and 12-duodenal ulcer). Chronic colitis and enterocolitis. Residual effects of viral hepatitis in the inactive phase. Chronic hepatitis of various etiology in the inactive phase. Chronic cholecystitis and cholangitis of various etiologies. Dyskinesia of the biliary tract and gallbladder. Cholelithiasis without bouts of hepatic colic. Chronic pancreatitis. Adhesive disease of the abdominal organsendocrinology:
Diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent and insulin-independent), its complications are polyneuropathy and angiopathy. Alimentary obesityurology:
Chronic pyelonephritis during remission, residual effects of acute pyelonephritis (not earlier than 3 months after the relief of the acute process). Chronic cystitis (non-tuberculous), trigonitis. Chronic prostatitis (non-tuberculous vesiculitis without stricture and without residual urine). Infertility of the established nest. Chronic oroepididemitis (non-tuberculous). Sexual disorders in men. Urolithiasis without stones requiring surgical treatment.gynecology:
Chronic inflammation of the uterine appendages during remission, but not earlier than 2 months after the last exacerbation. Chronic parametritis during the period of remission, not earlier than 6 weeks after the end of the acute process of stabilization of palpation-determined signs of infiltration, without an increase in body temperature, ESR, and the number of leukocytes. Pelvic peritoxal adhesions. Incorrect position of the uterus. Infantilism (genital). Hypoplasia of the uterus. Ovarian dysfunction, as a result of the postponed inflammatory process with the failure of both phases of the cycle. Infertility caused by obstruction of the fallopian tubes, due to an inflammatory process with depletion of the hormonal function of the ovaries or failure of both phases of the cycle.
Cons of Zheleznovodsk:
Transport distance from other cities of KMV. The easiest way is to take a minibus to Pyatigorsk, and then to other cities.
It is extremely difficult to leave by minibus to Essentuki (it rarely runs, seats are allocated even before the minibus arrives at the stop).
Poor street lighting.
A small number of entertainment places, catering establishments, shops.
Mountainous terrain is not suitable for everyone. A large number of uphill climbs, a large number of steps.
In summer, Zheleznovodsk is very humid, this is a lot of mosquitoes and midges.
The climate in the city is not predictable. For example, in the spring, after a heat wave, snow may fall, and the next morning it may melt and the twenty-degree heat will come again.
Zheleznovodsk conquered me with its nature, being there, it seems that you got into the illustration of some kind old fairy tale. The resort town is very cozy, but not suitable for people with mobility problems.
The next city is Pyatigorsk, you can reach it from Zheleznovodsk by minibus No. 113 (to the final stop "Verkhniy Rynok", Pyatigorsk).
From the Upper Market, literally in 7-10 minutes of a leisurely walk along Extreme Street to the main walking street of Pyatigorsk - Kirov Avenue.
Or at the Zheleznodorozhny vokzal stop in Zheleznovodsk, you can take a minibus No. 213 and get to the Pyatigorsk Railway Station, where in 5 minutes you can be at the end Kirov Avenue.
*************************** PENTIGORSK ************************* *
The largest city of the Caucasian mineral waters. The resort area is located on the slope of Mount Mashuk, near the famous Proval, thanks to the movie "12 chairs".
The waters of Pyatigorsk are quite peculiar and require getting used to.
There are several types of mineral water: Hydrogen sulfide, carbonic-hydrogen sulfide, salt-alkaline waters.
There are 2 drinking galleries and about a dozen pump rooms.
At the Academic Gallery carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulphide water of well No. 16 is dispensed.
In the Central Drinking Gallery, in its 3 pavilions the carbonic water of the Krasnoarmeisky new spring, the carbonic-hydrogen sulphide water of the Lermontovsky spring No. 2 and the mineral water of the Essentuksky type of the springs No. 17 and 30 are brought out.
In addition to 2 drinking galleries, the resort has pump rooms:
Lermontovsky- at the Leninskiye Skaly sanatorium, where carbon dioxide is released - well No. 19 (hot narzan) and well No. 35 (Essentuki type No. 4);
pump room of the source No. 7 named after Pavlova and pump-room number 4- warm narzans;
pump-room of source No. 24- on the territory of the sanatorium "Pyatigorye";
pump room of the Lermontov spring No. 2(Park "Flower Garden");
pump room of the source No. 20 named after Volodkevich and source number 1(at the sanatorium "Tarkhany");
pump-room of source No. 14 at the Pushkin Baths.
Also in the Pyatigorsk resort are used water type Essentuki No. 17 (wells No. 14, 17, 30), Essentuki No. 4 (well No. 35) and carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide water from well No. 20 (source named after Volodkevich).
Indications for treatment in Pyatigorsk:
peripheral vascular disease:
Obliterating atherosclerosis of the vessels of the extremities without ulcers, gangrene, including after reconstructive operations on the peripheral vessels (6-8 weeks after the operation). Obliterating endarteritis with circulatory disorders of the lower extremities I and II st. during the period of stable remission. Chronic venous insufficiency due to varicose veins. Residual effects after phlebitis, thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities (not earlier than 2-4 months).diseases of the nervous system:
Osteochondrosis of the spine with reflex and radicular syndromes, conditions after removal of a herniated disc, plexitis, polyneuritis, neuritis of the facial, trigeminal nerves, lesions of individual nerves of the extremities, neurofibromyositis outside the exacerbation phase. Diseases of the autonomic nervous system: autonomic polyneuritis, solaritis, sympathoganglionitis at the end of the acute period. Nerve trauma - trauma to the roots, plexuses, nerve trunks that do not require surgical intervention. Diseases and consequences of trauma of the central nervous system: residual effects after the transferred encephalitis, arachnoiditis, encephalomyelitis at the end of the acute period (not earlier than 3 months after the disease). Cerebrovascular diseases: a consequence of cerebrovascular accident in the recovery period after 4-6 monthsgynecological diseases:
Chronic salpingitis, osphitis 2 months after exacerbation. Chronic metritis, endometritis 4 weeks after exacerbation. Chronic parametritis 4-6 weeks after the end of the acute period. Pelvic adhesions of the peritoneum. Infiltration after surgical interventions for diseases of the uterus, tubes, ovaries at the end of the acute period 6-8 weeks after surgery. Incorrect position of the uterus: fixed or subfixed retroflection, retroversion after inflammation of the female genital organs or due to pelvic adhesions of the peritoneum. Ovarian dysfunction, infantilism or hypoplasia of the uterus, including in combination with a chronic inflammatory process of the female genital organs. Infertility resulting from inflammatory diseases, climacteric syndrome.diseases of the musculoskeletal system:
Arthritis and polyarthritis of non-tuberculous origin: rheumatoid arthritis in an inactive phase with minimal and medium activity of the process, infectious polyarthritis of a certain etiology with a process activity not higher than II degree, deforming osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis, spondylosis, spondyloarthrosis, ankylosing spondyloarthritis with visceral activity not higher than II degree without ... Consequences of fractures of the bones of the trunk and limbs with delayed consolidation; chronic synovitis, bursitis of various localizations, tendovaginitis, myositis, fibromyositis, myalgia, epicondylitis, styloiditis; hematogenous osteomyelitis (except tuberculous), which does not require surgical intervention. Referral of patients with the listed diseases is possible on condition of independent movement and service.
skin diseases:
Stationary regressive psoriasis. Neurodermatitis is a limited and diffuse, chronic stage. Eczema, true and seborrheic in chronic stage. Scleroderma: plaque limited and widespread, inactive stage, systemic with damage to the musculoskeletal system of the inactive stage in the period between courses of drug therapy. Lichen planus is a limited and common form of the chronic stage.diseases of the ear, throat, nose:
Chronic pharyngitis (subatrophic, atrophic, hypertrophic without exacerbation (in summer months). Chronic tonsillitis is uncomplicated, compensated, often exacerbated. Chronic laryngitis - subatrophic, atrophic. Chronic rhinitis is hypertrophic, atrophic, subatrophic. Chronic sinusitis and condition after undergoing operations of the paranasal sinuses in the absence of complications (no earlier than 2 months later). Chronic inflammatory processes in the middle ear and auditory tube in remission. Otosclerosis, condition after surgery.urological diseases:
Chronic prostatitis, chronic vesiculitis (non-tuberculous) in remission without urethral structure and no residual urine. Chronic non-tuberculous cystitis. Urolithiasis, including complicated by pyelonephritis and cystitis. Chronic pyelonephritis in remission, latent form of pyelonephritis. Secondary pyelonephritis without impairment of the nitrogen excretory function of the kidneys and without severe hypertension. Residual effects of acute pyelonephritis not earlier than 3 months after the relief of the acute process.other diseases:
Primary obesity, alimentary-constitutional, 1 - III st. without symptoms of circulatory decompensation. Diathesis; phosphaturic, uraturia, oxaluria with various clinical manifestations. Thyrotoxicosis of primary and secondary genesis, mild. Mild hypothyroidism with obesity, degenerative changes in the joints and spine.
In Pyatigorsk there are a large number of shops, shopping centers, cinemas, the famous operetta theater, the Lyra clothing market (where you can buy high-quality knitwear, shoes, bed linen, curtains, etc.) and a fur market.
Life is in full swing in the city center, there is a pedestrian street where you can enjoy delicious Pyatigorsk ice cream. This is a gathering place for young people. There is always music and often live performances here.
It should be noted that there are many educational institutions in Pyatigorsk, a whole student town, so the city gives the impression of a city of youth.
There are many attractions in Pyatigorsk: Lake Proval, town of Mashuk, where a duel took place, in which the poet M.Yu. Lermontov, there are also many Lermontov places: the house-museum, the Lermontov gallery, the monument "the place of the duel" and many others.
Lovers of architecture will find something to do while walking around the central part of Pyatigorsk.
Cons of Pyatigorsk:
- Big city. Of course, this fact can be perceived as both a positive and a negative aspect for relaxation. I, as a resident of a metropolis, still want to be during outdoor recreation, so for me Big city- this is a minus.
- The resort area is located on a hill and you have to go down to the city to the mineral pump rooms.
- A kind of traffic movement that requires a habit. For example, in the center, a car can be parked right on the road, and cars can drive right along the tram lines.
- It is very hot in Pyatigorsk in summer, but comfortable in spring and winter.
Pyatigorsk is a city of contradictions. Fussy and trendy in the center, but the further you go from the central streets, the more you realize that the main part of the city is completely different. In fact, this is a village in the city, because most of the city consists of private houses with land plots.
A city of youth, students who, having received a diploma, tend to leave their native places due to lack of work. All this leaves an imprint on the city.
I like to come to Pyatigorsk for a day to walk along its streets, enjoy ice cream and plunge a little into the hustle and bustle.
************************** ESSENTUKI ************************ *
Perhaps this is the most famous resort city of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, which has gained fame for its waters.
It is unlikely that there is at least one resident of the former USSR who has not heard about "Essentuki four".
The city, thanks to the private sector, looks big enough. For vacationers there is a spa park, near which there are sanatoriums.
But you need to know that there are two resort zones in Essentuki: one near the resort park itself, ancient mineral water springs and Teatralnaya Square.
The other is located behind the Pobeda park and is simply called "Victoria" by the locals (after the sanatorium of the same name).
The sights of Essentuki include a mud baths, old mineral water pump rooms, churches and monasteries located near the city.
There are shopping centers, boutiques, a concert hall, various cafes and restaurants. Vacationers love to go to the local market to buy fresh vegetables and fruits.
Essentuki is perhaps the most flat city of KMV, therefore it is ideal for people who have problems with the musculoskeletal system or problems with movement.
Rest in Essentuki is unhurried, vacationers make a mation in the resort park, sit on benches in shady alleys.
The city itself immerses you in an atmosphere of relaxation and tranquility.
But the main advantage of the resort is its mineral waters. The city has both old pump rooms and modern ones. For example, there is a drinking gallery near the Victoria sanatorium, which is striking in its scope.
Indications for treatment in Essentuki:
Diseases of the digestive system:
Chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency, with preserved and increased secretion. Gastroduodenitis. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and 12-humus in the phase of remission or fading exacerbation. Diseases of the operated stomach (after surgery for gastric ulcer and 12-duodenal ulcer). Chronic colitis and enterocolitis. Residual effects of viral hepatitis in the inactive phase. Chronic hepatitis of various etiology in the inactive phase. Chronic cholecystitis and cholangitis of various etiologies. Dyskinesia of the biliary tract and gallbladder. Cholelithiasis without bouts of hepatic colic. Chronic pancreatitis. Adhesive disease of the abdominal organs.Endocrinology:
Alimentary obesity. Diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent and insulin-independent), its complications are polyneuropathy and angiopathy.Urology:
Chronic pyelonephritis during remission, residual effects of acute pyelonephritis (not earlier than 3 months after the relief of the acute process). Chronic cystitis (non-tuberculous), trigonitis. Chronic prostatitis (non-tuberculous vesiculitis without stricture and without residual urine). Infertility of the established nest. Chronic oroepididemitis (non-tuberculous). Sexual disorders in men. Urolithiasis without stones requiring surgical treatmentGynecology:
Chronic inflammation of the uterine appendages during remission, but not earlier than 2 months after the last exacerbation. Chronic parametritis during the period of remission, not earlier than 6 weeks after the end of the acute process of stabilization of palpation-determined signs of infiltration, without an increase in body temperature, ESR, and the number of leukocytes. Pelvic peritoxal adhesions. Incorrect position of the uterus. Infantilism (genital). Hypoplasia of the uterus. Ovarian dysfunction, as a result of the postponed inflammatory process with the failure of both phases of the cycle. Infertility caused by obstruction of the fallopian tubes, due to an inflammatory process with depletion of the hormonal function of the ovaries or failure of both phases of the cycle.Pulmonology:
Chronic nonspecific bronchitis, tracheitis tracheobronchititis of toxic and dusty etiology in the stage of remission, with pulmonary heart failure no more than stage 1-B. Chronic pneumonia in remission without attacks of bronchial asthma, brochiectasis, accompanied by profuse sputum production, without hemoptysis, with cardiopulmonary insufficiency not higher than stage 1-11. Residual effects after acute pleuropneumonia, dry and exudative pleurisy. Bronchial asthma atopic and infectious allergic mild and moderate with rare attacks, without hormone dependence. Chronic asthmotoid bronchitis without pronounced symptoms of pulmonary heart failure, i.e. no more than 1-B stage. Pneumoconiosis (silicosis, initrosis, biriliosis, etc.) with a generally satisfactory condition and pulmonary heart failure no more than stage 1-B. Bronchiectasis in the stage of persistent remission without profuse purulent sputum, with pulmonary heart failure no more than stage 1-B, in the absence of organ amyloidosis and hemoptysisDiseases of the ENT organs:
Chronic rhinitis (vasomotor). Chronic adenoiditis. Chronic sinusitis. Chronic pharyngitis. Chronic tonsillitis. Chronic laryngitis is hypertrophic and atrophic. Chronic catarrhal and purulent otitis media. Chronic eustachitis. Chronic labyrinthitis. Acoustic neuritisDermatology:
Red eels. Vulgar (globular, conglobata, necrotic, medicinal) acne. Psoriasis. Eczema (acute, chronic). Neurodermatitis. Atonic dermatitis in children. Hives. Dermatitis. Mycosis. Lipoid necrobiosis. Erythematosis. Focal scleroderma. Acne-Keloid. Sclerotic acrodermatitis. Anetoderma erythematous Jadasson. Hyperkeratosis. Daria's disease. Demodicosis. Dermatitis Duhring. Zayed. Itching. Ichthyosis. Skin candidiasis. Keratoderma of the palms and milk. Red grain, nose. Paronychia. Perioral dermatitis. Pyoderma. Seborrhea. Segren's syndrome. Periarticular nodularity. Folliculitis (atrophic, occipital region). Varicose leg ulcerNervous diseases:
Spondylosis and related conditions. Neurological manifestations and syndromes of osteochondrosis of the spine: cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral spine. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system, facial nerve and nerve root diseases and lesions of the vascular system. Diseases of the central nervous systems at the end of the acute period (meningo-encephalitis, arachnoiditis, encephalomyelitis, diencephalitis). Consequences of postponed neuroinfections in the form of asthenoneurotic and moderate hypertensive syndromes. Consequences of a previous traumatic brain injury, including traumatic encephalopathy (non-convulsive form). Consequences of the postponed acute cerebrovascular accident. Vascular diseases of the nervous systems, including various forms of migraine, Raynaud's disease, obliterating endarteritis, atherosclerotic plexuses (neuritis, plexitis, polyneuropathy), including trigeminal neuralgia, neuritis. Neuroses, neurosis-like states, various neurological syndromes; accentuation of character, pathocharacterological changes in personality. Psychosomatic diseases (peptic ulcer, bronchial asthma), diseases of the digestive tract, obesity, sexual disorders
Cons of Essentuki:
- Limited space for the movement of vacationers. Most of the city is a private sector. For vacationers, a resort area is allocated, for which, in general, it makes no sense to go out.
- The city has no mountains, which distinguishes it from other resort towns. But there is a gorgeous view of Elbrus and from some points of the city to Beshtau.
For me, there is no better water than Essentuki-4. Because of the water, you can close your eyes to the disadvantages of the city, due to the lack of a large number of attractions or space for long walks.
Essentuki have an excellent location relative to their fellow resort towns, stretching between Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk along an iron line.
And finally, from Essentuki we go to the most sunny city KMV - Kislovodsk.
We will go by the already proven electric train. The journey takes about 30 minutes.
************************** KISLOVODSK ************************* *
I repeat that this is the sunniest and highest mountainous city of the Caucasian mineral waters.
stands at an altitude of 600 to 1200 meters above sea level
The city is surrounded by mountains, so it has a special microclimate. There are a lot of sunny, clear days, while the city does not have a stifling heat and such humidity as in Zheleznovodsk.
A large man-made park has been laid in Kislovodsk, they say that even the largest in Europe.
Each tree was planted by hand. But walking in the park it’s hard to believe, because it’s even scary to imagine how much time and effort it took to plant such a huge territory.
But we must pay tribute to those who worked on landscaping, the park came out great.
It is so pleasant to walk along the shady tuyu alleys, to sit under a majestic pine tree. Admire the Valley of Roses or count the steps from the Ladies Caprice bridge to the top of the mountain.
In Kislovodsk there is a huge number of sanatoriums and boarding houses, perhaps a great merit in this, that the city is the birthplace of the water of the Narts (heroes) - Narzan.
Like Essentuki, Narzans are known to many. In every supermarket he can see a green bottle with this name.
But I think that few people know that there are several types of narzan. They are even divided into groups.
1 group. Common narzan.
Group 2. Dolmite Narzan.
Group 3. Sulphated Narzan
There is a Narzan Gallery in Kislovodsk, where everyone can taste several types of Narzan. Moreover, each narzan has its own healing properties.
Unlike its brothers, Kislovodsk is famous for treating people with problems with the cardiovascular system.
And thanks to its climate, athletes from all over the country undergo rehabilitation and train here.
Indications for treatment in Kislovodsk:
diseases of the cardiovascular system:
Ischemic heart disease, hypertension stage I-II, cardiopathy, rheumatism, inactive phase, condition after prosthetic heart valves (after 3-4 months), condition after aorto-coronary bypass grafting, myocarditis, obliterating atherosclerosis of limb vessels without ulcers, obliterating with violation circulation, chronic venous insufficiency due to varicose veins, residual effects due to varicose veins, residual effects after phlebitis, thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities (not earlier than 2-4 months), post-thromboectomy syndrome.gynecological diseases:
Chronic salpingitis, sophoritis, endometritis, parametritis, pelvic adhesions of the peritoneum, ovarian dysfunction, infertility resulting from inflammatory diseases, climacteric syndrome.urological diseases:
Chronic prostatitis, chronic cystitis, non-tuberculous nature, impotence.respiratory diseases:
Chronic nonspecific lung diseases, bronchial asthma.diseases of the nervous system:
Cerebrovascular diseases: consequences of cerebrovascular accident (after 4-6). Diseases of the peripheral nervous system: osteochondrosis of the spine with radicular syndrome, condition after removal of a herniated disc, polyneuritis, neuritis. Diseases of the autonomic nervous system: polyneuritis, solaritis, sympathoganglionitis at the end of the acute perioddiseases of the digestive system:
Chronic gastritis, gastroduodenitis outside the exacerbation phase, duodenal ulcer in remission or fading exacerbation without a tendency to bleeding and penetration, chronic colitis, enterocolitis, chronic hepatitis, pancreatitis, of various etiologies without a tendency to frequent exacerbations in the remission phase.
diseases of the ear, throat, nose: Chronic pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis
Cons of Kislovodsk:
- Kislovodsk is a big city, and therefore, rest is accompanied by noise, exhaust of cars, crowds of people.
- Kislovodsk is the most "remote" city of KMV. The road to Pyatigorsk will take about an hour by train.
- Not everyone will like the steep climbs to the Upper Medical Park.
A pleasant resort atmosphere reigns in Kislovodsk. The city disposes to leisurely walks along the Olkhovka River, with visits to shops and cafes, where you can taste legendary local pastries.
It will also satisfy those who like active rest - excellent jogging tracks are laid in the Upper Park. In addition to running, you can rent a bike or just walk to the tops of the mountains.
HOW TO CHOOSE A CITY FOR RECREATION AND RECREATION?
I advise first of all to determine the profile of the treatment. The choice of a resort city will largely depend on this.
I also recommend that you familiarize yourself with the relief of the city. So, for example, Zheleznovodsk is beautiful in its nature, but, having difficulties with movement, rest will not bring joy. Once, while resting in Zheleznovodsk, I managed to twist my leg and everything became a torment for me: to reach the water in the park (4 km), to get to the medical building in the sanatorium (there are several hundred steps), even the distance to the dining room seemed like an endless track. Fortunately, the leg healed quickly and I began to run again, but this experience was enough to understand that only physically strong people can rest in Zheleznovodsk.
****************TIPS, INSTRUCTIONS, WISHES***************
Having chosen any of the cities of the Caucasian mineral waters for recreation, do not be lazy and go to the rest. You don't have to buy excursions to do this, just buy a train or minibus ticket. The trip will cost 300-400 rubles there and back, but you will know exactly which city is closer to you in spirit, in waters, in natural conditions.
Download the 2GIS map and city walks will become easier.
Always have a couple of plastic cups with you so you can taste the waters wherever you visit. It should be remembered that water is a medicine and you need to drink it carefully. in case of concern, it is better to consult a doctor.
Be sure to bring comfortable shoes with you. Even if you choose passive rest, you still have to walk to the pump rooms.
Mineral water has side effects. So, Essentuki cause swelling and many cannot get into shoes in the morning. And the waters of Zheleznovodsk have a diuretic effect.
LIRA MARKET
To visit the Lira market, you need to allocate half of the day, and preferably the first half of the day.
Market hours:
May - September: 5:00 - 17:00
October - April: 6:00 - 16:00
3rd Wednesday - cleaning day!
Take a notebook to the market or take notes on your phone. In which row and what did you see, because it is very easy to get confused in the rows.
The market has its own website where you can download a market map.
You can get to the market by public transport:
From Zheleznovodsk there are direct route taxis №134, 115
From Pyatigorsk from the Upper Market by minibus # 21A and # 11
*************************WHAT TO BRING WITH CMV?*************************
Traditionally, gifts from the Caucasus are brought spices, herbal teas.
But it is better to bring teas from excursions (Dombay, Elbrus).
Brought from the Caucasus and knitted things.
There are two good departments in Zheleznovodsk: near the mud baths at the entrance to the Healing Park, and on Lermontov Street (near the Palace of the Emir of Bukhara).
In Essentuki, near the new pump room.
A spontaneous market is being organized in Kislovodsk about Prospekt Mira.
You can buy high-quality knitwear at the Lira market.
You can also bring a good fur coat from your vacation, which will be two or three times cheaper than in stores across Russia. To do this, you can go to the fur (fur coat) market or go shopping or visit factories where free tours are organized.
You can also bring wine, knives, honey, paintings and traditional magnets.
**************************************************************************
I am often asked by my acquaintances, knowing my love for KMV: which city is the best?
And I usually answer:
"Now, if there was an electric train in Zheleznovodsk, and there was a city on the site of Kislovodsk, with the same number of sunny days, while" Essentuki four "flowed in it, and there was a Broadway, like in Pyatigorsk, where you can listen to local musicians and enjoy ice cream . This city would be the very best city of KMV. "
Each resort city is unique, not repeatable. Has its own advantages and disadvantages.
All the disadvantages described by me, of course, are subjective. Whatever city you find yourself in, it deserves to be called a mineral resort.
In the south of the Stavropol Territory, in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Range, there is amazing place- Caucasian Mineral Waters. This resort area is located at the junction of the Mineralovodskaya sloping plain and the northern slopes of the Caucasian Range, exactly in the middle between the Caspian and Black seas. On the one hand, the region is surrounded by snowy peaks, and on the other hand, by the arid Caspian steppes. All this creates a very valuable healing climate, appreciated at its true worth by balneologists and holidaymakers. It is interesting that the French Cote d'Azur and the Spanish Adriatic lie almost at the same latitude as the Caucasus Mineral Waters.
Usually Kavminvody is considered the agglomeration of the cities of Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk and Mineralnye Vody. Although geographically, KMV is much larger. Starting from the foot of Elbrus in the south and ending in the area of the city of Mineralnye Vody, the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters covers an area of more than five hundred thousand hectares.
Given this, the KMV region can be attributed to the middle mountains, because the maximum height above sea level reaches 2592 meters (Bermamyt plateau).
Conventionally, KMV can be divided into two climatic zones: southern and northern. The first will include Kislovodsk - there are more sunny days and there are almost no strong winds. This is a climate with pronounced features of the continental low mountains. Kislovodsk is located in a natural basin, surrounded on all sides by mountains that delay cloudiness. Thanks to this, the sun shines 300 days a year in Kislovodsk. It is one of the sunniest cities in the world.
Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk can be attributed to the northern part of the KMV, it is also very sunny and warm, but humidity and precipitation are higher. Although, quite often you can observe how it is raining in one of the resort cities, while in other cities it is clear and sunny. The weather can change several times a day. This happens very quickly. There is even a popular saying: "North Caucasus - keep your gloves in reserve."
Winters in the Caucasian Mineral Waters are warm; snow rarely lasts longer than ten days. Snow is less frequent in winter than rain. In autumn, the weather is often warm until the end of November. The proximity of the Greater Caucasus Range and the large number of green spaces soften the summer heat. Spring is usually early: in April-May, many residents and vacationers already start swimming in rivers and lakes.
The history of the resort
The first relatively accurate information about the mineral waters of the Caucasus appears in 1717, when Peter I gave the task of the physician-in-chief, Doctor Schober, to find and study the hot waters near the first Russian fortress of Terki, later called the Braguns. In his report, Schober described the sources in the lands of the Pyatigorsk Circassians, as the Kabardians were called earlier in Russia. From that moment on, the study of the medicinal properties of the Kavminvodsky mineral springs began. Unfortunately, after the death of Peter I, all undertakings on the development of the KMV resorts were stopped.
In 1780, the Constantinogorsk Fortress was founded at the foot of Mount Mashuk. The soldiers were the first to notice the healing properties of the hot springs of the future Pyatigorsk. The Academy of Sciences sends Doctor of Medicine Piotr Simon Pallas to research the mineral springs. He studied the medicinal properties of the waters for a year. In addition to the Pyatigorsk springs, Pallas also explored the Kislovodsk Narzan. He noted that water bursts out of the ground with great force and is capable of lifting a person bathing in it.
After the report of PS Pallas, the CMS region becomes famous. People come here for treatment from the most remote corners of Russia.
In 1803, Alexander I, with his rescript, assigned the resort status to the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Allocations are made for the arrangement and development of the resort. Despite government support, the resort is developing poorly. The hospitals are in disrepair. The aristocracy prefers to travel to foreign resorts. So, according to data for 1860, Russians spent about 160 million rubles in foreign resorts.
In order to remedy the situation, in 1861, the Caucasian Mineral Waters were leased to the entrepreneur Novoselsky, and then to A.M. Baykov. This did not give the desired results, and after two years the resort again returned to state control.
Resort development
In the sixties of the XIX century, research scientists Smirnov and Batalin carried out serious work to study the balneological features of the Caucasian resorts and mineral springs. The Geological Committee is being created to conduct a comprehensive study of the subsoil. The year 1893 was marked by the opening of a railway line connecting all the resort towns with the Vladikavkaz line. As a result, the resort is rapidly gaining popularity. By 1914, the number of holidaymakers increased more than 45 times. This year, Caucasian Mineral Waters was visited by over 100,000 people.
In 1919, the Kavminvodsky resorts received a certificate of protection and the status of "socially significant". The decree signed by V. I. Lenin saves the infrastructure from being plundered.
In 1920, the Balneological Institute was created in Pyatigorsk, which exists to this day. The Institute studies balneological factors in the treatment and prevention of various diseases.
During the Second World War, all the sanatoriums and boarding houses of the resort received the wounded.
Resort today
Today, there are about a hundred sanatoriums in the region, which are visited by more than seven hundred thousand people a year.
You can come to rest at any time of the year, but if you plan to come in the summer, it is better to think about purchasing tickets in advance. They say that in Soviet times in the summer in the cities of Kavminvod, the number of people in cities tripled at the expense of vacationers. Of course, this popularity is not only due to therapeutic factors. You won't be full of narzan alone. The region has a large number of cafes for every taste and color. Probably, only here you can taste dishes of a wide variety of peoples: Russian, Kabardian, Jewish, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Ossetian, Karachai, Armenian, Chinese, Japanese and even Vietnamese cuisine - choose, compare, evaluate. I am sure you will find something to your liking in each. And yet, try not to get confused in the various ways of cooking kebab and remember the main differences. After all, if you forget, you will have to repeat the entire course again, and the time of one voucher may not be enough.
If you are tired of culinary delights, then you should know: there is a place to get spiritual food on Kavminvody. Every city has a theater. In Pyatigorsk, this is the Stavropol State Regional Operetta (previously it was called the Theater of Musical Comedy). In Yessentuki, this is the F.I. Shalyapin Concert Hall. In Kislovodsk, I recommend visiting the Philharmonic. This is one of the oldest concert institutions in Russia. In the Pyatigorsk park named after Kirov, in addition to attractions, there is also a concert venue "Kamerton". And there are so many 3D cinemas that there is no point in listing them here.
In any of the resort cities of KMV, there are numerous bowling and billiard halls at your service, as well as nightclubs with discos until the morning.
In addition to attractions on the KMV, tourists are offered more than a hundred different excursions, both one-day and several days. The excursion routes are very diverse: here you can find Honey Falls, Arkhyz, the ancient city of Magas (where the most ancient Christian churches in Russia are located), a trout farm and mountain skiing, a permafrost cave or the Second Athos Monastery. You can't count everything. It is very difficult to choose excursions "on the go". Therefore, it is best to first read about them in advance, see reviews, photos and make a choice.
Each self-respecting Kavminvoda resort town has its own park, at least one lake and picturesque therapeutic terrenkurs.
Terrencourt: from the French terrain - the area and the German Kur - treatment, a method of spa treatment, involving dosed loads in the form of walking.
These places are saturated not only with real history, but also with literary history. The bronze Kisa Vorobyaninov is still begging for alms near the Gukasov coffee shop, which is opposite the Lermontov Gallery, and his partner Ostap-Suleiman-Berta-Maria-Bender Bay is still selling tickets near that very Proval.
Photos KMV
There are 17 unique laccolithic mountains on Kavminvody 1, each mountain has its own legend and special charm. Be sure to visit at least one of them. If you are unable to climb on foot, then to the Temple of Air (Kislovodsk) and to the top of Mashuka (Pyatigorsk) cable car... The Pyatigorsk lift is considered the fastest in Europe. In clear weather, panoramas of the Greater Caucasus Range open up from there, which you will never forget. They say that it is worth coming to the Caucasian Mineral Waters only for the sake of the views from there. Or you can take off from the ground on a paraglider and enjoy the panorama and the feeling of free flight.
You will definitely like it here. Arriving in the summer, you will definitely want to return: admire the mountains in autumn colors or wander through the snow-covered parks. Here, at any time of the year, you can improve your health and find something to do.
1 Mountain laccolith- can be considered as a "failed volcano", since the magma could not escape outward and only lifted the upper layer of sedimentary rocks, solidified under it in the form of a dome or hemisphere, often mushroom-like outlines. (Geographical encyclopedia).
Beautiful video about the Caucasian Mineral Waters
As some of the most worthy and great Russian writers and poets would say: "He who did not breathe the mountainous Caucasian air did not live ..".
In this article we will tell you about the Caucasian Mineral Waters. What is good about this resort of the Caucasus and what is unique in Min. waters.
The Caucasus is not just mountains, gorgeous nature, springs, springs, eagles over gorges, vipers on mountain roads between the placers of rhododendrons, the Caucasus is a special spirit, a special culture, this is not found anywhere else, harsh, wild, proud, very beautiful, in some places a virgin region.
Caucasian Mineral Waters is a group of federal resorts in the Stavropol Territory, a specially protected ecological resort region of the Russian Federation.
South of the European part of Russia. The resort includes cities and territories:
“The region-agglomeration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, which has an area of more than 500 thousand hectares (5.3 thousand square kilometers), is located on the territory of three constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the boundaries of the district of mountain-sanitary protection:
in the Stavropol Territory - the cities and resort cities of Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody (including the resort of Kumagorsk and the resort area of Naguta), Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, as well as the regions of Georgievsky, Mineralovodsky and Predgorny proper, - 58% of the total area of the region;
in Kabardino-Balkaria - Zolsky district - 9% (curative mud from Lake Tambukan, Valley of Narzanov and others);
in Karachay-Cherkessia - Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts, - 33% of the territory (zone of formation of mineral springs) ".
The location of the resort is, to put it mildly, gorgeous:
“The region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian Range, just a couple of tens of kilometers from Elbrus. Another here seems to be the earth, to others - the sky.
From afar, motionless white clouds are visible, which, when approached, turn out to be the snowy peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. The southern borders of the region are the foothills of Elbrus, the valley of the Khasaut and Malka rivers; in the west - the upper reaches of the Eshkakona and Podkumka rivers; the northern border of the region is the city of Mineralnye Vody, behind which the steppe expanses of the Ciscaucasia begin. "
Very close to the Stavropol Territory famous resorts Krasnodar Territory, Sochi:
"In the west and south-west, the Stavropol Territory borders on the Krasnodar Territory, in the north-west with Rostov region, in the north and north-east with Kalmykia, in the east with Dagestan, in the south-east with the Chechen Republic, in the south with North Ossetia-Alania, the Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkarian republics ”.
About the resorts Caucasian Mineral Waters in the video:
There are many sources of mineral waters in the Caucasian Mineral Waters, because it is not easy that the region is named that way. The name of the most important city - Essentuki - appears on the bottles medicinal water, known to everyone for a couple of decades.
And the water really has medicinal properties, unlike the products with which store shelves are clogged.
In addition, there are many springs, waterfalls, salt and mud springs in the region.
The resort has existed since the beginning of the 18th century, more precisely, the first mention of it dates from this time. All forces were directed to the arrangement of the region, so in the 20th century the resort became the largest in Russia, and the most healing one.
Most famous cities and the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters:
Kumagorsk
Nagutsk
Zheleznovodsk
Pyatigorsk
Essentuki
Kislovodsk
Kislovodsk the highest mountain resort, it is located at an altitude of 817-1063 m above sea level, the lowest mountain point of Kislovodsk is 750 m above sea level, and the highest is 1409 m (on the Big Saddle in Kislovodsk Park).
“Kislovodsk is located in the south of the Stavropol Territory, practically on the border with Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria, 65 km from Mount Elbrus.
The city is located in a small and cozy picturesque valley surrounded by the slopes of the Main Caucasian ridge and formed by the gorges of two confluent rivers - Olkhovka and Berezovka, flowing into the Podkumok river. The length of the valley from south-east to north-west is about 7 km. "
The weather is almost always good here:“The climate of the KavMinVod region has long been highly appreciated by balneologists and has been successfully used as a therapeutic factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with the large number of sunny days - in Kislovodsk only 37-40 days a year there is no sun.
It is relatively dry here, humid air masses from the Black Sea do not reach here - they are retained by the Main Caucasian ridge ”.
« By the number of sunny days, Kislovodsk is not inferior to the best resorts the world. On average, the number of clear days in Kislovodsk is about 150 per year, while in Pyatigorsk - 98, in Zheleznovodsk - 112, and in Yessentuki - 117. The number of cloudy days is also small - an average of 61 days per year.
The air in Kislovodsk is always clean, mostly dry and invigorating. Kislovodsk stands out among other KavMinVod resorts for its mostly quiet weather, without strong winds and low humidity in winter, which fluctuates from 56 to 70% during the day, which has a beneficial effect on the health of the resort guests. "
In January, it was 18 degrees Celsius, subzero temperatures reached 20 degrees, but much more often the temperature at this time of the year is around zero or "slightly minus". The hottest months are July, August, the temperature, depending on the location near or in the distance of mountains, snow gorges, from 4-5 degrees Celsius to 37 degrees of heat.
All the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters are primarily medicinal, but Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk are especially. After Sochi, Kislovodsk is the second city in terms of the number of health resorts and sanatoriums.
A third of all medical institutions in the region are located here. In Kislovodsk there is a source of the famous acidic mineral water - Narzan.
Built on the site of a former fortress, the city is now replete with green spaces and orchards, in terms of numbers - a very small town: 130 thousand people.
Most of the health resorts in Kislovodsk have a medical profile for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, nervous diseases and respiratory organs.
In addition to health resorts, mineral springs and other beauties of the city, one of the most striking attractions is the Kurortny Park, its area is 948 hectares, which is comparable to the huge city parks in Europe and the world.
“The park is located on both sides of the Olkhovka River and contains over 250 species of trees and shrubs, including cedar, fir, birch, pine, spruce, black walnut, Chinese paulownia, cork tree, etc. More 800 species of herbaceous plants.
There are nurseries of ornamental plants and greenhouses in the park. More than 80 varieties of abundantly blooming roses have been planted at the Roses Platform and in the Valley of Roses. Squirrels have acclimatized in the park, trustingly taking food from the hands of people, different kinds birds.
The natural monument is Krasnye Kamni, which emerge in several places of the park and represent sandstones with a red-brown color and various forms weathering ".
There is a path for therapeutic walking in the park - terrenkur. And in Kislovodsk itself there are several dozen large and popular sanatoriums.
Despite the fact that resorts and cities are located close to each other, the atmosphere in them is completely different. So, in Zheleznovodsk there is a different air, a slightly different climate - compared to the rest of the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
"Zheleznovodsk is the most dynamically developing resort of Kavminvod. In 2003 he was awarded the title " Best city Russia ”among small towns.
The climate here is mountain-forest, similar to the climate of the Middle Alps. Long-term meteorological observations made it possible to classify it as a mountain-forest mid-mountain alpine, moderately dry.
The air is saturated with oxygen and forest phytoncides. Moderately hot summers with cool nights, a large number of sunny days with mild refreshing winds, winters are not cold. "
The population of Zheleznovodsk is only about 25 thousand people, however, despite the small number of inhabitants, the city is truly a pearl not only among the resorts of the Stavropol Territory, but throughout Russia.
Yes, there are few residents, and many times more guests: for example, health resorts (about two dozen sanatoriums) of Zheleznovodsk can receive up to 80 thousand tourists. The direction of treatment is mainly - diseases of the digestive system, kidneys, metabolic disorders.
Over 20 sources of mineral water and several mud.
Pyatigorsk more, so to speak, "amazed by industrialization" than the small number of townspeople and remote cities of Stavropol. There are about 145 thousand inhabitants in Pyatigorsk, industry, trade, and the scientific sphere are well developed.
“Within the city are Mashuk Mountain (993.7 m, with a 112-meter TV broadcast tower installed on it) and its spurs.
The climate in Pyatigorsk is characterized by mild winters and hot summers. Thanks to a large number water resources and a mild climate, the city has picturesque reservoirs, forest belts and parks.
The resort area, rich in underground mineral water sources, is relatively poor in surface water resources.
The tourist infrastructure of the resort town of Pyatigorsk includes:
More than 30 health resorts and sanatoriums. More than 200 thousand people visit them annually (225-250 thousand people a year in 16 sanatoriums and 7 boarding houses - in the second half - late 1980s);
43 travel companies and organizations;
17 hotels;
The city and Pyatigorye have colossal tourism potential and have the right to compete with the leading European resorts and balneological health resorts ”.
There are many museums, theaters, historical monuments, libraries, beautiful places in Pyatigorsk. There are parks and fountains in the city.
“The surrounding mountains are adorned with natural forests in which mighty oaks and snow-white birches, honey maples and lindens grow, and in autumn cornelian cherry, hawthorn, wild rose, barberry and mountain ash turn red with berries.
Due to the proximity of the city, the fauna is not so diverse, but tourists are invariably delighted with squirrels, which can be found even in small squares in the very center of the city. Swans swim in the Kirov Park pond in summer. "
The population is about 105 thousand people, many health resorts, more than 20 mineral springs, the main direction of treatment is "diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and metabolism."
Festivals, cultural events are held in Essentuki, there are a lot of cultural institutions.
The resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters have just such a name for a reason: the main attraction and the main treasure of the region are the mineral water springs. And if someone was not here, then everyone drank mineral water.
In 2000, almost 500 thousand people rested here and recovered their health.
The program "Genius of the Place" tells about the sights of the Caucasian Mineral Waters:
Caucasian Mineral Waters in the first places in popularity among Russians among Russian resorts:
"The Association of Tour Operators of Russia (ATOR) has analyzed the most popular destinations domestic tourism in the summer of 2014, the resorts of the Krasnodar Territory (Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse) were on the first line of the rating, Crimea was on the second line, on the third, fourth and fifth lines are the Caucasian Mineral Waters, gold ring and Karelia, respectively, Baikal took the sixth position ”.
