Groups 09-SMOS-23
Yulia Kostiv
Checked by: Isaeva I. Yu.
O. V. Shchipkov
Department of Education GBOU SPO TC No. 43
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Paris is the capital of France, the most important economic and Cultural Center country located in northern central France, in the Ile-de-France region on the banks of the River Seine. In addition, Paris is of great international importance - here are the headquarters of UNESCO, OECD and the International Chamber of Commerce.
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Throughout the existence of France, Paris has been a treasure of the nation, fraught with centuries of culture and incredible charm. More than 27 million tourists come to Paris every year to get to know this amazing city better. If you ask local residents tell a few facts about your city, usually the dialogue is limited to the Eiffel Tower or Arc de Triomphe, wonderful local cuisine and modern fashion. However, we want to tell you about the lesser-known details of Paris, which sometimes the residents of the French capital themselves do not even know about.
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Many people dream of Paris almost from early childhood. A dream comes true, but, what is most interesting, most of all the rest in France is remembered not by the beautiful architecture, not by French dishes and not by fashionable shops, but by such a seemingly banal form of transport as the metro. The reason for this was the following episode: Russian tourists, who went down for the first time to the "Parisian Subway", could not get into the subway car. The train stopped, but the doors in front of them did not open, after standing a little, the train went on. The amazed girls only on the example of the next train and the French habitual to what was happening found out that in Paris subway passengers must independently open and close the doors in the carriages. In addition, in the Parisian metro (very shallow), no stations are announced, and there are no metro employees at turnstiles - such is the self-service system.
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Do not be surprised if the Frenchman whom you turned to for help on one of the streets of Paris, to your simple and understandable question on English language will answer in French. The French are very jealous of their language, to the point that in 1994 a special law was passed that regulates the rules for the use of English words... French linguists even specially introduced a number of new terms and concepts to replace those, the appearance of which was due to new foreign scientific developments and technology. Parisians are more than convinced that their native language is no worse than English, and quite often they pretend not to know English words and expressions.
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Russian tourists are often smiled by traders on Champs Elysees... Groups of energetic African Americans, hung with little eiffel towers and headscarves, literally cuddle tourists from all sides. As soon as they understand what country you have come from, they begin to guess your name: “Yulia? Katia! Marina?!" Traders are dispersed by gendarmes on bicycles - a rather unusual and even strange picture.
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Fountain opposite Eiffel tower can be considered an unofficial place for swimming and relaxing on the grass under the sun in hot weather. This is a place for pleasant meetings and no less pleasant new acquaintances, people are friendly and open to communication
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The loaf under the arm of passers-by is already an old tradition and one of the symbols of France. After all, a baguette - a long soft loaf made of flour, yeast, salt and water - is an invention of the French. In France, there is generally an extraordinary number of shops selling bread and various flour sweets. The most popular of the flour products are called croque-monsieur and croque-madame. The first is two long baked baguette halves, pre-oiled and lined with ham and cheese. Crock-Madame is distinguished by the fact that its filling is complemented with a flirty egg yolk.
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Next unusual fact from Paris not for aesthetes. The thing is that Parisians are crazy about dogs, of which there are more than children in the city and can appear with them in many public places, including in a number of restaurants. There are more than half a million four-legged friends of man in Paris. Of course, this is one of the reasons why you need to walk with caution in the streets of the French capital. In addition to dog excrement, it is quite normal to find streams of soapy water under your feet - this is a consequence of cleaning the city. One of the special machines for such work is code-named "motorcycle vacuum cleaner".
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Translucent plastic urns are the norm in Paris, despite the fact that they can hardly be called a decoration of the city. The replacement for this unsightly structure was caused by several explosions organized by terrorists in 1995, when explosive devices were thrown into garbage cans.
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In Paris, you can drink water directly from the tap. Residents of the French capital are extremely proud of the water treatment and sewage system in their city. Paris even has an unusual Sewer Museum.
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And now a small excursion into history ... Not everyone had and now likes the unusual structure of Paris - the Eiffel Tower, which is the main attraction when you choose tours to Paris. Many consider this symbol of France to be a real ugliness, one of these many was the famous writer Guy de Maupassant. Meanwhile, he regularly dined at the Eiffel Tower restaurant, which amazed those around him. Once he was asked: "Why, you dine in the tower, you hate it ?!" In response, the writer called the restaurant in the Eiffel Tower "the only place from where this nightmare is not visible."
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The Parisian metro is the 6th busiest in the world.
In 2010, the Paris metro was visited by 1.48 billion passengers and despite the fact that this is 10 million less than the New York metro, the situation will undoubtedly change in 2011 in favor of the Paris metro. In addition, the underground public transport Paris is one of the oldest in Europe, second only to London and Budapest.
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Highest and lowest temperatures in Paris
The record for the highest temperature in the city was set on July 28, 1948, when the thermometer rose to 40.4 degrees Celsius. On the coldest and coldest days, the screens of shopping malls displayed a figure of -23.9 degrees.
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Paris is turning into a cycling city
Several decades ago, Paris was a polluted car city, but in the late 90s the situation began to change for the better. Today, the city has more than 440 kilometers of bike paths. It is planned that by 2014 this figure will increase to 700 kilometers.
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Paris is home to the most a large number of fashionable restaurants
All restaurants are located in Paris, which are full of their names on the front pages of the most famous print publications. Despite the fact that this fact is not a secret for local residents, visiting tourists are always surprised by the variety of places where you can spend a romantic dinner with your beloved half or have fun with a large company of friends.
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The Eiffel Tower cannot be photographed at night
Yes, we were not mistaken. At least without special permission from the leadership of the tower. Back in 1990, a French court ruled that all the lights on the Eiffel Tower are copyrighted. Therefore, do not rush to upload photos of Paris at night on your blog - you are breaking the law of France. According to the French, all night photos of the tower, posted on the Internet, were officially approved by the administration.
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Vladimir Vysotsky in Paris almost went to jail. One night, having parked next to the house where he lived with Marina Vlady, Vysotsky began, according to the Soviet habit, to remove the windshield wipers and the mirror from the car. A passing policeman, naturally, decided that it was a thief and took Vysotsky to the police. Fortunately, Marina Vlady arrived in time. The policeman released Vysotsky with the words: "Excuse me, monsieur, I did not know that you were Russian."
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The Eiffel Tower, as well as the Mona Lisa on display at the Louvre, is on the list of most disappointing attractions. Small in size, "Mona Lisa" is almost impossible to see through the non-diminishing crowd of tourists. The Louvre is visited by 25,000 people every day.
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The Eiffel Tower was built for a period of only 20 years. It was assumed that after that the tower would be dismantled. After all, what's the point of showing longer an exhibit at the World's Fair, which was the Eiffel Tower, built to demonstrate French engineering achievements.
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The oldest surviving bridges in Paris over the Seine River are called Pont Neuf (Pont Neuf), that is, "New Bridge".
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It is believed that modern Paris is designed for war. In the middle of the 19th century, many of the old streets of the city were expanded and straightened. The point is, wide streets are more difficult to barricade.
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For a long time in Europe the concept of "Parisian meridian" was used. It was the prime meridian on French maps. On the line of this meridian is the Paris Observatory.
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Paris
Limanskaya Nastya 10-A
Paris
Limanskaya Anastasia 10-A.
City `s history.
Attractions: 1. Eiffel Tower. 2. Louvre. 3. Versailles. 4. Cinema "Geode".
Video
Plan
Paris lies at the crossroads of trade routes and rivers, in the heart of a rich agricultural region. It was one of the main cities in France in the 10th century, with a royal palace, rich abbeys and cathedrals. In the 12th century, Paris became one of the first centers in Europe for education and the arts. Throughout its existence, Paris has always been at the center of events that marked the history of France.
City `s history.
Coat of arms of paris
Paris of the XX century.
Paris of the XI century.
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Paris, already being a city of Franks, for some time was only a modest residence, first of the Merovingian, and then of the Carolingian kings. It turned into a true capital in 987, when Hugh Capet founded a new dynasty and gave the city the status that it retained throughout the history of France. At the end of the Middle Ages, the city had about 200 thousand inhabitants. Starting from the reign of Francis I, during which the first pavilions of the Louvre were built, and until the French Revolution itself, the city grew relatively slowly.
Only from the 16th century the capital of France is constantly growing and developing again. The Fronda forced the kings to move their residence outside the city, but Paris continues to expand and develop.
Paris in the middle ages
In the 18th century, Paris became a recognized trendsetter and an entertainment center.
The capture of the Bastille in July 1789 became one of the main actions of the Parisians during the First French Revolution, and the Parisians also played far from the last roles in the subsequent Second and Third Revolutions.
During the epoch of the Great French Revolution, the architecture of the city remained practically unchanged. Due to the emigration of their owners, many mansions were abandoned, churches were closed.
In the 90s of the XIX century and the first decade of the XX century, also known as “ A beautiful era”, France experienced an unprecedented upsurge and economic development.
After the October Revolution, Paris was the capital of the Russian emigration. In the late 1960s - early. 1970s work on the reorganization of the city is expanding. New buildings with modern architectural forms are changing the traditional look of Paris.
Paris XVIII-XX centuries
Even today, Paris retains all its importance, triumphal grandeur and charm, despite the fact that its appearance is being changed by such projects as Beaubourg and the ambitious construction program "Grands Projets", carried out during the presidency of François Mitterrand. In addition to the Grande Arche de la Défense and the Opéra Bastille, Mitterrand's projects included the renovation of the Louvre by the architect Pei, the La Villette complex on the northeastern outskirts of the city, and, in the southeast, the Library of France, which was equipped with computers. last word technicians
The capital of France today
The Eiffel Tower is the most recognizable architectural landmark in Paris, world famous as a symbol of France, named after its designer Gustave Eiffel. The Eiffel himself called it simply - the 300-meter tower. In 2006, 6,719,200 people visited the tower, and in its entire history until December 31, 2007 - 236,445,812 people. That is, the tower is the most visited and most photographed sight of the world. This symbol of Paris was conceived as a temporary structure - the tower served as an entrance arch to the Paris World Exhibition of 1889. Radio antennas installed at the very top saved the tower from the planned demolition (20 years after the exhibition) - this was the era of the introduction of radio.
Eiffel Tower.
Louvre - one of the largest museums in the world The museum is located in the center of Paris, on the right bank of the Seine, on Rue de Rivoli, in the 1st arrondissement of the capital.
The building of the museum is an old royal palace. Equestrian statue Louis XIV marks the origin of the so-called historical axis of Paris, but the palace is not aligned with it.
The Louvre is one of oldest museums with a rich history of collecting artistic and historical relics of France, from the Capetian dynasty to the present day.
Everything gathered in the Louvre, this museum can be called universal. His collections cover vast geographic and temporal spaces: from western Europe to Iran through Greece, Egypt and the Middle East; from antiquity to 1848. European art of the modern period - from 1848 to the present day - is presented in the Musée d'Orsay and the Center Georges Pompidou, while Asian art is exhibited in the Guimet Museum. Art from Africa, America and Oceania is exhibited at the Quai Branly Museum.
The Eiffel Tower (FR. Tour Eiffel, IPA (FR)) is a metal tower in the center of Paris, its most recognizable architectural landmark. Named after chief designer Gustave Eiffel; Eiffel himself called it simply "the 300-meter tower" (tour de 300 meters). The tower, which later became the symbol of Paris, was built in 1889 and was originally conceived as a temporary structure that served as the entrance arch of the Paris World Exhibition of 1889. The Eiffel Tower is called the most visited paid attraction in the world and the most photographed. For example, in 2006 a person visited the tower, and in its entire history until December 31, a person. Eiffel Tower
Triumphal Arch in Paris, is considered a symbol of the city, along with the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral. It is located in the Star Square. It was decided to erect by Napoleon Bonaparte in honor of the victory of his great army. The Arc de Triomphe is the largest in the world. Its height is almost 50 m, the height of the vault is 29 m and the width is 45 m. Every year on July 14, military parades with the laying of wreaths at the eternal flame are held here. TRIUMPHAL ARCH
Versailles palace and park ensemble in France, the former residence of the French kings in the city of Versailles, now a suburb of Paris; Many significant events in French and world history are associated with Versailles. The Versailles Palace Park is one of the largest and most significant in Europe. It consists of many terraces. Flowerbeds, lawns, greenhouse, pools, fountains, sculptures are a continuation of the palace architecture. V Palace of Versailles the following kings and their families were born: Philip V (King of Spain), Louis XV, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII, Charles X VERSAILLES
The Louvre Museum is located in the center of Paris, on the right bank of the River Seine, on Rue de Rivoli. The Louvre is one of the oldest museums with a rich history of collecting art and historical relics in France, everything was collected in it, this museum can be called universal. Louvre
Notre Dame Notre Dame Cathedral is located in the heart of the city, on the Ile de la Cité. Notre Dame has been built for over 180 years by many architects. And today we can admire the amazing symmetry and harmony of the building, combined with severity, clarity and poise. In front of the main facade there is a spacious square, from which all the roads of France originate, as evidence of which there is a bronze plaque with the inscription "0 km". NOTRE DAME
There is probably no person in the world who has not heard of Disneyland Park in Paris. The towers of the Sleeping Beauty pink castle, humming locomotives, old cars, huge life size puppets of Pluto and Mickey Mouse, fragments from famous cartoons flying in the head and the feeling of a fairy tale and a holiday. Disneyland includes five theme parks grouped around Sleeping Beauty Castle, with plenty of rides and attractions. Every child dreams of visiting this place! Disneyland
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Project "Let's open the world to each other" Nomination "I'll show you this city"
PARIS Completed by: Smirnov Ivan, team "KLIO", school №185 in Nizhny Novgorod
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ISLAND SITE
Paris originated on the Ile de la Cité in the middle of the Seine. In the 3rd century BC. the tribe of the parisians settled here. In 52 the settlement was conquered by the Romans, and in the 5th century by the Franks. The city, named Lutetia, developed and became a crossroads of important trade routes. Gradually the name Lutetia disappeared from everyday life, it was replaced by the name "city of parisians", which soon transformed into Paris. Over time, the city went beyond the borders of the Ile de la Cité, people settled on the banks of the Seine, occupied the hills closest to it. Now from the medieval buildings of the eastern part of the Cité, only the Notre-Dame Cathedral has survived.
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Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris
The foundation stone of the cathedral was laid in 1163 by King Louis VII and Pope Alexander III. Before that, on the site of the cathedral there was an ancient Roman temple of the 1st century, later - a Christian basilica. The construction of Notre Dame Cathedral continued until 1345. History has not preserved the name of the first architect of the cathedral. It is only known that the Parisian Bishop Maurice de Sully took part in drafting the project. The construction has come down to us unfinished. Its two 70-meter towers were to be crowned with spiers.
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STAINED GLASS "ROSE"
Of the interior decorations of the 13th century in Notre Dame Cathedral, only stained-glass windows "roses" have been preserved - round window(10 meters in diameter) of the southern portal of the central facade. The stained glass window is dedicated to the theme of "blessed eternity": around Jesus Christ are the apostles, saints and angels of paradise.
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SQUARE JOHN XXIII
Behind the southern façade of Notre Dame Cathedral is the John XXIII Square. At the site of the park, at first there was a construction waste dump, then, from the 17th century, - the residence of the archbishop. In 1831, the building was demolished, the wasteland was bought by the prefect of the Seine Rambuto, planted trees and flowers there and decorated with the fountain of the virgin (1845).
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CONCIERGERIES
Conciergerie - part royal castle the Capetian era (14th century). Two towers of the castle - Caesar and Silver - are framed on both sides by facades of the 17th century. A hall of warriors, a hall of armed guards, kitchen services, an inner courtyard have been preserved in the castle from the Middle Ages.
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NEW BRIDGE
The new bridge connects the western part of the Ile de la Cité with both banks of the Seine. Contrary to its name, it is the oldest surviving bridge in Paris. The first stone was laid on May 31, 1578. The construction was completed in 1606. The bridge was designed by the outstanding architect Androuet du Cerso. The bridge turned out to be so strong that it was never rebuilt.
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Equestrian statue of Henry IV
In 1614, a statue of Henry IV was erected near the New Bridge. During the French Revolution, the statue was removed from the pedestal, but restored in 1818 by the sculptor Lemo.
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BASILICA SAKRE KOR
When Prussian troops besieged Paris in 1870, two French Catholics, Alexandre Lejanti and Roo de Fleury, vowed that if France wins the war, build a church and dedicate it to the Sacred Heart of Christ. France lost, but Paris escaped occupation. In 1875, construction began on the basilica with donations from the people. The project was developed by the architect Abadi. The consecration of the temple took place in 1919. The basilica was built in the neo-Byzantine style of white sandstone. The interior is richly decorated with marble sculptures, stained glass windows and mosaics.
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DISABLED CATHEDRAL
Frequent wars led to the fact that in the middle of the 17th century in France there were many retired disabled soldiers forced to begging. In 1670, Louis XIV decided to build a house and a temple for them. The Cathedral of the House of Invalids (architect Aardouen-Mansart) is an example of architectural grace and symmetry. The facade is decorated with a double colonnade. The huge dome, entwined with golden garlands and flowers, is crowned with a gilded lantern with a spire. Napoleon Bonaparte is buried in the crypt of the cathedral.
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In 1744, a seriously ill Louis XV vowed to build a church in honor of the patroness of Paris, Saint Genevieve. The consecration of the church took place in 1790. During the Great French Revolution, the church was turned into the Pantheon - the tomb of great people. The architecture of the building is an example of classicism. The vaults of the building are supported by the columns of the Corinthian order. There are no window openings in the walls. They are replaced by maruflé canvases pasted on stone walls... The pictorial cycle, created by Puvis de Chavante and Laurent, is dedicated to Saint Genevieve.
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In the 20th century, at the pillars of the dome of the Pantheon, 4 sculptural groups were installed (counterclockwise): "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" (Bartolomé, 1912), "To the Glory of the Generals of the Revolution" (Gask, 1925), "Orators and Publicists of the Restoration Era" (Markest , 1919), "Diderot and the Encyclopedists" (Treroir, 1925) and "National Convention" (Sicard, 1924)
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FUCO'S PENDULUM
Attached to the light dome of the Pantheon is a working copy of Foucault's pendulum, which physicist Leon Foucault used to show in 1851 that the Earth rotates. Anyone can be convinced that this is actually the case.
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PALET ROYAL
The palace was built in the 17th century by order of Cardinal Richelieu. After his death, the palace passed into the possession of King Louis XIII. When Anna of Austria settled here, the palace began to be called the Royal (Palais Royal). Architectural ensemble The Palais Royal consists of the palace itself, which today houses the Council of State, and galleries that frame the inner garden on three sides, planned by Louis XIV himself.
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AREA OF CONSENT
The place for the square was chosen by Louis XV, and the project was developed by J.-A. Gabriel. The construction of the square was completed in 1779. The square acquired its modern look in 1836, when the architect Khitorf installed the Luxor Obelisk in its center - a gift from the Egyptian Pasha Mahmet-Ali.
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In the 16th century, there was a dump on the site of the garden, and the clay mined here was used for the production of tiles - in French “tuile”, from which the name Tuileries originated. By order of Catherine de Medici, a garden was laid out on this site, which became the first public place for outdoor walks.
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TRIUMPHAL ARCH IN THE SQUARE KARUSELS
The Arc de Triomphe was erected in the early 19th century in honor of Napoleon's victories. It is decorated with bas-reliefs depicting the most famous episodes of the Napoleonic wars. The Arc de Triomphe served as a solemn entrance to the emperor's residence - the Tuileries Palace. An equestrian group was installed on the arch, taken by order of Napoleon from the portal of St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice. In 1815, the sculpture was returned to Italy, and the arch was crowned with a bronze quadriga with a statue of Peace.
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The palace complex of the Louvre took shape over many centuries. At the end of the 12th century, King Philip Augustus built a castle to protect the approaches to the Ile de la Cité. The fortress was named Louvre (from leovar - fortification). In the 14th century, fortifications were erected around the city and the castle lost its defensive function. Under Charles V, it was rebuilt and turned into a royal residence. In the 16th century, a significant part of the building was demolished and a new palace was built in the vacant place, which was constantly expanded over time.
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Until recently, the exposition of the museum occupied only the right wing of the palace, the Old Louvre and the Square Courtyard. In 1981, it was decided to create the Grand Louvre. The Ministry of Finance, which occupied the left wing of the palace, moved to another building, and the area of the museum expanded significantly. There was a problem of creating a single central entrance. According to the project of the architect Yeo Ming Lei, a glass pyramid was built in the courtyard of the Louvre, connecting all departments of the museum with underground passages. It houses a hall, cash desks, wardrobe, shops where you can buy catalogs, souvenirs, books.
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MUSEUM LOUVRE
As a museum, the Louvre opened in 1793. The exposition is based on collections of French kings. Currently, the Louvre Museum houses more than 25 thousand works of art. The museum is divided into 7 sections: the Ancient East and the art of Islam, Ancient Egypt, ancient Greek, Etruscan and ancient Roman art, arts and crafts, European painting (1200-1850), European sculpture (1100-1850), graphics. The jewels of the Louvre collection are La Gioconda, Venus de Milo and Nika of Samothrace.
Venus de Milo
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CHURCH SAINT ESTACH
The Church of Saint-Eustache was built in the middle of the 18th century with money raised by merchants in the nearby market. She is one of the last gothic churches Paris. The peculiarity of the temple lies in the combination of Gothic vaults with the Renaissance forms of the facade and columns. Moliere, Cardinal Richelieu, Madame Pompadour were baptized in this church. Here Berlioz and Liszt performed their works on the church organ. Among artistic values churches - painting by Rubens and sculpture by Pigal.
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PALACE OF JUSTICE
In ancient times, this place was the palace of the Roman governors, and in the 13th century during the Capetian dynasty, a fortified castle was built, which served as the residence of the first French kings. At the end of the 14th century, the Louvre became the royal palace, and the Parisian parliament was located in the old residence. After the Great French Revolution, the building became known as the Palace of Justice. Now it houses the highest court in France - the Court of Cassation.
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SAINT CHAPEL
The ensemble of the Palace of Justice includes the Saint-Chapelle (Holy Chapel) chapel, built in the 13th century by order of Louis IX to store the relic - the crown of thorns of Jesus Christ. Saint-Chapelle consists of two chapels, one above the other. The lower one was intended for courtiers. A service for the royal family was held at the top. The chapel is crowned with a 75-meter spire. The delicate rose on the facade dates back to the 15th century. In the lancet windows, stained-glass windows of the 13th century have been preserved - 1134 scenes depicting biblical subjects.
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MARSOVO FIELD
The Field of Mars was created at the end of the 18th century as a training ground for the students of the Military School and was named after the god of war. Here took place the first horse races in Paris (1780), the first experiments on aerostatics (1783), the first attempt to climb hot-air balloon(1784). In 1889, Champ de Mars was chosen as the site for the construction of the Eiffel Tower. At the beginning of the 20th century, a beautiful park was laid out here.
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EIFFEL TOWER ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
In 1985, an illumination system was introduced, in accordance with which the floodlights were installed inside the tower itself so that their directional light emphasized the lightness and grace of the structure. In 2000, they added "star twinkling" - the lights running at great speed create the effect of a wonderful fireworks. Every 7 years, the Eiffel Tower is painted by hand, adding a yellow pigment to the paint, which gives an additional glow in the rays of spotlights and lamps.
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MOULIN ROUGE
The most famous cabaret in Paris opened in 1889. According to legend, the Moulin Rouge scene is the birthplace of the Cancan. The cabaret stage featured Ella Fitzgerald, Edith Piaf, Frank Sinatra, Elton John, Yves Montand, Jean Gabin, Charles Aznavour, Liza Minnelli. In 1990, the cabaret was completely rebuilt and equipped with the latest technology; only the wings of the Red Mill have survived from the old building.
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CENTRAL MARKET FORUM
There used to be swamps here. Then the land was drained and in 1137 a market was opened, which became the commercial center of Paris. Zola described this place in the novel "The Womb of Paris". The Parisians liked the name and stuck with it. In 1969, the market was closed, and in its place the construction of a modern shopping center... The original buildings of glass and metal rose above the ground, and inside a real underground city... The four underground levels of the Forum go down 17.5 meters. Daylight penetrates the glazed galleries through an intricate system of mirrors.
TOWER MONPARNAS
The tower of black glass and steel, built in 1973 by the architects Baudouin, Cassant, de Mariana and Szabo, rises 210 meters above Paris.The fastest elevator in Europe takes passengers to a height of 195 meters in 38 seconds.At the 56th and 59th -th floors of the tower are open observation decks... The view of the European skyscraper turned out to be so unnatural that it was decided not to build such high-rise structures in the central part of the city.
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DISTRICT DEFANCE
Defense is business and shopping area in the northwestern part of Paris. It was created in 1957-1989. led by the architect Le Corbusier. "Defense" is translated as "defense", and according to the plan of city planners, the area should play the role of a "shield" protecting the historical part of Paris, formed in the 17-19th centuries, from the influence of modern architecture.
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SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT PARIS:
* Paris in your pocket. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Welcome", 2008 * Paris. - Moscow: Publishing house "Around the world", 2007 * France. - Moscow: Publishing house "Vokrug sveta", 2007
