The Balkan Peninsula, or Balkans, is located in the southeastern part of Europe. It is washed by seven seas coastline strongly dissected. The northern border of the peninsula is considered to be the line from the Danube, Kupa, Sava rivers to the Kvarner Bay. There are countries here that are partially located on the peninsula. And there are those that are completely on its territory. But they are all somewhat similar, although each has its own flavor.
Balkan countries
- Albania - located in the west, completely located on the peninsula.
- Bulgaria - located in the east, completely located on the peninsula.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the center, completely located on the peninsula.
- Greece - located on the peninsula and nearby islands;
- Macedonia - located in the center, completely located on the peninsula.
- Montenegro - located in the west, completely located on the peninsula.
- Serbia - located in the center, partly located on the peninsula, partly in the Pannonian lowland.
- Croatia - located in the west, partly located on the peninsula.
- Slovenia is located in the north, completely located on the peninsula.
- Romania - located in the east, completely located on the peninsula.
- Turkey is partly located on the peninsula.
- Italy - occupies only a small - northern - part of the peninsula.
Geography of the area
As mentioned above, the coastline is very indented, there are bays. There are many small islands near the peninsula; Greece occupies a large part of them. The most dissected are the shores of the Aegean and Adriatic seas. For the most part, mountainous terrain prevails here.
A bit of history
The Balkan Peninsula was the first region in Europe to introduce agriculture. In ancient times, Macedonians, Greeks, Thracians and others lived on its territory. The Roman Empire managed to conquer most of the lands and bring their customs and traditions to them, but some of the nationalities did not abandon the Greek culture. In the sixth century, the first Slavic peoples came here.
During the Middle Ages, the Balkan Peninsula was often attacked by different states, since it was an important region and a transport artery. By the end of the Middle Ages, most of the territory was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
Conquest by the Ottoman Turks of the Balkan Peninsula
Beginning in 1320, the Turks began to regularly try to conquer certain territories, in 1357 they managed to completely subjugate the Gallipoli Island - it was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of the Balkan Peninsula by the Turks continued for many decades. In 1365 Thrace was captured, in 1396 the Ottoman Empire managed to conquer the entire Vidin kingdom and lands up to the Balkan mountains. In 1371, the Turks switched to Serbian lands, in 1389, after a long confrontation, the Serbs had to surrender.
Gradually, the border of the Ottoman Empire moved to Hungary. The Hungarian king Sigismund decided that he would not surrender and invited other European monarchs to gather to fight against the invaders. The Pope, French troops and many more the mighty of the world this. It was decided to declare crusade against the Turkish invaders, but this did not bring much success, the Turks absolutely defeated all the crusaders.
The power of the Turks has weakened. It seemed that the Balkan Peninsula was returning to normal life. The power of Tamerlane frightened the Ottoman Empire. The Serbian prince decided to regain control over the occupied territories, and he succeeded. Belgrade became the capital of Serbia, but in the middle of the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Empire decided to regain its position. Already at the beginning of the twentieth century. the countries of the Balkan Peninsula decided to completely get rid of the influence of the Turks. In 1912, the War of Independence began, which ended successfully for the Balkans, but the First World War soon began. In the 90s of the last century, Yugoslavia split into a number of states that exist to this day (one of them - Kosovo - partially recognized).
Color beckons
All states of the Balkan Peninsula are diverse. They have come a long way of development. They were conquered, many battles took place here, they suffered from invasions. For many centuries these countries were not free, but now, once here, one cannot fail to notice the spirit of freedom. Beautiful landscapes, miraculously preserved attractions and an excellent climate - all this attracts many tourists to these places, where everyone manages to find something special: someone goes to the beach, and someone to the mountains, but everyone remains fascinated by these countries.
Nature
The shores
Minerals
Balkan Peninsula. origin of name
The modern name of the Balkan Peninsula comes from the names of the mountains of the same name, which in turn go back to the tour. Balkan "big, high Mountain chain overgrown with forests ", chag. Balkan"Mountain range". In antiquity, the Balkan Mountains were called ancient Greek. Αἶμος , lat. Haemus.
History reference
In the XIX century. the struggle of the Balkan peoples for the establishment of independence flared up; c - as a result of the Balkan wars, the borders of Turkey on the territory of the peninsula moved to their modern borders. The First World War began in the Balkans, the immediate casus belli of which was the assassination of the Austrian heir Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
In the 1990s, the region was agitated by conflicts in the republics of the former Yugoslavia, which ended with the disintegration of the country into Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia and, partially recognized, Kosovo.
see also
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Notes (edit)
Literature
- // Military encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. VF Novitsky [and others]. - SPb. ; [M.]: Type. t-va I.V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
- Murzaev E. M. Dictionary of folk geographical terms... 1st ed. - M., Thought, 1984.
- Murzaev E. M. Turkic place names. - M., Vost. lit., 1996.
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OceansExcerpt from the Balkan Peninsula
- What should I ask? General Armfeld proposed an excellent position with an open rear. Or the attack by von diesem italienischen Herrn, sehr schon! [this Italian gentleman, very good! (German)] Or retreat. Auch gut. [Also good (German)] Why ask me? - he said. “After all, you yourself know everything better than me. - But when Volkonsky, frowning, said that he was asking his opinion on behalf of the sovereign, Pful stood up and, suddenly animated, began to say:- They ruined everything, confused everything, everyone wanted to know better than me, and now they came to me: how to fix it? There is nothing to correct. We must do everything exactly according to the reasons I have outlined, ”he said, knocking his bony fingers on the table. - What is the difficulty? Nonsense, Kinder spiel. [children's toys (German)] - He went up to the map and began to speak quickly, poking a dry finger on the map and proving that no chance can change the expediency of the Drissa camp, that everything is foreseen and that if the enemy really goes around, then the enemy must inevitably be destroyed.
Paulucci, who did not know German, began to ask him in French. Wolzogen came to the aid of his principal, who spoke poor French, and began to translate his words, barely keeping up with Pful, who quickly argued that everything, everything, not only what happened, but everything that could happen, everything was foreseen in his plan, and that if there were now difficulties, the only fault was that not everything was fulfilled exactly. He incessantly laughed ironically, argued, and finally, contemptuously abandoned proving how a mathematician abandons the task of verifying in various ways the once proven correctness of a problem. Wolzogen replaced him, continuing to expound his thoughts in French and occasionally saying to Pfuel: "Nicht wahr, Exellenz?" [Isn't it, your excellency? (German)] Pful, as in battle a heated man strikes his own people, angrily shouted at Wolzogen:
- Nun ja, was soll denn da noch expliziert werden? [Well, yes, what else is there to interpret? (German)] - Paulucci and Michaud in two voices attacked Wolzogen in French. Armfeld spoke to Pfuel in German. Tol explained in Russian to Prince Volkonsky. Prince Andrew listened and watched in silence.
Of all these persons, the embittered, decisive and stupidly self-confident Pful was the most excited to take part in Prince Andrei. He was one of all those present here, apparently, did not want anything for himself, did not harbor enmity towards anyone, and only wanted one thing - to put into action a plan drawn up according to the theory he had developed over the years. He was ridiculous, was unpleasant for his irony, but at the same time he inspired an involuntary respect for his boundless devotion to the idea. In addition, in all the speeches of all the speakers, with the exception of Pful, there was one common feature, which was not at the council of war in 1805 - it was now, although hidden, but panicky fear of the genius of Napoleon, a fear that was expressed in every objection. They assumed everything possible for Napoleon, they waited for him from all sides and his terrible name destroyed the assumptions of each other. Pfuel alone, it seemed, and he, Napoleon, considered the same barbarian, like all opponents of his theory. But, in addition to a sense of respect, Pful inspired Prince Andrei with a feeling of pity. From the tone with which the courtiers treated him, from what Pauluchi allowed himself to say to the emperor, but most importantly, from a somewhat desperate expression of Pful himself, it was clear that others knew and he himself felt that his fall was near. And, despite his self-confidence and German grumpy irony, he was pathetic with his slicked hair at the temples and tassels sticking out at the back of his head. Apparently, although he was hiding it under the guise of irritation and contempt, he was in despair because the only opportunity now to test on vast experience and prove to the whole world the correctness of his theory was eluding him.
The debate went on for a long time, and the longer it went on, the more disputes flared up, reaching shouts and personalities, and the less it was possible to draw any general conclusion from all that was said. Prince Andrew, listening to this multilingual dialect and these assumptions, plans and refutations and shouts, was only surprised at what they all said. Those thoughts, which had come to him for a long time during his military activity, that there is and cannot be any military science and therefore there can be no so-called military genius, now received for him a perfect evidence of the truth. “What theory and science could be in a matter in which the conditions and circumstances are unknown and cannot be determined, in which the strength of the war leaders can be even less determined? No one could and cannot know what the position of our and the enemy army will be in a day later, and no one can know what the strength of this or that detachment is. Sometimes, when there is no coward in front, who will shout: “We are cut off! - and will run, but there is a cheerful, brave man in front, who will shout: “Hurray! - a detachment of five thousand is worth thirty thousand, as at Shepgraben, and sometimes fifty thousand flee before eight, as at Austerlitz. What kind of science can there be in such a matter in which, as in any practical matter, nothing can be determined and everything depends on countless conditions, the meaning of which is determined in one minute, about which no one knows when it will come. Armfeld says that our army is cut off, and Paulucci says that we have put the French army between two fires; Michaud says that the inadequacy of the Drissa camp lies in the fact that the river is behind, and Pful says that this is his strength. Toll proposes one plan, Armfeld proposes another; and all are good and all are bad, and the benefits of any position can be evident only at the moment when the event takes place. And why does everyone say: a military genius? Is a genius the person who will have time to tell them to pick up the biscuits and walk to the right, to the left? Just because the military people are clothed with splendor and power and the masses of scoundrels flatter the authorities, giving it unusual qualities of a genius, they are called geniuses. On the contrary, the best generals I have known are stupid or absent-minded people. The best Bagration, - Napoleon himself admitted it. And Bonaparte himself! I remember his smug and narrow-minded face on the Austerlitz field. Not only genius and some special qualities are not needed by a good commander, but, on the contrary, he needs the absence of the best higher, human qualities - love, poetry, tenderness, philosophical inquiring doubt. He must be limited, firmly convinced that what he is doing is very important (otherwise he will not have the patience), and then only he will be a brave commander. God forbid, if he is a man, loves someone, regrets, thinks about what is fair and what is not. It is clear that from time immemorial the theory of geniuses was forged for them, because they are power. The merit in the success of military affairs does not depend on them, but on the person who shouts in the ranks: disappeared, or shouts: hurray! And only in these ranks can you serve with the confidence that you are useful! "
So Prince Andrew thought, listening to the talk, and woke up only when Paulucci called him and everyone was already leaving.
The next day, at the inspection, the sovereign asked Prince Andrei where he wanted to serve, and Prince Andrei lost himself forever in the court world, not asking to stay with the sovereign’s person, but asking permission to serve in the army.
Before the opening of the campaign, Rostov received a letter from his parents, in which, briefly informing him about Natasha's illness and the break with Prince Andrei (this breakup was explained to him by Natasha's refusal), they again asked him to resign and come home. Nikolai, having received this letter, did not try to ask for leave or resignation, but wrote to his parents that he was very sorry about Natasha's illness and breakup with her fiancé and that he would do everything possible to fulfill their desire. He wrote to Sonya separately.
“The adored friend of my soul,” he wrote. “Nothing but honor could keep me from returning to the village. But now, before the opening of the campaign, I would consider myself dishonorable not only to all comrades, but also to myself, if I preferred my happiness to my duty and love for the fatherland. But this is the last parting. Believe that immediately after the war, if I am alive and you love everything, I will drop everything and come to you in order to hold you forever to my fiery chest. "
Indeed, only the opening of the campaign delayed Rostov and prevented him from coming - as he had promised - and marrying Sonya. Autumn in Otradno with hunting and winter with Christmastide and love Sonya opened to him the prospect of quiet noble joys and tranquility, which he did not know before and which now beckoned him to him. “Glorious wife, children, a good flock of hounds, dashing ten or twelve packs of greyhounds, farm, neighbors, election service! He thought. But now there was a campaign, and it was necessary to stay in the regiment. And since it was necessary, Nikolai Rostov, by his nature, was also pleased with the life he led in the regiment, and managed to make this life pleasant for himself.
Arriving from vacation, joyfully greeted by his comrades, Nikolai sent for repairs and from Little Russia brought excellent horses that delighted him and earned him praise from his superiors. In his absence, he was promoted to captain, and when the regiment was put on martial law with an increased complement, he again received his former squadron.
A campaign began, the regiment was moved to Poland, a double salary was given, new officers, new people, horses arrived; and, most importantly, that excitedly cheerful mood, which accompanies the beginning of the war, spread; and Rostov, aware of his advantageous position in the regiment, all devoted himself to the pleasures and interests of military service, although he knew that sooner or later he would have to leave them.
The troops retreated from Vilna for various complex state, political and tactical reasons. Each step of the retreat was accompanied by a complex play of interests, conclusions and passions in the main headquarters. For the hussars of the Pavlograd regiment, this entire retreat campaign, at the best time of summer, with sufficient food, was the simplest and most fun thing to do. They could be discouraged, worried and intriguing in the main apartment, but in the deep army they did not ask themselves where, why they were going. If they regretted that they were retreating, it was only because it was necessary to leave the habitable apartment, from a pretty lady. If it even occurred to someone that things were bad, then, as a good military man, the one to whom it occurred, tried to be cheerful and not think about the general course of affairs, but to think about his immediate business. At first, they stood merrily near Vilna, making acquaintances with the Polish landowners and waiting and departing for reviews of the sovereign and other high commanders. Then the order came to retreat to the Sventsians and to destroy the provisions that could not be taken away. Sventsians were remembered by the hussars only because it was a drunken camp, as the whole army called the camp at Sventsyan, and because in Sventsiany there were many complaints about the troops for the fact that they, using the order to take food, took horses among the food, and carriages, and carpets from the Polish lords. Rostov remembered Sventsiany because on the first day of entering this place he changed the sergeant and could not cope with the drunken people of the squadron, who, without his knowledge, took away five barrels of old beer. From Sventsian they retreated further and further to Drissa, and again retreated from Drissa, already approaching the Russian borders.
Peninsula in Southern Europe. The area is about 505 thousand km2. Its greatest length from west to east is about 1,260 km, from north to south it is 950 km. Washed with the Z. Adriatic and Ionian seas, with V. Black, Marble, Bosphorus and Dardanelles, Aegean ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Balkan Peninsula- Balkan Peninsula. Rhodes island. View on ancient acropolis... BALKAN PENINSULA, in the south of Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, most of Greece, part of Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Croatia). Area 505 thousand ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
In the South. Europe. The name is from the oronym used in the past Balkan Mountains or Balkans (from Türk, balkan chain of steep mountains); now the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the peninsula has been preserved. Geographic names World: Toponymic Dictionary. ... ... Geographical encyclopedia
In the south of Europe. 505 thousand km & sup2. It juts out into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black seas. The northern border runs from the Hall of Trieste. to r. Sava and further along the Danube to the mouth. The shores are strong ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
In the south of Europe. 505 thousand km2. Juts out into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black seas. The northern border runs from the Gulf of Trieste to the river. Sava and further along the Danube to the mouth. The shores are strong ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
The southeastern tip of Europe, on which the European possessions of Turkey are located, the principality of Bulgaria, the kingdoms of Serbia and Greece and the regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina occupied by Austria according to the Berlin Treaty. See these articles. MAP OF THE BALKAN ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Balkan Peninsula- Balkan half island ... Russian spelling dictionary
Balkan Peninsula- in the South. Europe. The name is from the oronym used in the past Balkan Mountains or Balkans (from Türk, balkan chain of steep mountains); now the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the peninsula has survived ... Toponymic dictionary
Balkan theater of operations World War I ... Wikipedia
Books
- Slavic sword
- Slavic sword, F. Finzhgar. The novel by the Slovenian writer Franz Saleška Finjgar refers to that critical moment in the history of the Slavic tribes, when they, having crossed the Danube, poured into the Balkan Peninsula to ...
One of the striking features of this region is that it is incredibly contrasting. Many residents of Russia, which occupies a huge territory, find it difficult to understand how so many states managed to fit on one peninsula at once. And it's even more difficult to understand how they, so different, manage to get along with each other. After all, what countries do not lie on the Balkan Peninsula: Christian and Muslim, with beach and ski resorts, very different and at the same time very similar.
Albania
The republic is located in the western part. Among the countries that are located on the Balkan Peninsula, this is one of the smallest in terms of population. It is home to less than about 2.8 million people. The capital is Tirana. One of the less popular places among tourists, however, in recent years, the service has rapidly developed here.
Bulgaria
The state, located in the eastern part of the peninsula, occupies 22% of its area, has a population of more than 7 million people. The capital is Sofia. For many years, visa-free entry to this country was opened for Russians. Now, like for most other states, you can enter here from Russia with a Schengen visa. The country is popular as a beach resort.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
A tiny country in the western part of the peninsula with a population of approximately 3.5 million. The capital is Sarajevo. Great option for sightseeing rest in temperate climates.
Greece
One of the most popular tourist destinations in the region. This country is also one of the most densely populated among the Balkans - more than 10 million people. The capital is Athens.
Italy
One of the fashionable capitals of the world is also included in the list of countries located on the Balkan Peninsula. The population is over 60 million people. The capital is Rome. Not only shopping lovers, but also fans of beach or ski holidays strive here from all over the world.
Macedonia
The republic has a population of just over 2 million people. The capital is Skolye. This state has no outlet to the sea. But it boasts mighty mountains, beautiful lakes and ancient cities with amazing architecture.
Romania
According to the works of Bram Stoker and oral folk art, this country is the birthplace of Count Dracula. It is also a great option for a budget European vacation. This state is quite crowded in comparison with its neighbors on the peninsula. The population is slightly less than 20 million people. The capital is Bucharest.
Serbia
A small state with a population of just over 7 million people and the capital in the city of Belgrade. Located in the central part of the peninsula. There is a truly rich program for a tourist with any request - mountains, lakes, ancient architecture. Unless there is no sea.
Slovenia
Another tiny country with a population of just over 2 million people and the capital with a touching name is Ljubljana. It is located in the pre-Alpine part of the peninsula. Ski vacation here it is well developed and is much cheaper than in other countries with access to the Alps.
Turkey
Probably this is the most popular place rest of Russian tourists. The population of the country is about 80 million people. The bulk of the state's territory falls on the Anatolian Peninsula and Armenian highlands, and the Balkan Peninsula got the smaller one. However, this country can also be considered Balkan.
Croatia
The Balkan Peninsula (Balkans, in German Balkanhalbinsel) is actually "between Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea ”, the distance from end to end of the Balkan Peninsula is about 1400 kilometers. A wonderful map of the Balkan Peninsula, relief and states, is in Wikipedia.
See what the "Balkan Peninsula" is in other dictionaries:
In the mountainous expanses of the Balkan Peninsula, everything is, of course, European ... In the general cultural sense, the Balkans are all of the above without taking into account Turkey and Italy: the first is usually referred to Asia, the second to Southern Europe. From a tourist point of view, the Balkans is an ideally balanced region in terms of types of recreation.
The name is from the oronym used in the past Balkan Mountains or Balkans (from Türk, balkan chain of steep mountains); now the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the peninsula has been preserved. 505 thousand km2. Juts out into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black seas. See these articles. Ivan Asen II, Jesse Russell. Slavic sword, F. Finzhgar.
The Balkans as a Space of Problematic Supranational Identity
There is no geographical basis for the isolation of the Balkan Peninsula; The Balkans are an exclusively geopolitical category. During the years of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, in the geopolitical consciousness, the Balkan Peninsula was not yet clearly isolated as a geopolitical space. Until the Ottoman conquest, South-Eastern Europe was not a "civilizational periphery": the foundations of European culture were laid here, in the Balkans. This, in fact, is the area of concentration of a typical Balkan cultural landscape and a Balkan city. All three historical regions that make up today's Croatia - Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia - have strong ties with the civilizational traditions of Central and Western Europe. The definition of the Danube as the northern border of the Balkan Peninsula was supported by most scientists. The modern Turkish state occupies only 3.2% of the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. 4. The geographical position of the ethnic or state territory of a people on the Balkan Peninsula does not automatically mean belonging to the Balkan cultural identity.
The Balkan Peninsula narrows to the south and breaks up into rugged capes and island chains. Cities like Athens are full of reminders of the ancient Greek civilization that greatly influenced the development of the entire world. Tourists from all over the world come here every year.
5. The policy of Western states in the Balkans during the Eastern crisis. 5. Bismarck's attitude to the national liberation struggle of the Slavic peoples. The aim of the lesson is to analyze the causes and consequences of the Balkan wars of 1912-1913. The main sources are the texts of diplomatic documents. To be able to show on the map territorial changes in the Balkans (changes in the borders of Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia). It is necessary to have a good understanding of the course of the Second Balkan War and the changes in borders after the defeat of Bulgaria, which predetermined its future pro-German orientation.
In relation to ethnic composition The Balkans are among the most diverse places on the continent. In addition to ethnic and linguistic relations, the Balkan region is also quite diverse in terms of religion. In the past, the Balkans was a land of numerous conflicts that arose from large internal differences in the peninsula.
Unlike other Mediterranean countries, the Balkan country is less separated to the north from the mainland of Europe. The border between the Balkan and Alpine countries is drawn along the average January isotherm of +4 ... +5 0 C. At this temperature, evergreens are preserved. According to genetic and geomorphological characteristics, the mountains of the Balkan region are combined into two systems: the Dinaric west and the Thracian-Macedonian east. Peculiarities geographic location and the relief of the region determine the formation of three continental types of climate here: Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean and temperate. The Mediterranean climate itself is characteristic only of a relatively narrow strip of the western and south coast Balkan Peninsula.
The Balkan Peninsula is still one of the poorest and most economically backward parts in Europe. Integration processes are currently underway in the Balkans.
The northern border of the peninsula is considered to be a conditional line drawn along the Danube, Sava and Kupa rivers, and from the source of the latter to the Kvarner Strait. Geographical position, culture, science, Islam, politics, earthly aspirations and ambitions tear the Balkans between East and West. Faith - and moreover, only the Orthodox faith - lifts this peninsula over the East and West.
It seemed that the Balkan Peninsula was returning to normal life. Tamerlane's power frightened Ottoman Empire... Already at the beginning of the twentieth century. the countries of the Balkan Peninsula decided to completely get rid of the influence of the Turks. In the 90s of the last century, Yugoslavia split into a number of states that exist to this day (one of them - Kosovo - partially recognized).
Geography of the area
The Balkan Peninsula has an extremely varied topography, although most of its area is occupied by mountains. Therefore, the Balkan Peninsula is one of the most seismic zones in Europe, together with the island of Iceland. The coast of Croatia and Greece is especially dissected. The southernmost part of the Balkans is occupied by the Peloponnese peninsulas.
The Dalmatian coast, which covers the western parts of the peninsula, is considered the most picturesque and greenest part of the Mediterranean. Greece, however, is considered a tourist paradise with its exceptionally beautiful whites. sandy beaches and crystal clear bays. Black sea coast completely different.
Greece - located on the peninsula and nearby islands; Romania - located in the east, completely located on the peninsula.
On the outskirts is the Lower Danube and Middle Danube plains. Southern territories occupies most of Greece. Most of the plain is located in the basin of the Maritsa River. The northern and northwestern territories are bordered by Montenegro and Serbia, the eastern - with Macedonia, and the southern and southeastern - with Greece. There are also several large lakes on the territory, which stretch along the border areas with Greece, Macedonia, Yugoslavia.
Relief. The surface is predominantly mountainous. West of the massif along the coast Adriatic sea the Dinaric fold-cover system (Dinarids) extends, which continues in Albania and Greece with the arcuate curved system of the Helinids. The southern part of the peninsula is dominated by subtropical brown, mountain brown typical and calcareous soils; on the Adriatic coast red-colored terra-ross soils are widespread.
Areas of karst development in the Dinaric Highlands in places with almost no vegetation cover.
Or rather, in its southeastern part. It is washed by the Mediterranean Sea on three sides (east, south and west). Accordingly, the seas in the east - the Aegean and Black, in the west - the Adriatic. The coastal line of this territory is rather indistinct, the adjoining islands are widely scattered. In principle, the picture clearly shows which states are included in the Balkan Peninsula (all those that are not marked in light green). I will only note that it also includes a partially recognized state - Kosovo, located on the territory of Serbia.
Lower Danube lowland. Postojna, east of Trieste. Sofia depression. Along with this, there are primordially treeless territories.
On the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, there are important transport routes connecting Western Europe with Southwest Asia (Asia Minor and the Middle East).
