People who lived not far from ancient Carthage, the inhabitants of the city called the word "afri". From the Phoenician word afar means "dust", and this name is attributed to this language. When the Romans conquered Carthage, they named this province Africa. Later, they began to call the regions that were known on this continent. And then the whole continent.
Another version says that the word has roots of the Berber word ifri, i.e. cave. This meant the cave dwellers, the Afri people. Also a Muslim province called "Ifrikiya", which later arose in this place, also had the same root in the name.
I. Efremov, a famous writer and scientist, believed that the word "Africa" has roots in ancient language Ta-Kem ("Afros" - foamy country, Egypt). This is due to the fact that during the approach to the mainland in the Mediterranean Sea, several currents collide.
Etymology of the names of physical and geographical objects in Africa
Gulf of aden... Gulf of the Indian Ocean. The name was given to the city of Aden in the south of the Arabian Peninsula. According to one version, the toponym is based on the Arabic root meaning "settledness". According to another interpretation, the name was formed by a term from the ancient Semitic-Hamitic languages edinu - plain, steppe, which clearly reflects natural features.
Azores... Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. Belongs to Portugal. Called by the Portuguese Ilhas dos Azores - "Hawk Islands" for the abundance of these birds off the coast and on the archipelago.
Amirant Islands... Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. Discovered by the expedition of Admiral Vasco to Gama and named in his honor llhas de Almitante - "Admiral's islands".
Augrabis.Waterfall on the river. Orange. The name comes from the Hottentot aukrebis - "big noise".
Ahaggar.Mountain range in Central Sahara. The name comes from the name of the Tuareg tribe Kel-Akhaggar. The ethnonym is apparently based on the Arabic term "akhgar" - a cave, i.e. "ahaggar" - "cave dwellers", "cave spirits".
Bab el-Mandeb strait... Separates Africa and the southwest of the Arabian Peninsula. The name comes from the Arabic words "bab" - gate, "mandib" - tears, that is. means "gate of tears". The toponym-metaphor reflects the difficult navigation conditions in the strait.
White Nile.The name of the middle course of the Nile before the confluence of the Goluboy. The Arabic name of the Bahr el-Abyad river is "white river". In the opinion of those skilled in the art, the term "white" refers either to the cloudy color of water or to an unknown color orientation.
Benguela current... Cold current in the Atlantic Ocean. The name is given for the city of Benguela in Angola: in one of the Bantu languages benguela is "the land of reeds".
Benue.Left tributary of the river. Niger. The name comes from the Batta language, where be - "water", nue - "mother", i.e. means"mother of waters"
Bioko.Island in the Gulf of Guinea. The Portuguese, having discovered Bioko, called it Formosa - "Beautiful" for the abundance of lush vegetation and the presence fresh water... Later, the island was called Fernando Po in honor of the Portuguese discoverer, and in the 70s of the XX century - Macias Nguema Biogo in honor of the President of Equatorial Guinea. Bioko is a modified name, so it is difficult to call the true meaning.
Vaal... River, right tributary of the river. Orange, The name was given by the Dutch Borax colonists for the color of the water: vaal - "muddy", "gray". The toponym is included in the name of one of the provinces of South Africa - Transvaal - "behind Vaal".
Wadi, waddah... The general name of the channels of temporary watercourses in North Africa, filled with water only during the rainy season. The Arabic geographic term "wadi", "wadd" - dry bed, valley.
Weld.The name of the arid plateau in southern Africa. In Dutch and Afrikaans (Afrikaans), veld is a popular geographic term meaning "field".
Victoria.Lake in East Africa, the largest on the mainland. Unlike the Victoria Falls, named by D. Livingston in honor of the Queen of Great Britain, the name of Lake Victoria was given by the traveler D. Speak. Therefore, at present, in the young African countries located on the shores of the lake, other names are proposed: Umoja - "unity", Uhuru - "freedom", Shirikisho - "unification", Uhuru na Umoja - the state motto of Tanzania, inscribed on the coat of arms of the state.
Victoria.Waterfall on the river. Zambezi. Discovered by the outstanding English traveler David Livingston and named after the Queen of Great Britain. Locals call the waterfall Mosi-oa-Tunya - "thundering smoke", or Seongo - "place of the rainbow".
Virunga.Volcanic mountains in East Africa. The name in the language of the Nyoro people means "volcano".
Volta.River in West Africa. The name Rio-da-Volta - "the river of return" was given by the Portuguese, because in the XV century. their ships stopped at the mouth of the river before returning to their homeland. In Ghana on the river. Volta has created a reservoir of the same name - one of the largest in the world (8480 km 2 ).
Guardafui.Cape in the east of the Somali Peninsula. Scientists believe that the name is derived from the Portuguese word guardafu, distorted by the Arabs, meaning "beware", which is associated with dangerous navigation conditions. There has long been a legend that, as if at the very eastern end of the Somali peninsula, there is a magnetic mountain, which attracts the iron parts of ships approaching it. As a result, the ships, approaching it, crashed on the rocks. In fact, this is the narrowest shelf zone. At strong wind, high waves, poor visibility, ships were often carried to the peninsula, and they crashed on the coastal reefs. The word "guardafui" was a warning to sailors who sailed past this promontory.
Gulf of Guinea.Gulf of the Atlantic Ocean off the western coast of Africa. Named for the historical and geographical region of Guinea, washed by it. There are several versions of the origin of the toponym Guinea. According to one of them, the name is based on the name of the Berber tribe Kinava (the Arab scholar Ibn Yakut in the 13th century mentioned the region of Kinava). Another point of view is based on the fact that the toponym is formed by the Berber words "agvinau" - "black" or "iguaven" - "dumb" (i.e. not language proficient Berbers) and belonged to the territory inhabited by black tribes. Later, Europeans distorted the original word in Gunua, Ginua, and finally in Guinea.
Strait of Gibraltar.Separates Africa from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. Named for the rock of Gibraltar on the European side of the strait. The modern form of the name of the rock arose as a result of the centuries-old use and transformation of the primary Arabic Jebel el-Tariq - "Mount Tariq".
Blue Nile.The largest tributary of the Nile. In Ethiopia, the river is called Abbay - “the father of waters, and in the Arab countries Bahr el-Azrak -“ blue river. ”The color name, according to some scholars, reflects the color of the water in the river carrying bluish silt.
Good Hope ... Cape in southern Africa. Discovered in 1488 by the Portuguese navigator B. Dias and named Cabo Tormentoso - "Cape of Tempests". King João II of Portugal did not like the name and, at his behest, the cape was renamed Cabo da Vona Esperanza - "Cape of Good Hope", meaning the hope of reaching a fabulously rich and attractive India for Europeans. Some historians believe that in B. Diash immediately named the cape by the name of Good Hope, and the above version is only a historical legend. However, it is impossible to prove or refute this hypothesis due to the lack of sources contemporary to Dias' voyage.
Dragon mountains... Located in South Africa. It is assumed that the mountains are named after one of the European colonizers of the Drakenstein harrow. Etymologically, the surname consists of two words: draken - "dragon", stein - "stone".
Zambezi.River in South Africa. Previously, the name of the river was conveyed on maps in a variety of ways; Ambezi, Luambezi, Liambey, etc. According to modern place names, the primary form of the name is Ambezi (or Ambey), which in the local Bantu languages means "big river". The same meaning has the name of the river in the middle course in the Tonga language - Murongo-Mucuri, which is a tracing of the main toponym.
Zanzibar.An island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa. The toponym comes from the Persian, the term "bar" - "coast", "edge" and the ethnonym "zinj", based on the Arabic or Persian "zang", "zeng" - "black". Zinji is the collective name for the Negroid tribes of East Africa in medieval Muslim literature.
Cape Verde.Located on the peninsula of the same name to the east of Cape Almadi. It was named Cabo Verde by the Portuguese D. Dias in 1445 - "Cape Verde", tk. was the first land covered by tropical flora seen by sailors, in stark contrast to the sands of the Sahara.
Cape Verde Island.Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. Named after m. Zeleny, opposite which it is located. The transfer of the name of the islands into other languages is accepted in the form of translation, in contrast to the name of the state located on them.
Needle.Cape, the southernmost tip of Africa. Discovered in 1488 by B. Dias and named by him Cabo Sao Brandao - Cape of St. Brandan, because the opening took place on the day of this saint. However, the name was soon changed, and the cape was mapped under the name Agulhas - Agulary. The word agulha in Portuguese means "needle", "arrow". Modern toponymists see the Portuguese metaphorical term agulha as the basis of the name in the meaning of "peak", "summit". Based on this, the toponym is interpreted as "cape of peaks", and the reason is a rocky cape.
Go-Amin-Dada; Edward.Lake in East Africa. Opened in the 19th century. and named Edward after the Crown Prince of Great Britain. In 1971, President Idi Amin Dada came to power in Uganda, and the lake was named after him. To this day, both names have survived for the reservoir.
Canary Islands.Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. Belongs to Spain. The islands were known in ancient times under the Latin name Insulas Fortunatae. The Spaniards who visited the archipelago at the beginning of the 15th century called them islas Canarias - "dog islands". According to one version, the sailors saw a large number of dogs on the shores of the islands, which was the reason for the appearance of the toponym. According to another version, the archipelago was named after the main island of Gran Canaria. and the island - according to the fabulous country of Canaria, mentioned in medieval European legends.
Kenya.Volcanic massif in East Africa. Toponymists see the Masai term "kee-niyya" - "white mountain" as the basis of the toponym, which is associated with the presence of glaciers and snow on the top of the mountain.
Livingstone waterfalls... Located in the lower reaches of the river. Congo (Zaire). Named after the outstanding explorer of Africa, Scottish by origin, D. Livingston.
Limpopo.River in South Africa. The etymology of the name is unknown. The Dutch Boer colonists called the river Crocodil River - "Crocodile River" for the abundance of these reptiles in its waters.
MadeiraArchipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. Belongs to Portugal. The Portuguese called Maderia - Forest, because was indeed covered with forests, later completely cut down. The earliest names for the archipelago: among the Carthaginians Al-Agnam - "island of goats" (for the abundance of these animals), among the Romans Insulae Purpurinae - "islands of purple" (for the paint obtained there).
Niger... River in West Africa. The name is a distorted by the Portuguese and other Europeans the Berber name of the river H "Egiren -" river. "In different parts of the course it has different names in local languages: in the upper reaches of the Djolib -" big water "; in the middle and lower Kuara -" river ", Issa Bari - “great river”; Mayo - “river.” The explanation of the name from the word niger in the meaning of “black” from European languages is considered incorrect by modern toponymists.
Nile.The longest river in Africa. The oldest form of the name of the river Aur is "hidden" (that is, with an unknown source). The Egyptians called her Hapi after the god of fertility and harvest. Modern Arabs call the river El-Bahr - "river". The toponym Nile in the form of Neilos was first encountered by the ancient Greeks. The Romans borrowed it as Nilus. According to one of the versions, the toponym is based on the ancient Semitic term "nagal" - "river", modified by the Greeks. According to another version, the Greeks borrowed the word lil - "water" from the Libyan tribes, distorting it into nil. Philologists note the possibility of such a transformation.
Nubian desert... Located in northeastern Africa. Named for the historical region of Nubia, located between the Nile rapids. The toponym is based on the ancient Egyptian word "nuba" - "gold". In ancient times, the largest mines were located here, from where gold came to the palace of the pharaohs.
Orange.River in South Africa. Hottentots called her Kai Garib - Big river, Dutch settlers Boers Groat River with the same meaning. At all times, people often gave names to objects (rivers, lakes) by the color of the water or the coast. But the name of the Orange River has nothing to do with color. This name was given to her by settlers from the Netherlands (Holland) Boers in honor of the princes of Orange - the then rulers of the Netherlands. With someone's light hand, and perhaps through transformation, the name Orange turned into Orange.
Sao Tome.Island in the Gulf of Guinea. Opened by the Portuguese on the day of St. Thomas (Thomas) and named Sao Tome in his honor.
Somalia.Peninsula in the east of Africa. Named after the people of Somalia, who live in most of it. The ethnonym comes from the Cushite languages and means "dark", which is associated with the color of the skin of the people. Ptolemy (II century) called the peninsula the Southern Horn (now the Horn of Africa is sometimes found). The cold current in the Indian Ocean, the Somali, is named for the peninsula.
Tristan da Cu'ña.Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. Discovered by the Portuguese navigator Tristan da Cunha and named after him.
Africa is a part of the world with an area with islands of 30.3 million km 2, this is the second place after Eurasia, 6% of the entire surface of our planet and 20% of the land.
Geographical position
Africa is located in the Northern and Eastern Hemisphere (most of it), a small part in the Southern and Western. Like all large fragments of the ancient mainland of Gondwana, it has massive outlines, large peninsulas and deep bays are absent. The length of the continent from north to south is 8 thousand km, from west to east - 7.5 thousand km. In the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, in the northeast by the Red Sea in the southeast by the Indian Ocean, in the west - Atlantic Ocean... Africa is separated from Asia by the Suez Canal, and from Europe by the Strait of Gibraltar.
Main geographic characteristics
Africa lies on an ancient platform, which determines its flat surface, which in some places is cut by deep river valleys. On the coast of the mainland there are few lowlands, the north-west is the location of the Atlas Mountains, Northern part, almost completely occupied by the Sahara Desert, - the Ahaggar and Tibetsi highlands, the east - the Ethiopian Highlands, the southeast - the East African Plateau, the extreme south - the Cape and Drakenshi Mountains. The highest point in Africa is Kilimanjaro Volcano (5895 m, Masai Plateau), the lowest is 157 meters below sea level in Lake Assal. Along the Red Sea, in the Ethiopian Highlands and to the mouth of the Zambezi River, there is the world's largest fault in the earth's crust, which is characterized by frequent seismic activity.
Rivers flow through Africa: Congo (Central Africa), Niger (West Africa), Limpopo, Orange, Zambezi (South Africa), as well as one of the deepest and longest rivers in the world - the Nile (6852 km), flowing from the south to north (its origins are on the East African Plateau, and it flows into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a delta). The rivers are rich in water exclusively in the equatorial zone, due to the large amount of precipitation there, most of them are distinguished by high flow rates, have many rapids and waterfalls. In lithospheric faults filled with water, lakes formed - Nyasa, Tanganyika, the largest freshwater lake Africa and the second in area after Lake Superior (North America) - Victoria (its area is 68.8 thousand km 2, length 337 km, max depth - 83 m), the largest saline closed lake- Chad (its area is 1.35 thousand km 2, located on the southern edge of the greatest Sahara desert in the world).
Due to the location of Africa between two tropical zones, it is characterized by high total indicators of solar radiation, which gives the right to call Africa the hottest continent of the Earth (the highest temperature on our planet was recorded in 1922 in El-Azizia (Libya) - + 58 С 0 in the shadow).
On the territory of Africa, such natural zones are distinguished as evergreen equatorial forests (the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, the Congo depression), in the north and south, turning into mixed deciduous-evergreen forests, then there is a natural zone of savannas and woodlands, extending to Sudan, East and South Africa, to Sevres and southern Africa, savannas are replaced by semi-deserts and deserts (Sahara, Kalahari. Namib). In the southeastern part of Africa there is a small zone of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains - a zone of rigid-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Natural areas mountains and plateaus are subject to the laws of altitudinal zonality.
African countries
The territory of Africa is divided between 62 countries, 54 are independent, sovereign states, 10 dependent territories belonging to Spain, Portugal, Great Britain and France, the rest are unrecognized, self-proclaimed states - Galmudug, Puntland, Somaliland, the Sahara Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). For a long time, the countries of Asia were foreign colonies of various European states and gained independence only by the middle of the last century. Depending on the geographic location Africa is divided into five regions such as North, Central, West, East and South Africa.
List of countries in Africa
Nature
Mountains and plains of Africa
Most of the African continent is plain. There are mountain systems, highlands and plateaus. They are presented:
- The Atlas Mountains in the northwestern part of the continent;
- the highlands of Tibesti and Ahaggar in the Sahara desert;
- The Ethiopian Highlands in the eastern part of the mainland;
- Drakensberg mountains in the south.
The highest point in the country is Kilimanjaro Volcano, 5,895 m high, belonging to the East African Plateau in the southeastern part of the mainland ...
Deserts and savannahs
The largest desert zone of the African continent is located in the northern part. This is the Sahara Desert. On the southwestern side of the continent is another smaller desert, the Namib, and from it inland to the east is the Kalahari Desert.
The savannah territory occupies the main part of Central Africa. In area, it is much larger than the northern and southern parts of the mainland. The territory is characterized by the presence of pastures typical of savannahs, low shrubs and trees. The height of herbaceous vegetation varies depending on the amount of precipitation. These can be practically desert savannas or tall-grass, with a grass cover from 1 to 5 m in height ...
The rivers
The longest river in the world, the Nile, is located on the territory of the African continent. The direction of its flow is from south to north.
The list of major water systems mainland, Limpopo, Zambezi and the Orange River, as well as the Congo, which flows through Central Africa.
On the Zambezi River, there is the famous Victoria Falls, 120 meters high and 1,800 meters wide ...
Lakes
The list of large lakes on the African continent includes Lake Victoria, which is the world's second largest freshwater body of water. Its depth reaches 80 m, and its area is 68,000 square kilometers. Two more large lakes continent: Tanganyika and Nyasa. They are located in the fractures of lithospheric plates.
There is Lake Chad on the territory of Africa, which is one of the world's largest closed relict lakes that have no connection with the world's oceans ...
Seas and oceans
The African continent is washed by the waters of two oceans at once: the Indian and the Atlantic. Also on its shores are the Red and Mediterranean Seas. On the side of the Atlantic Ocean in the southwestern part of the waters form the deep Gulf of Guinea.
Despite the location of the African continent, coastal waters are cool. This is influenced by the cold currents of the Atlantic Ocean: the Canary in the north and the Bengal in the southwest. The currents from the Indian Ocean are warm. The largest are Mozambique, in the northern waters, and Igolnoye, in the southern ...
Forests of africa
Forests from the entire territory of the African continent make up a little more than a quarter. There are subtropical forests growing on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains and the valleys of the ridge. Here you can find a stone oak, pistachio, strawberry tree, etc. High in the mountains, conifers grow, represented by Aleppo pine, Atlas cedar, juniper and other types of trees.
Closer to the coast there are forests of cork oak, in the tropical region there are evergreen equatorial plants, for example, mahogany, sandalwood, ebony, etc.
Nature, plants and animals of Africa
The vegetation of the equatorial forests is diverse, about 1000 species of various types of trees grow here: ficus, ceiba, wine tree, oil palm, wine palm, banana palm, tree ferns, sandalwood, mahogany, rubber trees, Liberian coffee tree, etc. ... It is home to many species of animals, rodents, birds and insects that live right in the trees. Live on earth: bush-eared pigs, leopards, African deer - a relative of the okapi giraffe, large apes - gorillas ...
Savannahs occupy 40% of Africa's territory, which are huge steppe areas covered with forbs, low, thorny shrubs, milkweed, and free standing trees (treelike acacias, baobabs).
There is the largest concentration of such large animals as: rhino, giraffe, elephant, hippo, zebra, buffalo, hyena, lion, leopard, cheetah, jackal, crocodile, hyena dog. The most numerous animals of the savannah are such herbivores as: bubal (antelope family), giraffe, impala or black-footed antelope, various types of gazelles (Thomson, Grant), blue wildebeest, in some places there are still rare springbok antelopes.
The vegetation of deserts and semi-deserts is characterized by poverty and unpretentiousness, these are small thorny shrubs, separately growing bunches of grasses. The oases are home to the unique Erg Chebbi date palm, as well as drought and salt tolerant plants. In the Namib Desert, unique plants grow velvichia and bun, the fruits of which feed on porcupines, elephants and other animals of the desert.
Of the animals, various species of antelopes and gazelles live here, adapted to the hot climate and able to travel great distances in search of food, there are many species of rodents, snakes, and turtles. Lizards. Among mammals: spotted hyena, common jackal, maned ram, Cape hare, Ethiopian hedgehog, Dorcas gazelle, saber-horned antelope, Anubis baboon, wild Nubian donkey, cheetah, jackal, fox, mouflon, there are constantly living and migratory birds.
Climatic conditions
Seasons, weather and climate of African countries
The central part of Africa, through which the equator line passes, is in an area of low pressure and receives sufficient moisture, the territories north and south of the equator are located in the subequatorial climatic zone, this is a zone of seasonal (monsoon) moisture and arid desert climate. The extreme north and south are in the subtropical climatic zone, the south receives precipitation brought by air masses from the Indian Ocean, the Kalahari Desert is located here, the north is the minimum amount of precipitation due to the formation of a high pressure area and the peculiarities of the trade wind movement, the largest desert in the world is the Sahara, where the amount precipitation is minimal, in some areas it does not fall at all ...
Resources
Natural resources of Africa
In terms of water resources, Africa is considered one of the poorest continents in the world. The average annual volume of water is only enough to meet the priority needs, but this does not apply to all regions.
Land resources are represented by areas of significant area with fertile lands. Only 20% of all possible land is cultivated. The reason for this is the lack of adequate water volume, soil erosion, etc.
The forests of Africa are a source of timber, including valuable species. The countries in which they grow, raw materials are sent for export. Resources are being used unwisely and ecosystems are gradually being destroyed.
There are mineral deposits in the bowels of Africa. Among those exported: gold, diamonds, uranium, phosphorus, manganese ores. There are significant reserves of oil and natural gas.
Energy-intensive resources are widely represented on the continent, but they are not used due to the lack of proper investment ...
Among the developed industrial spheres of the countries of the African continent, one can note:
- the mining industry, which sends mineral raw materials and fuels for export;
- the oil refining industry, distributed mainly in South Africa and North Africa;
- the chemical industry specializing in the production of mineral fertilizers;
- as well as the metallurgical and engineering industries.
Main products Agriculture are cocoa beans, coffee, corn, rice and wheat. Oil palm is grown in tropical regions of Africa.
Fishing is developed insignificantly and constitutes only 1 - 2% of the total volume of agriculture. Livestock indicators are also not high and the reason for this is the infection of livestock with tsetse flies ...
The culture
The peoples of Africa: culture and traditions
About 8000 peoples live on the territory of 62 African countries and ethnic groups, which in total is about 1.1 billion people. Africa is considered the cradle and ancestral home of human civilization, it was here that the remains of ancient primates (hominids) were found, which, according to scientists, are considered the ancestors of humans.
Most of the peoples in Africa can number as many as several thousand people, and several hundred, living in one or two villages. 90% of the population are representatives of 120 peoples, their number is more than 1 million people, 2/3 of them are peoples with a population of more than 5 million people, 1/3 are peoples with a population of more than 10 million people (this is 50% of the total population of Africa) are Arabs , Hausa, Fulbe, Yoruba, Igbo, Amhara, Oromo, Rwanda, Malagasy, Zulus ...
There are two historical and ethnographic provinces: North African (predominance of the Indo-European race) and Tropical-African (the majority of the population is a Negroid race), it is divided into such areas as:
- West africa... Peoples speaking the languages Mande (Susu, Maninka, Mende, Vai), Chad (Hausa), Nilo-Saharan (Songhai, Kanuri, Tubu, Zagawa, Mawa, etc.), Niger-Congolese languages (Yoruba, Igbo, Bini, nupe, gbari, igala and idoma, ibibio, efik, kambari, birom and jukun, etc.);
- Equatorial africa... Inhabited by Buanto-speaking peoples: Douala, Fang, Bubi (Fernandians), Mpongwe, Teke, Mboshi, Ngala, Como, Mongo, Tetela, Cuba, Congo, Ambundu, Ovimbundu, Chokwe, Luena, Tonga, Pygmies, etc .;
- South Africa... Rebellious peoples, and speaking the Khoisan languages: Bushmen and Hottentots;
- East africa... Bantu, Nilot and Sudanese groups;
- Northeast africa... Peoples speaking Ethiosemitic (Amhara, Tiger, Tiger.), Kushite (Oromo, Somalis, Sidamo, Agau, Afar, Konso, etc.) and Omotic languages (Ometo, Gimirra, etc.);
- Madagascar... Malagasy and Creoles.
In the North African province, the main peoples are the Arabs and Berbers, belonging to the southern European minor race, mainly professing Sunni Islam. There is also an ethno-religious group of Copts who are direct descendants of the Ancient Egyptians, they are Christians-Monophysites.
S. I. RUNKOV
NATURAL EARTH OBJECTS. AFRICA:
GEOGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE AND METHODS
Saransk 2010
AFRICA
Cape
NEEDLE
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RAS-HAFUN
Hafun, a cape on the Somali Peninsula, the easternmost point of the African continent (10 ° 26 "N and 51 ° 23" E).
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BAYS AND BAYS
CIDRA (LARGE SIRT)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image021_0.jpg "align =" left "width =" 106 "height =" 83 src = "> Cider (East Great Sirte) - large bay Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Libya, depth up to 1374m, width up to 465km (at the entrance to the bay).
GABES
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Gabes is a gulf of the Mediterranean Sea off the northern coast of Africa, in ancient times it was called Small Sirte. Washes the territory of Tunisia. It stretches over 100 km and has a depth of about 50 m. Djerba Island is located in the southern part of the entrance to the bay, and Kerkenna Island is located in the northern part.
TUNISIAN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image029.jpg "align =" left "width =" 232 "height =" 96 src = "> The Gulf of Tunis is a large gulf of the Mediterranean Sea off the northern coast of Africa, it washes the territory of Tunisia On the southern coast of the gulf, where the capital of Carthage was formerly located, the city of Tunisia is now located.
GUINEAN
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Gulf of Guinea is a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Equatorial Africa. It juts out into land between Capes Palmas in the northwest (Liberia) and Palmeirinhas (Angola) in the southeast. The constituent parts of the Gulf of Guinea are the bays of Benin (in the north) and Biafra (in the east).
BENIN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image034.jpg "align =" left "width =" 131 "height =" 102 src = "> Benin is a bay in the Atlantic Ocean on the southern coast of West Africa, an integral part of the Gulf of Guinea, stretching 640 km east from Cape St. Paul (Ghana) to the mouth of the Niger River, the waters of the Benin Gulf wash the coasts of Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria.
BIAFRA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image037_1.jpg "align =" left "width =" 104 "height =" 81 src = "> Biafra is a bay in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the Gulf of Guinea. Water The gulfs are washed by the coasts of Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Giveni and Gabon.
ADENSKY
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The Gulf of Aden is part of the Arabian Sea of the Indian Ocean. Length 890km. The northern coast of the gulf is the Arabian Peninsula (state of Yemen). The southern and western shores of the Gulf make up the African continent (states of Somalia and Djibouti). In the west, the Tajura Bay is distinguished, in the southeast, the bay is separated from the rest of the Indian Ocean by the Socotra Islands (Yemen). The bay is connected to the Red Sea by the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
STRAITS
GIBRALTAR
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image042.jpg "align =" left "width =" 148 "height =" 102 src = "> The Strait of Gibraltar is an international strait between the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula and the north - the western coast of Africa, connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, 65 km long, 14-44 km wide.
BAB EL MANDEB
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image045.gif "align =" left "width =" 186 "height =" 165 src = "> Bab al-Mandeb Strait - the strait between the south-west the tip of the Arabian Peninsula (the state of Yemen) and Africa (the states of Djibouti and Eritrea). Connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden of the Arabian Sea. The smallest width is 26.5 km, the smallest depth in the fairway is 182 m.
MOZAMBICAN
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OCEAN CURRENTS
CANARY
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image051_0.jpg "align =" left "width =" 172 "height =" 161 src = "> Canary current - cold and, subsequently, moderately warm sea current in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean The Canary Current draws most of its water from the Azores and Portuguese currents, as well as rising from the depths and rich in minerals.It first flows in the south and southwest direction along the northwest coast of Africa and past the Canary Islands ...
BENGEL
MOZAMBIKSKY
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https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image065.jpg "align =" left "width =" 294 "height =" 198 src = "> The Amirant Islands are an archipelago in the western Indian Ocean to the north east of Madagascar, about 300 km southwest of Seychelles, part of the Republic of Seychelles, covering an area of 83 square kilometers.
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Ascension Island is a volcanic island located in the Atlantic Ocean 1600 km west of the African coast. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, from which it is located 1287 kilometers to the northwest. CANARY
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GREEN CAPE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image076.jpg "align =" left "width =" 100 "height =" 76 src = ">. jpg" align = "left" width = "100 "height =" 76 src = "> Islands Cape Verde are a cluster of 10 large and 8 small islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal, divided into the Leeward and Windward groups.
Madeira
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image081.gif "align =" left "width =" 142 "height =" 172 src = "> Employees" href = "/ text / category / sluzhashie / "rel =" bookmark "> seabird havens - Desertas Islands and Selvagens Islands.
ST. ELENA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image084.jpg "align =" left "width =" 98 "height =" 69 src = "> 148" height = "40" style = "vertical- align: top "> Saint Helena is located in the Atlantic Ocean 2800 km west of Africa and belongs to Great Britain. Also, Saint Helena is an overseas possession of Great Britain, which, in addition to the island of Saint Helena itself, includes the Ascension Islands and the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, as well as small islets and rocks.
COMOR
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image088.jpg "align =" left "width =" 208 "height =" 88 src = "> Comoros, Union of the Comoros (SKO) on the archipelago -vov (Anjuan (Njuani) - 424 sq. km, Grand Comore (Ngazidzha) - 1146 sq. km, Mayotte (Maore), Moheli Island state off the southeast coast of Africa. Located in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean between the east coast of Africa and northwestern Madagascar.
Seychelles
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image091.jpg "align =" left "width =" 89 "height =" 100 src = "> Republic Seychelles - Island state in the western part of the Indian Ocean, slightly south of the equator, about 1600 km east of the African mainland, north of Madagascar. The republic includes more than 100 islands and islets, only 33 are inhabited. big Island- Mahe (142 sq. Km.). On it is the capital of the state - Victoria. Other large islands are Silhouette, Praslin, La Digue.
MASKAREN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image093.jpg "align =" left "width =" 124 "height =" 84 src = ">. gif" width = "43" height = "137 "> PEMBA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image098.jpg "align =" left "width =" 100 "height =" 76 src = "> Pemba, a coral island in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa , separated from the mainland by the Strait of Pemba. Area 984 sq. km. Part of Tanzania. Height up to 99 m. Equatorial-monsoon climate. Precipitation up to 1000 mm per year. Clove and coconut trees are cultivated.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image102.jpg "align =" left "width =" 132 "height =" 89 src = "> Zanzibar is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Tanzania, which The largest islands are Pemba and Unguja, also commonly called Zanzibar.
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Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, located in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa, separated from it by the Mozambique Channel. The area of the island is 590 thousand sq. km. Length - about 1600 km, width - over 600 km. The state of the Republic of Madagascar is located on the island.
SOCOTRA
Socotra is a small archipelago of six islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia, about 350 km south of the Arabian Peninsula.
Gulf of Guinea
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image116.jpg "align =" left "width =" 184 "height =" 116 src = "> The largest islands are Bioko, Sao Tome, Principe, Annobon. Bioko is an island in the Gulf of Biafra (part of the Gulf of Guinea) of the Atlantic Ocean, the largest of the islands belonging to the Equatorial
Guinea; ocean.
PENINSULA
SOMALIA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image118.jpg "align =" left "width =" 125 "height =" 107 src = "> Somalia (Horn of Africa) is a peninsula in the east of the African continent. From the north it is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Aden, from the east - by the Indian Ocean.The territory of the peninsula is part of the state of Somalia, partly - part of Ethiopia.
RIVERS
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image120.gif "width =" 97 "height =" 59 "> NILE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image123.jpg "align =" left "width =" 92 "height =" 63 src = "> The Nile is a river in Africa, one of the two longest rivers in the world.The river originates in the East African Plateau and flows into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a delta.In the upper reaches, it receives large tributaries - Bahr el-Ghazal (left) and Achva, SOBAT, Blue Nile and Atbara (right). Below the mouth of the right tributary of the Atbara, the Nile flows through a semi-desert, having no tributaries for the last 3000 km. The length of the Nile (with Kagera) is about 6700 km (the most commonly used figure is 6671 km), but from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean Sea it is about 5600 km. The basin area, according to various sources, is 2.8-3.4 million square meters. km. (fully or partially covers the territories of Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan and Egypt).
ATBARA
Atbara (Arabic Bahr el-Aswad) is a river in Africa (in Sudan and Ethiopia), the right tributary of the Nile (flowing into the Nile River near the city of Atbara in Sudan). The source is located near Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It flows mainly over the Sudanese plateau.
BLUE NIL
The Blue Nile is much shorter than the White Nile, but it plays a much larger role in the formation of the Nile regime below Khartoum. The Blue Nile originates from the Abyssinian Highlands, flowing from Lake Tana.
WHITE NIL
Below Sobata, the river receives the name White Nile (Bahr el-Abyad), leaves behind an area of marshes, and then quietly flows in a wide valley through a semi-desert area to Khartoum, where it merges with the Blue Nile. From here to the Mediterranean Sea, the river is called the Nile (El-Bahr). The distance from Khartoum to the Nimule gorge is approximately 1800 km; to Lake Victoria - about 3700 km.
KAGERA
Kagera - a river in East Africa, flows through the territory of Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, as well as partly along the borders between them. It is the longest tributary of the Nile. Formed at the confluence of the rivers Nyavarongo and Ruvuvu near Lake Rweru, from where its length to the mouth is 420 km; if we count from the source of the Rukarara River, which is located in Burundi near the northern edge of Lake Tanganyika and is the most distant point of the Kagera river system from the mouth, then its length is about 800 km.
CONGO
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image130.gif "width =" 13 "height =" 62 "> Lualaba is the local name for the upper reaches of the Congo River, described by foreign researchers as the main tributary of the Congo. It flows from the source on the Shaba plateau to Stanley Falls in the Congo. The length is about 2100 km. A hydroelectric power station was built in the upper rapids. In the middle reaches, the river is navigable (644 km).
LUAPULA
The upper reaches of the "href =" / text / category / verhovmze / "rel =" bookmark "> the upper reaches of the Congo River). Some researchers consider it the main source of the Congo River (Zaire). The length (from the Chambeshi source) is over 1500 km, the basin area is 265.3 thousand sq. km It originates south of Lake Tanganyika, flows into Lake Bangweulu in several branches, then flows through Lake Mweru, below which it is called Luvua.
LOVUA
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LUKUGA
CROWBAR
Lomami is a river in Africa, on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the left tributary of the Congo. The length is 1,450 km, the area of the basin is about 110,000 sq. km. The river originates on the Katanga plateau, flows to the north, forming numerous waterfalls and rapids.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image139.jpg "align =" left "width =" 256 "height =" 255 src = "> UBANG
Ubangi, a river in Central Africa, the largest right tributary of the river. Congo (Zaire); flows along the borders of the Republic of Zaire with the Central African Republic and People's Republic Congo. Formed by the merger of the river. Node and Mbomu. The length from the source of the Knot is about 2300 km (according to other data, about 2500 km), the basin area is 772.8 thousand square meters. km.
Kwango
Kwango River in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Kwango River is a left tributary of the Kassai River. Its length is 1,100 kilometers. The sources are located in the highlands of central Angola, the river flows mainly to the north. In its middle reaches, the Kwango forms the state border between Angola and Congo, overcomes the Shute Tembo waterfall, then flows through the territory of the Congo and below the city of Bandundu flows into Kasai.
Kasai
Kasai, the river to the Center. Africa, the largest left tributary of the river. Congo, the runoff is 20% of the Congo runoff. Length 2153 km, basin area 880.2 thousand sq. km. It originates from the Lund plateau, descends from its northern slope forming picturesque rapids and waterfalls; separates Angola and Congo. The main tributaries on the right are Lulua, Sankuru, Fimi-Lukenie, on the left - Kwango.
RUFIGI
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image145.gif "align =" left "width =" 208 "height =" 165 src = "> Rufiji is a river in Tanzania. The river is formed at the confluence of the Kilombero rivers and Luwegu, originating in the mountains east of Lake Nyasa (Malawi). The length is about 600 km, the source is in the southwestern part of Tanzania. In the upper reaches, a typical mountain river. Below the Shuguli falls, it flows through the lowlands in a wide valley. It flows into the Indian Ocean. near Mafia Island, about 200 km south of Dar es Salaam, with a basin area of 178,000 sq km, the main tributary being the Great Ruaha.
RUVUMA
Interstate structures "href =" / text / category / mezhgosudarstvennie_strukturi / "rel =" bookmark "> between the states of Tanzania and Mozambique. Length is about 800 km, basin area is 145 thousand sq. Km. It originates in the mountains to the east of the lake Nyasa (Malawi) flows into the Indian Ocean, the largest tributary is the Luzhenda River (right).
ZAMBEZI
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image149.gif "width =" 125 "height =" 55 "> The Zambezi is the fourth longest river in Africa. The basin area is 1 sq. km, the length is 2,574 km The source of the river is in Zambia, the river flows through Angola, along the border of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, to Mozambique, where it flows into the Indian Ocean.
QUANDO
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image152.gif "width =" 172 "height =" 38 "> Luangwa
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image154.gif "width =" 100 "height =" 31 "> LIMPOPO
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image156.jpg "align =" left "width =" 220 "height =" 162 src = "> Limpopo is a river in South Africa. It flows through the territory of South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique Originates on the slopes of the Witwatersrand, flows into the Indian Ocean River length 1600 km, basin area sq. Km Large tributaries: Shashe, Ulyphants, Shangan.
ORANGE
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Shari, a river in Central Africa (CAI, the Republic of Chad and along the border of the latter with Cameroon). Formed by the merger of the river. Ouam and Gribingi; flows into the lake. Chad. The length, according to various sources, is 1400-1500 km (from the source of the Uam River), the basin area is about 700 thousand square meters. km.
NIGER
The Niger is the most important river in West Africa. The length is 4 180 km, the area of the pool is 2 118 thousand sq. km, the third in these parameters in Africa after the Nile and Congo. The source is in Guinea, then the river flows through Mali, Niger, along the border of Benin, then flows through Nigeria and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. The main tributaries of the Niger: Milo, Bani (right); Sokoto, Kaduna and Benue (left).
BENUE
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Senegal is a river in West Africa and forms the natural border between the states of Senegal and Mauritania. The length of the river is about 1970 km. The river basin area is 419,575 sq. km. The main tributaries are Falem, Karakoro and Gorgol.
GAMBIA
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LAKES
VICTORIA
Victoria is a lake in East Africa, in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Located in the tectonic trough of the East African platform, at an altitude of 1134 m. The area is 68.870 thousand square meters. km, length 320 km, maximum width 275 km. The high-water Kagera river flows in, the Victoria-Nile river flows out. The northern coast of the lake crosses the equator.
RUDOLF
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https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image180.gif "width =" 78 "height =" 58 "> Kyoga is a large shallow lake, more precisely a complex of lakes, in Uganda, with an area of about 1720 sq. km, Located 914m above sea level, the White Nile flows into Kyogu on its way from Lake Victoria to Lake Albert.
SLEEVE
Rookva, closed shallow water salt Lake in East Africa, in the southwest. Tanzania. Lies in a tectonic depression at an altitude of 792m.
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NYASA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image188.jpg "align =" left "width =" 220 "height =" 112 src = "> Malawi (Nyasa) is a lake in Central-East Africa. The lake runs from north to south, length 560 km, depth 706 m.
BANGWEULU
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.jpg "align =" left "width =" 148 "height =" 132 src = "> Mweru is a fresh mountain lake on the border of Zambia and DR Congo. Located at an altitude of 917m above sea level southwest of Lake Tanganyika. Maximum length 110 km, width 45 km, depth up to 27 m Navigable Bream and tilapia are found in the lake Described by David Livingstone.
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.gif "width =" 275 "height =" 34 "> TANA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image201.jpg "align =" left "width =" 315 "height =" 78 src = "> Tana, Tsana, Dembea, a lake in Ethiopia, in Ethiopian highlands, at an altitude of 1830 m. Length 75 km, width up to 70 km. Area 3100-3600 sq. km. Depth up to 70 m.
CHAD
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image204.jpg "align =" left "width =" 127 "height =" 86 src = "> The surface of the lake is not constant: usually occupying about 27 thousand square meters km, the lake in the rainy season overflows up to 50 thousand, and in the dry season - shrinks to 11 thousand square kilometers. from the east - the shallow Bar-el-Ghazal.
ASSAL
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image206.jpg "align =" left "width =" 122 "height =" 100 src = ">" Livingstone Falls "- a system of rapids and rapids in the lower course Congo Rivers, located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in western equatorial Africa Named for the Scottish explorer Livingstone, the "waterfall" system is a 350 km long rapids with a total dip of 270 m.
VICTORIA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image208.jpg "align =" left "width =" 122 height = 94 "height =" 94 "> STANLEY Stanley waterfalls, waterfalls in the upper reaches of the river. Congo (Zaire), between Ubundu and Kisangani, on the territory of the Republic of Zaire. 7 significant rapids, separated by stretches, at a distance of about 150 km; the total fall is about 40m.
MERCISON
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Atlas Mountains, mountain system all in. Africa; to the west. parts of Morocco - three parallel. chains: middle (Vys. Atlas or Idrar-in-Deren with the peak of Jebel-Ayashi. 4500 m., southern Anti-A. and north. Er-Rif; in Algeria and Tunisia, two chains: on S. Mal. Atlas or Tell , to the south of the Big Atlas (2300m.), between them the plateau of the Shots (1100m.).
SUGAR ATLAS
Sahara Atlas, a system of mountain ranges and massifs in the south. mountainous country Atlas within Algeria. Height 1200-1500 m, individual peaks over 2000 m (Mount Aisa up to 2336 m).
ANTIATLAS
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image223.jpg "align =" left "width =" 124 "height =" 89 src = "> Ethiopian (Abyssinian) highlands - mountain system in the north-east Africa in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and in the north of Somalia Average height m The highest point is Mount Ras Dashen 4533 m, the fourth highest in Africa.
MITUMBA, MOUNTAINS
Mitumba, a mountain range in the center. h. East African plateau, in the southeast. and V. Congo (formerly Zaire). It is composed of young volcanic and ancient crystalline rocks. Length from north to south apprx. 400km, height up to 3305m. Flat tops at several levels predominate. North. part of the ridge extends along a tectonic depression occupied by lakes Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika.
DRAGON MOUNTAINS
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CAPSE MOUNTAINS
Cape Mountains, mountains in southern Africa, in South Africa, between Port Elizabeth in the east and the mouth of the river. Olifants in the west. The length is about 800 km. Consist of several parallel ridges. The average height is 1500m, the highest is 2326m.
RAS-DASHAN, MOUNTAIN
Ras Dashan, the most high peak in the Semien Mountains in the Ethiopian Highlands. Height 4620m.
KENYA
Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second highest mountain in Africa (after Kilimanjaro). The highest peaks are Batianm), Nelionm) and Point Lenanam). The mountain is located in the central part of the country, just south of the equator, 150 km north-north-east of Nairobi.
KILIMANJARO, VOLCANO
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image234.jpg "align =" left "width =" 173 "height =" 120 src = "> Somalia is a plateau bordered in the southeast and north by coastal Lowlands Rivers - Jubba, Webi-Shebeli Most of the territory - desert.
DARFUR, PLATO
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High plateaus is the common name for intermontane semi-desert plateaus in the Atlas. Height m in the west, 700-800m in the east. Located between the Tel Atlas ridges in the north and the Sahara Atlas in the south.
POTS-VESSELS
BODELE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image241.jpg "align =" left "width =" 115 "height =" 80 src = "> Qattara is a waterless depression in Egypt in the north of the Libyan desert in Africa .Area, sq. Km.
KALAHARI
Kalahari, a depression in the central part of South Africa, coinciding with the eponymous syneclise of the African Platform. Located in Angola, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. The area is about 630 thousand square meters. km.
DESERT
ARABIAN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image243.gif "width =" 44 "height =" 70 "> 
Arabian Desert, northeast h. Sahara (Egypt) between the Nile valley and the ridge. Etbay, stretching along the Red Sea. In the south (at 22 ° N lat.) It passes into the Nubian Desert. The plateaus descend from east to west to the Nile Valley from 1000 to 200 m, and are intensively dissected by valleys with dry channels (wadis).
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image246.jpg "align =" left "width =" 149 "height =" 114 src = "> NUBIAN
Nubian Desert, in Africa, mostly on the territory of Sudan, between the r. The Nile and the Red Sea, from which it is separated by the Etbay Ridge.
LIBYAN
Libyan Desert, a desert in Africa, northeastern Sahara, west of the river. Nile, within the eastern part of Libya, the western part of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the northern part of the Sudan. The area is about 2 million sq. km.
Africa Objects of geographic nomenclature. Grade 7 Authors-compilers: Team "Astyr" (Astyrovskaya secondary school), team "Researchers" (school 118), team "Seeker" (Siberian secondary school), team "Positiff" (Sherbakulskaya secondary school 1), organizers of the project "Fascinating toponymy"
List of objects of the nomenclature of the Sea: Mediterranean, Red.MediterraneanRed Gulfs: Guinean, Aden.Guinean Straits of Aden: Gibraltar, Bab-el-Mandeb, Mozambique, Suez Canal. Gibraltarian Bab-el-Mandeb Mozambique Canal Suezar Canal Somalia Landforms: mountains: Atlas, Drakonov, Cape; The East African Plateau, the Ethiopian Highlands; volcanoes: Kilimanjaro, Kenya. Atlas Dragon Cape
Red Sea The sea of the Indian Ocean, between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The name is associated with the color orientation of the peoples of the East, according to which the southern side was indicated in red. For the ancient Assyria and Babylon, the entire western part of the Indian Ocean, which was called Rubrugi, was located in the south. "Red Sea". Content
Strait of Gibraltar The strait between the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Among the Phoenicians it was known as the "Pillars of Hercules". In the VIII century. the rock on the shore of the strait began to be called in Spanish Hibraltar - "Mount Tariq", and in Russian - Gibraltar. In honor of her, the name of the strait. Content
The Orange River in South Africa flows into the Atlantic Ocean. He surveyed the river and mapped it in 1777 - 1779. Scottish officer R. Gordon. He also appropriated the name in honor of the Dutch Oran dynasty - "Orange River", but the Dutch oranje also means "orange". Therefore, when translating the name into Russian, a mistake was made. This name stuck in Russia. Content
The second largest continent on planet Earth is the continent of Africa. The first in size is the continent of Eurasia. There is also a part of the world, which is also called Africa. This article will look at Africa as the mainland of the planet.
In terms of its area, the size of Africa is 29.2 million km2 (with islands - 30.3 million km2), which is about 20% of the entire land surface of the planet. Mainland Africa washed by Mediterranean Sea on the north coast, West Coast it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south and east the continent is washed by the Indian Ocean, and the northeast coast is washed by the Red Sea. There are 62 states on the territory of Africa, of which 54 are independent states, and the population of the entire continent is about 1 billion people. By clicking on the link, you can see the full list of African countries in the table.
The size of Africa from north to south is 8000 kilometers, and when viewed from east to west, it is approximately 7,500 kilometers.
Extreme points on mainland Africa:
1) The most eastern point of the mainland is Cape Ras Khafun, which is located on the territory of the state of Somalia.
2) The northernmost point of this continent is Cape Blanco, which is located in the Tunisian Republic.
3) The westernmost point of the continent is Cape Almadi, which is located on the territory of the Republic of Senegal.
4) And, finally, the southernmost point of the continent of Africa is Cape Agulhas, which is located on the territory of the Republic of South Africa (South Africa).
Relief of africa
Most of the mainland is plain. The following forms of relief prevail: highlands, plateaus, stepped plains and plateaus. Conventionally, the mainland is divided into High Africa (where the heights of the mainland reach a size of over 1000 meters - the southeast of the mainland) and Low Africa (where heights reach a size mainly less than 1000 meters - the northwestern part).
The highest point on the mainland is Kilimanjaro Volcano, which reaches a height of 5895 meters above sea level. Also in the south of the mainland there are the Drakensberg and Cape Mountains, in the east of Africa there is the Ethiopian Highlands, and to the south of it is the East African Plateau, in the northwest of the continent are the Atlas Mountains.
In the north of the mainland is the largest desert on the planet - the Sahara, in the south is the Kalahari Desert, and in the southwest of the mainland there is the Namib Desert.
At the same time, the lowest point of the mainland is the bottom of the Assal salt lake, the depth of which reaches 157 meters below sea level.
Climate of Africa
The climate of Africa can be put in first place among all continents in terms of warmth. This is the hottest continent, since it is completely located in the hot climatic zones of planet Earth and is crossed by the equator line.
Central Africa is located in the equatorial belt. This belt is characterized by high precipitation and there is no change of seasons at all. To the south and north of the equatorial belt, there are subequatorial belts, which are characterized by a rainy season in summer and a dry season in winter with high air temperatures. If we follow further south and north after the subequatorial belts, then the northern and southern tropical belts follow, respectively. Such belts are characterized by low precipitation at rather high air temperatures, which leads to the formation of deserts.
Inland waters of Africa
The internal waters of Africa are uneven in structure, but at the same time vast and extended. On the mainland, the longest river is the Nile River (the length of its system reaches 6,852 km), and the Congo River is considered the deepest river (the length of its system reaches 4,374 km), which is famous for being the only river that crosses the equator twice.
There are also lakes on the mainland. Lake Victoria is considered the largest lake. The area of this lake is 68 thousand km2. The greatest depth in this lake reaches 80 m. The lake itself is the second largest freshwater lake on the planet Earth.
30% of the landmass of the continent of Africa is deserts, in which reservoirs can be temporary, that is, at times completely dry up. But at the same time, usually in such desert regions, groundwater can be observed, which is located in artesian basins.
Flora and fauna of Africa
Mainland Africa is famous for its diversity as flora and animal. The continent is home to humid tropical forests, which are replaced by woodlands and savannas. Mixed forests can also be found in the subtropical zone.
The most common plants in the forests of Africa are palm trees, ceiba, sundew and many others. But in the savannas, you can most often find thorny shrubs and small trees. The desert is distinguished by a small variety of plants growing in it. Most often these are grasses, shrubs or trees in oases. Many areas of the desert have no vegetation at all. A special plant in the desert is the amazing Velvichia plant, which can live for more than 1000 years, it releases 2 leaves that grow throughout the life of the plant and can reach a length of 3 meters.
Diverse in Africa and animal world... In the savannah areas, grass grows very quickly and well, which attracts many herbivorous animals (rodents, hares, gazelles, zebras, etc.), and, accordingly, predators that feed on herbivorous animals (leopards, lions, etc.).
The desert at first glance may seem uninhabited, but in fact there are many reptiles, insects, birds that hunt mainly at night.
Africa is famous for such animals as elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus, a wide variety of monkeys, zebras, leopards, sand cats, gazelles, crocodiles, parrots, antelopes, rhinos and much more. This continent is amazing and unique in its own way.
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