Founded in 1985, the Mari Chodra National Park is an interesting natural-territorial complex.
Translated from the Mari language "Mari Chodra" means "Mari forest".
Purpose of creation
Protection of rare and endangered species of flora (115 rare and endangered species of flora are registered in the park), fauna and historical and archaeological monuments.
The entire territory of the park is covered with beautiful pine forests and coniferous-deciduous forests.
Numerous mineral springs, significant outlets of which are located in the valleys of the Ilet and Yushut rivers, are used for medicinal purposes in sanatoriums, rest homes and hospitals. A characteristic element of the landscape are lakes (sinkhole, inter-dune, floodplain). The failures are located mainly on the southern, southwestern slopes of the Mari-Vyatka ridge. Most of them are located in the lower reaches of the Ilet River - Lake. Yalchik, Glukhoye, Kichner, Shulgandan are natural monuments. Mineral spring "Green Key" and botanical geocenoses - tract "Klenovaya Gora", "Klenovogorskaya Dubrava" also belong to natural monuments. The historical and cultural complex of the park includes 2 historical monuments - an oak named Pugachevsky (according to legend, under the shade of this oak EI Pugachev stayed for the night with his detachment) and the old Kazan road. Oak differs sharply in its size among the stand. This is a gigantic tree with a powerful trunk, the diameter of which is 159 cm, which is part of the upper tier.
Active 14 tourist routes(foot, water, horse). Most popular places for recreation and tourism - Maple Mountain, lakes Yalchik, Glukhoye, Kichier.
Currently in the territory national park 14 recreation facilities are located: tourist centers, recreation centers, a tourist town, student sports camps, sanatoriums. An ecological camp was organized on the basis of the camp of the Mari State University.
Address: 425040, Rep. Mari El, Zvenigovsky district, Krasnogorsky settlement, st. Centralnaya, 73
There are five settlements, which is home to fifteen thousand people. Mari Chodra includes forest lands, hayfields, pastures and arable lands. The Yoshkar-Ola-Moscow railway line and the Yoshkar-Ola-Kazan highway pass along it. It is interesting because the southern border of the coniferous-deciduous forests of the subtaiga zone passes here. European taiga species are combined with elements of forest-steppe and steppe.
Enough diverse flora and fauna of Mari Chodra... The flora of the national park includes about fifty rare plant species. It is home to about a hundred species of birds, fifty species of mammals and 29 species of fish. The most numerous is the detachment of rodents. Squirrels and chipmunks are jumping, forest mice and red voles are running. There are also predators: polecat, weasel, ermine. It happens that a lynx comes in. Moose are often found, less often wild boars. There are a lot of bats in the grounds of the park. Specially protected animals of Mari Chodra include the otter and beaver, brought here from the Voronezh reserve back in 1947.
Mari Chodra means Mari forest... And this is not only the name. It's just that this forest is one of the best in Russia. Moreover, it is interspersed with a large number beautiful lakes. Among them are Yalchik, Glukhoe, Kichner, Shulgandon, which are natural monuments. Main river- Ilet. The climate here is temperate continental with very hot summers and frosty snowy winters. All this makes Mari Chodra an environmentally friendly and most picturesque monument of Mari nature. The most interesting objects for excursions are the old Kazan tract and Pugachev's Oak, near which he supposedly stood, watching the burning Kazan during the years of his uprising.
The park's workers are doing serious research work, in which they are assisted by enthusiasts from the numerous environmental camps working in the park. There are a lot of tourists here. Lake Yalchik, where eleven institutions for recreation and treatment are located, enjoys the greatest attention. The northeastern zone of the park is a specially protected protected area. The Mari forest is often called the Mari taiga, and this is justified... Making their way through a dense impenetrable forest, travelers freeze with delight, stumbling upon a shallow, clean river with homemade bridges, under which half-meter, or even meter-long pikes are waiting for something right in the water. Downright natural idyll. By the way, in one of the local lakes, a desman was recently discovered again, missing here.
The most high point Park Maple Mountain, which rises to 196 meters. The Oldtsy of the Ilet River and the lakes contain large reserves of mineral mud. Here it is a large number of not only historical monuments, but also thirty archaeological ones. Among them is the settlement of Oshutyalskoye, which consists of fourteen dwellings of the Prikazan culture. In the village of Ilet, there is a museum of the Mari Chodra park. On its territory there are about twenty springs, including the Green Key, which gushes right at the foot of the mountain on the left bank of the Ilet River.
Mari Chodra - National treasure republics... The value of this park is not only in the richness of flora and fauna, the presence of historical monuments, but also in the fact that it is an excellent health resort for recreation and treatment. There is always a huge number of organized vacationers and so-called savages. People are very fond of sitting by the fire, fishing, picking berries and mushrooms for which the park is so famous. Here is a place where people suddenly feel that there are no more problems in their lives.
National Park "Mari Chodra" (photo)
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National Park "Mari Chodra" (address, phones of the administration) - on the map
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Presentation on the topic: Mari Chodra
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NATIONAL PARK - PART OF THE COUNTRY PROTECTED TERRITORIES SYSTEM This system includes reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, differing in their goals and objectives. In "Mari Chodra" the reserve regime is established in the northeastern part of the park.
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The most important tasks of the park "Mari Chodra" are: protection and restoration of landscapes of water bodies, characteristic flora and fauna, objects of inanimate nature, historical monuments; Protection of natural complexes and their use for recreational, educational and scientific purposes; creation of conditions for long-term recreation, tourism , acquaintance with nature and historical sights; wide propaganda among the population of the tasks of environmental protection.
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National parks are distinguished among them by the fact that they are created not only for the protection of natural complexes, but also for the organization of tourism and educational recreation. The combination of these opposite functions within the boundaries of one park is achieved by the allocation of sites with different modes of use. In 1987, the park approved a list of ten state natural monuments: these are lakes Glukhoe, Kichier, Yalchik, Ergesh-er Shut-er, Kuzh-er, hydrogen sulfide Lake Shulgaldan, Klenovogorskaya oak grove (Pugachev's oak), the Green Key spring, Maple Mountain.
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Park "Mari Chodra" is located in the southeast of the Republic of Mari El and covers an area of 36.6 thousand hectares. Due to the position at the junction of geological structures and natural areas a significant variety of landscapes is created here. The relief is dominated by plains, although their surface is different in the west and east of the park. In its western part, the plains are composed of a thick layer of sandy deposits, deposited by rivers and melt waters of the glacier.
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Basins of almost all lakes are of sinkhole-karst origin. Large lakes are occupied by baths formed by merged sinkholes, such are Mushan-er and Deaf Lake. Karst sinkholes can be viewed in the area of Lake Yalchik. Hunters before hiking and lovers of quiet walks, avid fishermen and those in need of treatment, all can find something suitable for themselves in the national park "Mari Chodra". Yes and that may be better rest in the forest?! It is easier to breathe here: it is better to think.
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PARK TERRITORY - HISTORICAL OBJECTThe territory where the park is located has long been inhabited by the Mari people. The transformation of the ancient Mari into the Mari or Cheremis people took place in the 1st millennium AD. Their ancestors were representatives of tribal groups that inhabited the space between the Volga and Oka on the one hand and the Kama on the other. The unhurried course of life was disrupted by wars and the intervention of powerful neighbors. The legends record such events in history as the Peasant War. It is said that Emelyan Pugachev himself stopped at Klenovaya Gora after the defeat near Kazan in 1774 and, climbing a tall oak tree, watched a fire blaze over the abandoned city. It is believed that the oak that stands on Klenovaya Gora at the present time is the very same oak tree.
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TOURISM AND RECREATION IN MARIY CHODRA Lakes are very attractive for tourists, the largest and most famous of them are Yalchik and Kichier. On the banks of the Yalchik there are rest houses, camp sites, sports and recreation and pioneer camps. Pine and spruce-pine forests surrounding the lake create a microclimate favorable for recreation. sandy beaches, water surface the lakes make the landscapes look like the Baltic ones. Lake Kichier, with its surrounding dry cobble forests, is also a popular recreation area. There is a sanatorium "Kichier", a sanatorium-preventorium "Stroitel", rest houses.
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The growing needs of the population for good rest requires an improvement in tourist services in the park. Therefore, the development of new routes for hiking and ski tourism, ecological and educational trails. To improve the recreational and aesthetic qualities of the territory, tourist towns and parking lots are being equipped. For a longer period, the houses of the tourist town of Kugu-er near Lake Yalchik. And in the Klenovogorsky and Yalchinsky forest districts, rental points are waiting for you, where you can take a boat, a tent, and various tourist equipment. 
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Employees of the Mari Chodra park annually conduct counts of animals and birds, take snow samples to study the acidity of the snow cover. The data of the records allow us to detect the places of accumulation of animals, their number, to ensure the purposeful conduct of biotechnical measures. The forest and huntsman services are organized in the park, which conduct raids to protect forest resources, hunting fauna, water bodies and their inhabitants.
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The flora of the national park contains 85% of all plant species found on the territory of the Republic of Mari El. Of the 1155 species and subspecies that grow in the park, 980 are representatives natural flora, the rest are cultivated and alluvial plants. The protected species growing on the territory of the park include red pollen head, curly lily, May lily of the valley, bearberry, open lumbago (sleep-grass). In oxbows and lakes, an amazing ancient plant, a white water lily, grows.
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The largest waterway in the national park is the Ilet River. This is the left tributary of the Volga. Ilet flows in a wide valley. In the valley there are many oxbow lakes rich in fish; ducks nest and hatch in them. About fifty old women of Ileta contain mud with medicinal properties. Where Ilet approaches the Klenovogorskaya Upland, its valley narrows, the slopes become steep, and in some places even steep, bedrocks are exposed in them, water springs, among which there are mineral springs, break out to the surface. In the area of Maple Mountain, there are about two dozen mineral springs; their waters are predominantly sulphate-calcium composition
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On the basis of the Zeleny Klyuch spring, the Klenovaya Gora sanatorium was built, which operates year-round and has a capacity of 540 beds. Vacationers are accommodated in 1-2 local wards. The treatment of diseases of the digestive organs and the nervous system is carried out, hydrogen sulphide mud and mineral water are used. medical equipment, there is also a club, a cinema, a library, sports grounds, a swimming pool, excursions to Yoshkar-Ola and Kazan are organized.
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Posted Wed, 07/07/2010 - 21:02 by Cap
(Mouth of Yushut - Confluence of Yushut and Ileta)
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT MARY CHODRA
National Park "Mari Chodra" was formed by the decree of the Government of the RSFSR No. 400 of 13.09.85 on the territory of the Republic of Mari El. Subordinate to the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Mari El. The name Mari Chodra is translated from the Mari - MARI FOREST.
The national park is located in the southeast of the Republic of Mari El, in its most economically developed part, on the territory of three administrative regions: Morkinsky, Zvenigovsky, Volzhsky. There are 5 settlements on the territory of the park, where about 15 thousand people live.
The area of the national park is 36.6 thousand hectares, all land is provided to the national park. Forest land occupy 34.0 thousand hectares (92.9% of the park's territory), incl. covered with forest - 33.5 thousand hectares (91.5%). Non-forest land occupies only 7.1% of the park's territory, among them: hayfields, pastures, arable land - 1%, water - 2%, swamps - 1%, roads and glades - 2%, the rest are farmsteads and other lands. The national park is located at a distance of 60 km from the city of Yoshkar-Ola and 30 km from the city of Volzhsk. Its territory is crossed Railway Yoshkar-Ola - Moscow and the Yoshkar-Ola - Kazan highway of republican significance.
RIVER ILYET FROM SHUNGALDAN CLIP - MAPLE MOUNTAIN
Functional zoning
In 1982, the Rosgiproles Institute (Moscow) developed a project for the organization of a national park (feasibility study for the organization of a state natural park"Mari Chodra"). According to the design decisions, a differentiated regime of protection and use of lands has been established on the territory of the national park.
Currently, the following functional zoning has been adopted:
The protected area is 7.6 thousand hectares (20.7% of the total area).
The area of extensive recreational use - 14.1 thousand hectares (38.6%).
The zone of intensive recreational use - 13.9 thousand hectares (38.1%).
Other territories - 1.0 thousand hectares (2.6%). The protected zone of the national park is 93.4 thousand hectares.
HYDROGEN LAKE SHUNGALTAN AT THE FOOT MAPLE MOUNTAIN
PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS OF THE PARK Mari Chodra
The park is located in the southeastern part of the Mari ASSR, in river basin Ilet- the left tributary of the Volga, and is included in the strip of mixed forests of the forest zone.
The structure of the MASSR surface was investigated by B.F.Dobrynin (1933), and later by V.N.Smirnov (1957). Three main geomorphological areas were identified: the elevated northeastern, sandy lowland of the left bank of the Volga region, the region of the high right bank of the Volga. The geomorphology of the first region was influenced by the Mari-Vyatka shaft, in the southern end of which the Mari-Chodra national park is located.
The Mari-Vyatsky shaft begins in the Kirov region, passes in the meridional direction along the Mari ASSR and ends in the Tatar Republic. It received the greatest development in the Mari ASSR. Its length here is about 130 km, width is up to 40 km, highest height 284 m above sea level seas. The river valleys cutting through the rampart are deeply cut and in some places resemble mountain gorges... This area ( Mountain Zadel) B. F. Dobrynin refers to low-mountain areas. In the southerly direction, the rampart lowers and breaks up into separate wide uplands - Kerebelyakskaya, Klenovogorskaya and others. The latter is located approximately in the center of the park.
A more modern and detailed physical and geographical zoning preserved the areas established by Dobrynin, and identified 6 physical and geographical areas in them. The territory of the natural park is included in the Iletskiy high-flat southern taiga region with the development of modern karst.
The rocks of the Kazan stage - limestones, dolomites, marls, sandstones, gray clays and gypsum - are distinguished by higher porosity and resistance to erosion processes than the layers of the Tatar stage. Therefore, the Kazan stage creates a more dissected relief, with steep slopes and karst formations(failure forms of relief), which is especially typical for the uplifts of the Mari-Vyatka swell: Stone Mountain, Cathay Mountains, B. and M. Karman-Kuryk, Maple Mountain and etc.
By the Quaternary period, the main features of the relief were the same as now. The leading role in the formation of the relief of the eastern part of the republic belonged to the Mari-Vyatka shaft. Getting closer to R. Ilet the rampart is dissected into tent-shaped heights, the southernmost of them - Maple Mountain.
There is a natural monument on Maple Mountain - Klenovogorskaya Dubrava!
COMPLEX OF NON-FREEZING MINERAL SOURCES ON THE YUSHUT RIVER - VALLEY OF GEYSERS 
Lakes add a special beauty to the landscapes. In the forested valley of Ileta, there are many old river lakes of various sizes and shapes. All lakes are of failed origin, forest, except for Kozhla-Solinsky... Among them there are also rich in curative mud. Larger and more accessible lakes - Yalchik , Kichier- already have on their shores health resorts. On Yalchik (length1600 m, width 250 - 900, depth up to32 m) a rest house, sports and recreation and pioneer camps are located. More than 300 people rest there. Known for its healing sanatorium "Klenovaya Gora"".
On the lake Kichier, nearly equal to Yalchik, but with a shallow part overgrown in the east, there are two sanatoriums.
Mariy Chodra - OAK PUGACHEVA ON THE OLD KAZAN TRACT 
Lakes Glukhoe, Conagnier(near Pugachev's oak), Mushander, Long (Kuzh-er) and smaller and more distant ones are mastered by unorganized tourists. Kozhla-Solinskoe lake is located in the village of Krasnogorsk. The administrative center of the park is located on the shore of the lake.
The water of forest karst lakes is highly transparent, with the exception of peat lakes. Especially famous for this lake Yalchik... But, unfortunately, the overloading of the lake by vacationers, free visitors, fishermen has led to an increase in the turbidity of the water lately.
The soil cover of the park is diverse due to differences in topography and underlying rocks. No soil survey was carried out for the entire territory of the park. Zonal sod-podzolic soils prevail. In some areas, the carbonate content of bedrocks led to the formation of intrazonal soils. Mari-Chodra is included in the Shoro-Iletsky and partly in the Zvenigovsky soil regions. The dominant position is occupied by sandy and sandy loam weak and medium podzolic soils on ancient alluvial sands. They line, with the exception of the floodplains, the Ileta valley and its tributaries. Small areas among sandy and sandy loam soils in closed depressions are peat bog soils.
SEMIOSERKA - VALLEY OF SEVEN LAKES NEAR MAPLE MOUNTAIN
Closer to the bottoms of the Kerebeliak and Klenovogorsk uplands, sod-weak and medium-podzolic sandy and sandy loamy soils were formed on thin ancient alluvial sands underlain by Permian clays and loams. On the sloping slopes of the hills, weak and medium podzolic sandy loam and loamy soils are developed. On steeper slopes, there are soddy-carbonate podzolized loams on Permian carbonate deposits.
In the Ileta floodplain, which is covered with forest within the natural park, sandy loam and light loamy floodplain layered soils (riverbed floodplain), granular floodplain soils (central floodplain), silt-boggy, peaty-silty-gley (terraced floodplain) are widespread. Buried floodplain soils are formed in the places where bends develop, where the process of destruction of the banks and the deposition of sediments of modern alluvium, especially during the flood of spring waters, takes place. Here, floodplain oak forests or lime forests, aspen forests and in places birch forests dominate, and alder forests in the near-terrace floodplain and inner parts of bends.
LAKE LONG (KUZH-ER) LOCATED IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF MARI CHODRA PARK 
VEGETATION OF THE PARK
The flora and vegetation of the park are diverse. Its territory is located at the southern boundary of the coniferous-deciduous forests of the subtaiga zone, and in floristic terms - at the junction of the European and West Siberian provinces of the Euro-Siberian floristic region.
The flora of this limited area includes 774 species and subspecies from 363 genera of 93 families, which is more than 67% of the flora of the Mari ASSR. A number of taiga species, both European (European spruce) and Siberian (Siberian fir), are found here with elements of forest-steppe (summer oak) and steppes (feather grass).
In the communities of the national park, there is a combination of species belonging to the most different ecological-cenotic groups. This is especially characteristic of the vegetation of the Maple Mountain, which is a rare complex of biogeocenoses in the forest zone in a strip of coniferous-deciduous forests.
Pine forests grow mainly on sandy and sandy loam soils and account for 27.7% of forests. Pure green moss pine forests prevail among them, often with the participation of aspen, birch, and sometimes spruce. A special place belongs to sphagnum pine forests. Although only about 600 hectares in size, they are an important component natural complex parka.
Spruce forests are represented in a mosaic pattern and occupy only 3.3% of the forest area. They may include pine, birch, aspen.
On the hills, oak forests are developed with the participation of linden, maple, elm, elm with an admixture of conifers. These are upland oak forests (or their derivatives). They are similar to upland forest-steppe oak forests, but differ in the presence of representatives of the European and Siberian taiga. Maple-spruce-linden oak forests are more common.
It is known that river valleys, due to a number of ecological features, are channels for the penetration of vegetation from neighboring zones. This is also observed in the Ileta valley. Mixed forests are widely represented here (about 6.3% of the total forest area of the park). They contain in different combinations spruce and linden, oak, maple, pine, birch, aspen, elm, elm; willows, black poplar (black poplar) are widespread along the channel coast; in the undergrowth and grass cover - nemoral-boreal elements. Directly in the floodplain, there are developed floodplain oak forests, near-channel shrub-forbs, medium-floodplain lime-runny, near-terrace elm-bird cherry forests. In the floodplains, small patches of post-forest meadow vegetation, steppe on the manes, are occasionally found.
A small area (219 hectares) is occupied by low-lying grassy bogs, scattered mainly in the open landscape of the southern part of the park. The most famous is the Iron Swamp. Coastal aquatic vegetation is developed along the low-lying banks of rivers, their oxbows and lakes.
The flora of the park includes about 50 rare species, which is 1/4 of the list of rare and endangered species of local flora. Of the species listed in the Red Book of the USSR (1984), there is a real slipper and a red pollen head.
Relic plants can be seen on sphagnum bogs: marsh hamarbia, magellanic and string-root sedges, white wildcat, multifilament cotton grass, sundew. Relict species of various ages, plants of taiga-type forests were noted: common ram, flattened and three-spiked diphasiums, alpine and Parisian bifacials, large-flowered single-flower, common weasel, millet sedge; plants of deciduous and coniferous-deciduous forests: forest and feathery short-legged, Beneken's rump, Japanese torilis; plants of interglacial steppe flora: Borbash's carnation, we swing paniculata, greenish resin, Siberian bell, Potentilla seven-leaved, thyme, common mod, wormwood, sheep fescue, feather grass.
Rare species include those located on the border of the range: in the north - laxative zhoster, apple tree, etc., in the south and south-west - red crow, I am spear-shaped, in the east - common heather, German gorse, in the west - Bunge starlet , Arnell's sedge, Ural tsitserbit.
Some plant species have become extinct as a result of the disappearance of plant communities. For example, from marsh - marsh dremlik, single-leaved pulp, compressed stream, Lapland willow, and from field - common cockle.
As a result of increased exploitation, the endangered species include sandy cmin, pure white water lily, curly lily, Siberian iris, etc.
LAKE YALCHIK - THE BIGGEST LAKE IN THE PARK AND MARIY EL 
ANIMAL WORLD OF THE PARK Mari Chodra
The park is inhabited by many animal strips of mixed forests of the European part of Russia. This is due to the ecological and trophic diversity of habitat conditions, as well as to geographic location park at the junction of natural zones. Animal world the republic is well studied (Pershakov, 1927; Formozov, 1935; Efremov, 1957, 1977; Rusov, 1977; Baldaev, 1977; Ivanov, 1983, etc.). However, a systematic study of the fauna of the national park has not yet been carried out. But if we exclude the species that live in ecotopes that are unusual for the park (the forest-steppe part of the republic, the Volga valley, the Cheboksary reservoir), then it should be assumed that about 50 species of mammals, about 100 - birds and 29 species of fish live in its lands.
Among mammals, the most numerous order of rodents. In the forests of the park, from the family of squirrels, there are squirrels and chipmunks, a recent eastern alien; from the family of mice - wood mouse, bank vole, yellow-throated mouse, etc. From the order of hares, the white hare is not uncommon, and the brown hare is occasionally found along the borders with fields.
The order of carnivores is represented by the weasel family: weasel, ermine, polecat, pine marten, European and, possibly, American (released in the MASSR in 1948), minks are all relatively few in number. The otter, noted according to Yushut, is especially rare. Interestingly, mink sometimes hunts birds, in particular hazel grouse, by voice. Of the felines, the lynx appears to come in. Elk are common in the forests. Another representative of the artiodactyl order, the wild boar, is less common.
Specially protected species include the otter and beaver, which were brought from the Voronezh nature reserve and released into the republic’s lands in 1947. It is interesting that beavers were previously found on the Irovka, a tributary of the Ileta, but were exterminated.
In the lands of Mari-Chodra, especially in the Ileta floodplain, in overmature forests in hollows, many bats live.
The most widespread are birds of the passerine order, whose life is associated with forests: jay, magpie, oriole, crossbills, pika, nuthatch, titmouse, etc. This should also include birds from the order of woodpeckers: great and small variegated woodpeckers, woodpeckers. In mixed forests with a varied and dense undergrowth, representatives of the thrush family are common: the field thrush, the miser's, the blackbird.
Among the forest birds that lead nocturnal and twilight life, although less common, should be called the long-eared owl, the hawk owl, the fur-legged owl and the largest of the owl family - the eagle owl. The common nightjar is common.
Of the grouse birds, taiga species live in the park: wood grouse (unfortunately, sharply reduced its numbers) and hazel grouse. A resident of the forest-steppe and deciduous forests - the black grouse - keeps on cutting down and young stands.
Of the family of snipe, the woodcock is common, less common due to the limited meadow-marsh spaces of the snipe and great snipe.
The family of pigeons is represented by wood pigeon, klintukh and turtledove. The first two live in old oak forests on Maple Mountain and feed on acorns.
Of the daytime birds of prey, the most common are the buzzard, the goshawk, and the black kite. No nesting eagles found. But flights of the golden eagle - the largest eagle - are possible. Another rare feathered predator - the osprey - was recorded along the river. Ilet, a few south of the park.
Until recently, gray herons lived in the park: two pairs of herons nested on huge pines on the banks of the Ileta. Currently they are not.
Of waterfowl nesting birds in floodplain lakes and swampy channels, the mallard duck and the teal-whistle are common; they are less common on reservoirs of failed origin. Possibly habitat of gogol - a typical forest duck, arranging nests in hollows.
Seasonal concentrations of birds are small. In autumn, diving ducks stop temporarily on the lakes, and in spring the passage over the flooded rivers is more lively. In autumn and winter, bullfinches, waxwings, sometimes nutcrackers, etc. migrate.
