The time of the discoverers of new lands for Europeans was the end of the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The most curious and restless people are grouped into three countries: Portugal, Spain and Russia.

The most important discoveries of two centuries

At the end of the eighties of the fifteenth century, the great navigators from Portugal had already ransacked both the western and South coast distant Africa, in 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed to the Bahamas, Small Antilles and discovered America, and 1497 also became important for geographical discoveries: Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India, circling the African continent. And in 1498, Columbus, Vespucci and Omeha became the discoverers of South America, which they studied for five years, as well as Central America.

Russian great navigators explored mainly the Arctic Ocean. They went around the whole huge North Asia, discovered and Taimyr, proved that America is not a continuation of Asia, leaving the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait. This expedition was headed by the great Russian navigator S. Dezhnev, as well as F. Popov. Since 1735, Khariton and Dmitry Laptev traveled across the Siberian seas, one of which was later named by their last name. The names of great sailors are usually found on the map they compiled.

The Dutchman V. Barents walked around Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen. The Englishman G. Hudson and his associates discovered Greenland, Baffin's Land, the Labrador Peninsula, the Frenchman S. Champilen discovered the northern Appalachians and all five North American Spaniards visited New Guinea. The Dutch V. Janszon and A. Tasman mapped Australia, Tasmania and the islands of New Zealand.

Something about Columbus

A mysterious person remains for posterity Photo, of course, has not yet been invented. But there were portraits. On them we see a man with a wise look and, it would seem, far from any adventurism. The whole personality and the full of troubles the fate of Christopher Columbus is ambiguous, vague, it is possible to write an epic novel about this, and even there it is not possible to contain all the vicissitudes of his life path.

According to one of many versions, he was born on the island of Corsica in 1451. Fierce scholarly controversy still lasts on this topic: six cities in Italy and Spain swear that this is where Columbus was born.

His whole life is a legend. One thing is clear - he lived in Lisbon, and before that he went on ships a lot in the Mediterranean Sea. From there, from Portugal, began the most important voyages of Columbus, which had not yet been completed by the greatest navigators in the world.

Cuba Island and others

In 1492 he set foot on the island of Cuba. There Columbus found one of the most cultured peoples Latin America, who built huge buildings, sculpted beautiful statues, grown cotton already familiar to Europe and completely unknown potatoes and tobacco, which later conquered the whole world. The birthday of Christopher Columbus is still a national holiday on this island.

The pioneer of the tropical Atlantic strip, the first to penetrate the Caribbean Sea, to discover South America and the isthmuses of Central, mapped the Bahamas Archipelago, Lesser and Greater Antilles Caribbean, the island of Trinidad, is all Christopher Columbus. The photo reveals a handsome man, calmly gazing from the portrait, without the slightest trace of worry on his face.

Let the Europeans claim that the Vikings from Iceland had been the path to North America before Columbus since the eleventh century. In the Middle Ages, going by sea across the ocean for the tenth time was incredibly difficult and dangerous. And in any case, there are too many lands on the two American continents that no one discovered before Columbus.

From the messengers of the ship to the great navigators

Fernand Magellan was born in 1480 in northern Portugal and was orphaned at the age of ten. In search of a piece of bread, he got a job in the royal court - a messenger. And he went to sea for the first time at two-five, although he adored the sea since childhood. Magellan dreamed of great navigators and their discoveries not in vain. He managed to get into the command of F. de Almeido, who for the first time moved ships under the flag of Spain to the East.

Magellan turned out to be a very capable student, quickly mastered the maritime business in all professions. Remaining in India, living in Mozambique, he finally became a captain. It was possible to return home.

For five years he convinced the Portuguese ruler of all the benefits of the eastern expeditions, but things did not go well, and in 1517 Magellan entered the service of King Charles, who was the first and Spanish so far, but in the future - the emperor of the Roman Empire.

Trip around the world

In 1493, a bull was issued by the Pope stating that the new lands discovered to the east are Portuguese, and to the west are Spanish. Magellan led an expedition westward to bring back evidence that the spice islands belonged to Spain.

And this journey, which has such a small and mercantile goal, turned into the world's first round the world trip. The great navigators and their discoveries, who called Magellan in childhood dreams, were also far behind. No one has undertaken such a voyage yet, especially since the earth is round, not all travelers assumed at that time.

Magellan did not have time to present the world with evidence of his assumptions, he died on this expedition - in the Philippines. Nevertheless, he died convinced that he was right. The remnants of the team returned to Spain only in 1522.

Cossack chieftain

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev - arctic sailor, Cossack chieftain, explorer and discoverer of many geographic sites, was born into a Pomor family, in Pinega, in 1605. He began his Cossack service as a private in Tobolsk, then he was transferred to Yeniseisk, and even later to Yakutia. Everywhere he mastered new lands, rivers, even crossed the East Siberian Sea on a makeshift nomad from the mouth of the Indigirka to the Alazeya. From there, with my comrades, I set out for the East on two makeshift ships.

In the Kolyma delta, they climbed up the river and founded the city of Srednekolymsk. A few years later, the expedition to the east continued - to the Bering Strait, which for about eighty years will not be the Bering Strait: Dezhnev passed the strait first. The most eastern point of the mainland is a cape named after the discoverer Dezhnev. In addition, the island, bay, peninsula and village bear his name. Center in Vologda region a monument was erected to him. He was a reliable man. Honest and hardworking. Hardy. Strong. He fought. Of the thirteen wounds, three were severe. But always and in everything he strove for peace.

Southern mainland

By the seventeenth century, Europeans saw the main outlines of planet Earth. the unexplored areas were enormous. The most cunning colonialists strove to explore these territories. Historians have never figured out how an ordinary Dutch villager became a sailor, but his travels brought invaluable discoveries to the world.

Even before our era, Aristotle was convinced of the existence of an unknown southern land. "Terra australis incognita" ("unknown southern land"), - he indicated in his notes. It was this land that the navigator Tasman went to look for sailing ship Zehaan. In southern latitudes, nature is inhospitable. An icy wind and almost never the sun. The south and southwest sends out monstrous storms. Such waves do not exist near the mainland, which means that the Southern Land is somewhere not here. And Tasman, on reflection, changed the previously laid course. There was complete uncertainty ahead.

Right choice

After changing the course, nature took mercy on the sailors - the clouds remained aside, and the sun quickly warmed the ship. Soon the land appeared. It so happened that Tasman landed on an island that will be named after him, it is much to the south of the mainland. He simply missed Australia itself. Tasmania has been surveyed, mapped. Then the city will rise here. And at that time there was nothing else to do there - the climate is unpleasant, the rocks are gloomy, the nature is wild, the local population has nothing to offer.

Tasman moved on. He was incredibly lucky to discover the islands. The next one was New Zealand... True, the local Maori greeted Tasman, like all subsequent travelers, unfriendly. Rather, even hostile. While attempting to survey new land, several crew members were killed. Therefore, Tasman left this job to posterity, and "Zehaan" immediately left home. He found no shortcut to Chile. But he proved that Australia exists.

Christopher Columbus.

It was 500 years ago. European seafarers were looking for a way to a country of fabulous wealth - India. The bravest of them set out on dangerous voyages in uncharted seas and the oceans.

In the summer of 1492, Admiral Columbus gave the command to raise the sails, and the caravels "Niña", "Pinta" and "Santa Maria" sailed from Spain. The famous journey through Atlantic Ocean- "The Sea of ​​Darkness". On the seventieth day of the voyage from the mast of the Pinta caravel came the shout of a sailor: “Earth! I see the earth! " This is how America was discovered.

Christopher Columbus did not know that he had discovered a new part of the world. Until the end of his life, he believed that he had sailed to India.

Fernand Magellan.

First trip around the world made by the seaman from Portugal - Fernand Magellan. In the fall of 1519, the Spanish flotilla under the command of Magellan set out on a journey. Across the Atlantic Ocean, across the strait to South America, the ships went out into the open The Pacific... For four months, suffering from thirst and hunger, the travelers sailed across the boundless waters of the Great Ocean and finally reached the unknown islands.

The expedition suffered many losses. And among these losses is the death of Admiral Magellan. On the only surviving ship "Victoria" the travelers continued their voyage. On September 6, 1522, ravaged by storms, the ship returned to Spain. There were only seventeen people on board. Thus ended the first round the world voyage in the history of navigation.

Willem Barents.

Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz was one of the first explorers of the Arctic. In 1596, during the third voyage in the northern seas, the Barents ship was covered with ice near the island New earth... The sailors had to leave the ship and prepare for the winter. They built a house out of logs and ship boards. The travelers spent a long polar winter in this dwelling. They suffered both hunger and cold ... The long-awaited summer has come. The ship was still in ice captivity. And the sailors decided to get home on boats. A chance meeting with Russian sailors - Pomors saved the Dutch from death. But Willem Barentsz was no longer among the rescued. The navigator died on the way to his homeland, in the sea, which would later be called the Barents Sea.

Vitus Bering.

On June 4, 1741, two Russian ships under the command of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov set sail in the Pacific Ocean. They were instructed to find a sea route from Kamchatka to America.

The journey was hard. Chirikov's ship, after many months of wandering by sea, returned to Kamchatka. Bering continued sailing alone. In July 1741, Bering reached the shores of America. On the way back, he discovered many islands. Luck delighted the captain. But the ship ran out of fresh water and food. The sailors were ill. Bering himself fell seriously ill with scurvy. At an unknown island in a storm, the ship was washed ashore. On this island, the sailors buried the commander. Now the island bears the name of Bering. The sea and the strait between Asia and America, through which he passed, is named after the famous captain.

James Cook.

James Cook began sailing on ships as a boy - a cabin boy. Time passed, and Cook became the captain of the ship. In 1768, Captain Cook set out on his first voyage around the world aboard the ship "Endever". He returned to his homeland - to England only three years later. Soon James Cook set out on a new voyage to find the mysterious " Southern land". He never found the "Southern Land", but discovered many islands in the Pacific Ocean. Cook's ships sailed under the scorching sun of the equator, and among the ice of the polar seas. James Cook was the first to travel around the Earth three times.

F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

In the summer of 1819, two sloops - "Vostok" and "Mirny" left Kronstadt on a long voyage. The ships were commanded by the outstanding sailors of the Russian fleet Thaddeus Bellingshauseni Mikhail Lazarev. Having covered a huge distance, the Russian ships entered the cold Antarctic waters. More and more often icebergs were encountered on their way. Swimming was becoming dangerous. If a ship collides with an icy mountain - no flavor. But the brave captains led the ships to the goal. And then the sailors saw the coast. The coast of the mysterious "South Land" - Antarctica. The sixth part of the world was open. This was done by Russian sailors. Now the seas are named after Bellingshausen and Lazarev. Two Soviet scientific Antarctic stations bear the names of the glorious ships - "Vostok" and "Mirny".

N.N. Miklukho Maclay.

In 1871, the corvette "Vityaz" delivered to the island New Guinea traveler Miklouho-Maclay. Here he had to live a long time, study the life of the inhabitants of the island - the Papuans. These dark-skinned people lived as during the Stone Age. And so the ship sailed away, and the Russian traveler remained on the shore. The Papuans greeted the guest with hostility. But Miklouho-Maclay, with his kindness and courage, won the trust of the Guineans and became their faithful friend. The scientist admired their hard work and honesty. He taught the Papuans to use iron tools, gave them seeds of useful plants. Miklouho-Maclay visited New Guinea more than once. The memory of the great Russian traveler is still alive on a distant island.

Thor Heyerdahl.

It happens, and in our time, people go on trips on old ships. Such travels were made by the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl.

Ancient pyramids rise in South America. They are very similar to Egyptian pyramids that are on the other side of the ocean. Is this a coincidence? Maybe people swam from one mainland to another 5000 years ago? Thor Heyerdahl decided to check it out. He built a boat in Egypt from a herbaceous plant - papyrus, as he built in antiquity, and named it - "Ra". On this boat, Heyerdahl, together with his friends, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. The first time he crossed half of the Pacific Ocean on the Kon-Tiki raft. Heyerdahl recently made another amazing trip on the reed ship Tigris. Representatives of different countries took part in all of Thor Heyerdahl's travels. Among them was the Russian scientist Yuri Senkevich.

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Ushakov Feodor Feodorovich Ushakov Feodor Feodorovich, 1743 - 1817 - a famous sailor. Studied at the Naval Cadet Corps. During the first Turkish war, he commanded various ships in the Sea of ​​Azov and participated in the protection of the Crimean coast. In 1787, with 2 frigates, he cruised in the Black Sea on the occasion of the renewed war with Turkey; the next year he took command of the vanguard (4 frigates) in the squadron of Rear Admiral Voinovich and took part in the battle with the Turkish fleet at Fidonisi. In 1790, Potemkin entrusted him with the command of the Black Sea fleet, and from that time the military glory of Ushakov began. With his flag on the ship "Saint Alexander", he headed for the shores of Anatolia, bombarded Sinop and destroyed more than 26 enemy ships; then reflected off Kerch Strait the Turkish fleet, and at Hajibey he defeated it. In 1791, having a flag on the ship "Nativity of Christ", he won a victory at Kalakria. In 1798 he was ordered to go to Constantinople and, after joining the Turkish squadron, to go to the Archipelago and the Mediterranean Sea. Here he occupied the islands of Cherigo, Zante, Kefalonia, San Mavro and, by capturing the fortress of Corfu, finally liberated the Ionian Islands from the rule of the French. In 1800 Ushakov, promoted to admiral, returned with his squadron to Russia. In 1802 he was appointed chief commander of the Baltic training fleet and chief of the naval commands in St. Petersburg. In 1807 he was dismissed from service due to illness. One of the coastal defense battleships in the Baltic fleet bore the name of Ushakov.

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Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich (1778–1852), Russian naval leader, navigator, admiral (1843), discoverer of Antarctica. Born on the island of Ezel (now - the island of Saaremaa, Estonia) on September 9, 1778 in a family of Eastsee nobles. Since childhood, he dreamed of becoming a sailor, writing about himself: “I was born in the middle of the sea; just as fish cannot live without water, so I cannot live without the sea. " In 1789 he entered the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps. He became a midshipman and in 1796 sailed to the shores of England. Successfully sailed across the Baltic on the ships of the Revel squadron, in 1797 he was promoted to warrant officer (first officer rank). Love for science was noticed by the commander of the Kronstadt port, who recommended Bellingshausen to IF Kruzenshtern. In 1803-1806 Bellingshausen served on the ship "Nadezhda", which took part in the expedition of Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, which made the first Russian circumnavigation... On this journey, he compiled and graphically executed almost all the maps included in the Atlas for the journey around the world of Captain I.F. Kruzenshtern. In 1810-1819 he commanded a corvette and a frigate in the Baltic and Black Seas, where he also conducted cartographic and astronomical research. Throughout the entire journey, we always regretted that two students were not allowed to go with us. Natural history, from the Russians who desired this, and unknown foreigners are preferred to them. When preparing a new round the world expedition Kruzenshtern recommended Bellingshausen, who had already become a captain of the 2nd rank, as its leader: "Our fleet, of course, is rich in enterprising and skillful officers, but of all these, whom I know, no one, except Golovnin, can equal him." At the beginning of 1819 Bellingshausen was appointed "head of the expedition to search for the sixth continent", organized with the approval of Alexander I. In June 1819, the sloops "Vostok" under the command of Bellingshausen and "Mirny" under the command of a young naval lieutenant MP Lazarev left Kronstadt. On November 2, the expedition arrived in Rio de Janeiro. From there Bellingshausen headed south. Having skirted the southwestern coast of New Georgia Island, discovered by Cook (about 56 degrees south latitude), he surveyed the southern Sandwich Islands. On January 16, 1820 the ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev in the area of ​​the Princess Martha Coast approached the unknown "ice continent". The discovery of Antarctica dates from this day. Three more times this summer, the expedition explored the coastal shelf of the open sixth continent, crossing the Antarctic Circle several times. In early February 1820, the ships approached the Princess Astrid Coast, but due to snowy weather they could not see it well. In March 1820, when sailing off the coast of the mainland became impossible due to the accumulation of ice, both ships headed to Australia with different ducks and met in the port of Jackson (now Sydney). From there, they went to the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered 29 islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, which were named after prominent Russian military and statesmen. In September 1820 Bellingshausen returned to Sydney, from where he again went to explore Antarctica in part of the Western Hemisphere.

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Bering Vitus Ionassen Bering Vitus (or Ivan Ivanovich, as he was called in Russia) (1681-1741) - captain-commander, the first Russian navigator, after whom the strait separating Asia from America was named (although the Cossack Dezhnev first visited him in 1648 ). Dane by birth. In 1725-30 and 1732-41 he headed the 1st and 2nd Kamchatka expeditions. Passed between the Chukotka Peninsula and Alaska (Bering Strait), reached the North. America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian ridge. He died during the winter on the island that now bears his name. Upon arrival at the Bolyperetsky estuary, the materials and provisions were transported to the Bolyperetsky fort by water in small boats. There were 14 households under this prison of Russian dwelling. And he sent up by the Bystraya River in small boats heavy materials and some of the provisions, which were brought by water to the Upper Kamchadal prison 120 miles away. And in the same winter, from the Bolsheretsky prison to the Upper and Lower Kamchadal forts, they were transported by dogs, according to the custom there. And every evening on the way for the night they raked their camps out of snow, and covered them from above, even great blizzards live, which are called blizzards there. And if a blizzard catches in a clean place, and they do not have time to make a camp for themselves, it will bring people in with snow, which is why they die. The sea and the strait in the north of the Pacific Ocean are also named after Bering. The first explored sowing. coast of Kamchatka, east. part of Asia, about. St. Lawrence, about. St. Diomede; the first of all European sailors visited the Kamchatka and Bobrovskoe seas, later named Bering, and discovered chain about Aleutskikh, Shumaginsky Islands, Tumannye, sowing. Western America and St. Elijah. - Bering was born in 1680 in Jutland, entered the Russian naval service in 1704, with the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant. In inviting him, Peter based on the ideas of Sivers and Senyavin, who declared that he "was in the East Indies and knows how to get around." According to Miller, in 1707 Bering was a lieutenant, and in 1710 - a lieutenant commander. It is not known only in which seas he sailed at that time and whether he himself commanded ships or was under command. 1714-16 Bering spent almost all his time at sea, visited both Copenhagen and Arkhangelsk. From 1716 to 1723 there is no information about Bering's life. Under 1723, in the journals of the Admiralty Board, there is a decree on the resignation of Bering, which he asked, not having achieved the desired rank of captain of the first rank. But the next year, the emperor gave the order of the board to invite Bering again to the service and give him the rank of captain of the 1st rank. From this (1724) year, Bering invariably served the Russian fleet until his death and devoted all his activities to solving the question posed to him by the great reformer: "Whether or not Asia is united with America." Dutch scientists first turned to Peter with this question and a request to equip the expedition; during his stay in Holland, in 1717, the Paris Academy of Sciences repeated the same request to Peter. The responsive reformer was sympathetic to their request, but political events forced him to postpone this case until 1725. On December 23, 1724, he personally wrote the following instructions for the head of the expedition Vitus Bering: 1) it is necessary to make one or two boats with decks in Kamchatka or in another place there, 2) on these boats near the land that goes to the Nord and aspiring ( they don’t know the end of it), it seems that the land is part of America, 3) in order to look for where it met with America: and in order to get to which city of European possessions, or if they see which European ship to visit from it, as this bush is called and take on a letter and go ashore ourselves and take a genuine statement and put it at stake to come here.

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Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich (c. 1605, Veliky Ustyug - early 1673, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, as well as a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in In 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, he crossed the Bering Strait, separating Alaska from Chukotka. Born on Pinega in a family of Pomor peasants. He began his Siberian service as an ordinary Cossack in Tobolsk at the end of 1630; then he moved to Yeniseisk, and in 1638 - to the Yakutsk prison. In 1639 and in the summer of 1640 he collected yasak in the Middle Vilyuy, as well as on the Tatta and Amga, the left tributaries of the Aldan. In the winter of 1640/41 he served in the Upper Yana basin in the detachment of D. Yerila (Zyryan). In the summer of 1641 he was assigned to the detachment of M. Stadukhin, got with him to the prison on Oymyakon (left tributary of the Indigirka). Big nose. (about the Chukotka Peninsula or about Cape Dezhnev) Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich In the spring of 1642, up to 500 Evens attacked the prison, Cossacks, Yasak Tungus and Yakuts came to the rescue. The enemy retreated with losses. At the beginning of the summer of 1643, Stadukhin's detachment, including Dezhnev, went down the Indigirka river to the estuary on a built roach, crossed the sea to the Alazeya River and in its lower reaches they met Erila's roach. Dezhnev managed to persuade him to take joint actions, and the combined detachment led by Stadukhin moved east on two ships. In mid-July, the Cossacks reached the Kolyma delta, were attacked by the Yukaghirs, but broke through up the river and at the beginning of August, on its middle reaches, they set up an ostrozhek (now Srednekolymsk). In Kolyma, Dezhnev served until the summer of 1647. In the spring, he and three companions delivered a cargo of furs to Yakutsk, repelling the attack of the Evens on the way. Then, at his request, he was included in the fishing expedition of F. Popov as a yasak collector. However, the difficult ice conditions in 1647 forced the sailors to return. Only the next summer Popov and Dezhnev, with 90 people on seven kochi, moved east. According to the generally accepted version, only three ships reached the Bering Strait - two were killed in a storm, two were missing; another one crashed in the strait. Already in the Bering Sea in early October, another storm divided the two remaining koch. Dezhnev with 25 satellites was thrown to the Olyutorsky peninsula, and only ten weeks later they were able to reach the lower reaches of the Anadyr. This version contradicts the testimony of Dezhnev himself, recorded in 1662: six out of seven ships passed the Bering Strait, and five kochi, including Popov's ship, perished in the Bering Sea or in the Anadyr Bay during the "sea storm". And from the Kovy [Kolyma] rivers to go by sea to the Anadyr-river, and there is Nos, went out to sea far ... and opposite to that Nos has two islands, and on those islands live Chukhchi, and their teeth are cut, lips, bone are cut fish tooth [walrus tusk]. And that Nose lies between the seiver on the midnight [to the north-east]. And from the Russian side of the Nos [to the north] of the sign came out: a river, the camp here at the Chukhochs is made, that the tower is made of whale bone, and the Nos turns abruptly to the Anadyr River in the summer [i.e. e. south]. And a good escape [sailing] from the Nos to Anadyr river for three days, and no more ... (description of open lands in the petition) Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich naked and barefoot. " Of the 12 people who went in search of camps, only three returned; somehow 17 Cossacks survived the winter of 1648/49 on Anadyr and were even able to build before the ice drift river ships... In the summer, having climbed 600 kilometers against the current, Dezhnev founded a yasak winter hut on the Upper Anadyr, where he met the new year, 1650. In early April, the detachments of Semyon Motors and Stadukhin arrived there. Dezhnev agreed with Motor on unification and in the fall made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the Penzhina River, but without a guide, he wandered in the mountains for three weeks. In late autumn, Dezhnev sent some of the people to the lower reaches of the Anadyr to purchase food from local residents... In January 1651, Stadukhin robbed this grocery detachment and beat the procurers, while in mid-February he went south to Penzhina. Dezhnevites held out until spring, and in summer and autumn they were engaged in the food problem and exploration of (unsuccessful) "sable places". As a result, they got acquainted with Anadyr and for the most part its tributaries; Dezhnev drew up a drawing of the pool (not found yet). In the summer of 1652, in the south of the Anadyr estuary, he discovered on a shallow a richest walrus rookery with a huge amount of "frozen teeth" - fangs of dead animals. In 1660, at his request, Dezhnev was replaced, and with the load of the "bone treasury" he went on dry land to the Kolyma, and from there by sea to the Lower Lena. After wintering in Zhigansk through Yakutsk, he reached Moscow in September 1664. For service and fishing 289 poods (a little more than 4.6 tons) of walrus tusks in the amount of 17 340 rubles with Dezhnev, a full settlement was made. In January 1650 he received 126 rubles and the rank of Cossack chieftain. Upon his return to Siberia, he collected yasak on the Olenek, Yana and Vilyui rivers, at the end of 1671 he delivered a sable treasury to Moscow and fell ill. He died at the beginning of 1673.

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Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich (1806-1854), Russian naval commander, hero of the Sevastopol defense. Born on February 1 (13), 1806 in the village. Ivanovskoe, Tver province, in the family of a retired naval officer (captain-commander). In 1821 he entered the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. I will bequeath to my children, having chosen the service of the sovereign once, not to change it, but to make every effort to make it useful to society ... He began his service in 1824 on the sloop "Smirny", then enlisted in the 20th naval crew of the Baltic Fleet. Weighed down with drill and parades; expelled for "lack of vigor for the front." In 1827, at the request of his father, he was returned to service in the Baltic Fleet and sent to the battleship "Azov"; became close to his commander M.P. Lazarev, who became his teacher. In the summer of 1827 on board the "Azov" made the transition from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea; received the baptism of fire in the battle of Navarino on October 8 (20), 1827 of the united Anglo-French-Russian squadron with the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. Participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829. In 1833 he was transferred, following M.P. Lazarev, to the Black Sea Fleet. In the same year, during the expedition of the Russian flotilla to the Bosphorus, on behalf of MP Lazarev, he conducted a thorough military-topographic survey of the strait; awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. In 1834 he was appointed commander of the brig "Themistocles"; has established itself as a skillful organizer of combat training. In 1837 he became the commander of the corvette "Orest". In 1838 he received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank and headed the headquarters of the Black Sea squadron, in 1839 he was also appointed commander battleship"Twelve Apostles". He streamlined the supply and armament system for the Black Sea Fleet ships; was actively involved in the organization of training voyages and shooting. In 1840 he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank. In 1840-1846, he led amphibious operations on the Caucasian coast near Tuapse, Psezuape (Lazarevskaya), on the river. Shahe against the highlanders who captured a number of fortified points of the Black Sea coastline... Let them first tell the troops the word of God, and then I will give them the word of the tsar. Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich In 1846 he was sent to Great Britain to oversee the construction of steam ships for Russia; at the same time he got acquainted with the state of the British fleet and its control system. Upon returning to his homeland in 1848, he became Rear Admiral; was for special assignments under the commander of the Black Sea Fleet M.P. Lazarev. In 1849 he was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet and ports. Since 1851, after the death of M.P. Lazarev, he actually led the fleet. In the same year he was admitted to the retinue of His Imperial Majesty with the right to report; in 1852 promoted to vice admiral. He fought for the rearmament of ships and replacement sailing ships steam; paid much attention to improving the quality of command and training of rank and file personnel; contributed to the creation of the Sevastopol Naval Library. Anticipating a war with the leading maritime powers, he took vigorous measures to build new ships, increase artillery arsenals and expand the docks in the main fleet base - Sevastopol. With the outbreak of the Crimean War on October 20 (November 1), 1853, he led a reconnaissance raid of a detachment of steam ships to the Bosphorus; On November 5 (17), he won the battle with the Turkish warship "Pervaz-Bahri" and captured it. Having moved to join the squadron of P.S. Nakhimov, he took part in the pursuit of the remnants of the Turkish fleet, which was defeated in the Battle of Sinop on November 18 (30), 1853. The sea is behind us, the enemy is in front, remember: do not believe the retreat! Franco-Turkish troops in the Crimea 2-6 (14-18) September 1854 and the defeat of the Russian army on the river. Alma on September 8 (20) was appointed on September 11 (23) as the head of the defense of the Northern side. He objected to the sinking of part of the sailing ships of the Black Sea Fleet in the Sevastopol Bay and offered to fight the allied squadron, but did not receive the support of most of the flagships and captains. After the announcement of September 13 (25), Sevastopol in a state of siege, in fact, led the entire defense. With the active participation of the population, he created a powerful line of fortifications, strengthening it with guns and crews from sunken ships

Slide No. 7

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Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich (1770-1846) - Russian navigator, head of the first round-the-world expedition, one of the founders of Russian oceanology, admiral (1842), honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1806). Born on November 8, 1770 (Hagudis, Estonia). Coming from a family of nobles in Estland, Kruzenshtern studied at the Naval Cadet Corps in 1785–1788, in the year of graduation he was sent to the Russian-Swedish war of 1789–1790, participated in the Battle of Hogland (1789), in 1790 he was promoted to lieutenant. He studied maritime art in England, in 1793-1799 he served as a volunteer on English ships in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, in the South China Sea, participated in battles with the French fleet, visited Barbados and Bermuda. I am my own master at sea, and no Japanese can tell me. Upon his return to Russia, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. Thinking about the possibility of the fur trade between Russia and China by sea, he presented his first project in 1799. In 1802, Emperor Alexander I supported his idea of ​​a voyage around the world to study the possibilities of communication between Russian ports in the Baltic and Alaska and appointed him head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. In August 1803, the Kruzenshtern expedition left Kronstadt on two sailing sloops "Nadezhda" (450 tons, on board it was a mission to Japan headed by N. Rezanov, one of the founders of the Russian-American company) and "Neva" (400 tons , the commander is Kruzenshtern's classmate and assistant captain Yu.F. Lisyansky). The purpose of the voyage was to study the mouth of the Amur to identify routes for the supply of goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. After anchorage at the island of Santa Catarina (Brazilian coast), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet and headed south. During the circumnavigation of the world, at the first crossing of the equator by Russian sailors, according to the old maritime tradition, a traditional holiday was organized with the participation of Neptune. The sea lord, appearing on the deck, where the entire crew had already gathered, went up to the captain and sternly asked: - I have never seen the Russian flag in these places before. Why did you come here with your ships? - For the glory of science and our fatherland, - Kruzenshtern answered him and respectfully brought a glass of wine ... Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich on March 3, 1804 rounded Cape Horn and three weeks later parted in the Pacific Ocean, but from the island of Nuku-Khiva (Marquesas Islands) ships again together we reached Hawaiian Islands from where the Neva sailed to the shores of Alaska, and the Nadezhda to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (arrived in July 1804). Kruzenshtern delivered Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, describing the northern and eastern shores of the Gulf of Patience, the way of life and customs of the "savages". In the summer of 1805, he tried to pass between Sakhalin Island and the mainland, but could not. Mistakenly decided that Sakhalin is not an island and is connected to the mainland by an isthmus. From Petropavlovsk in the fall of 1805 he reached Canton, in 1806 he arrived in Kronstadt. The expedition made a significant contribution to geography, “erasing” a number of non-existent islands and clarifying the position of the existing ones, discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured the water temperature at depths of up to 400 m, determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; tried to figure out the reasons for the "glow" of the sea, collected data on atmospheric pressure, ebb and flow in a number of areas of the oceans. Upon his return, Kruzenshtern was assigned to the St. Petersburg port to create a work on circumnavigation. He married the daughter of the writer A. Kotsebue (? –1851) Wilhelmina (Mimi). She gave birth to her son Alexander in 1808, who later became a senator and member of the State Council of the Kingdom of Poland.

Slide No. 8

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Kuznetsov Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov Nikolai Gerasimovich (July 11 (24), 1904, Medvedki, now the Kotlassky district of the Arkhangelsk region - December 6, 1974, Moscow) - Soviet naval leader, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union (March 3, 1955), in 1939-1947 and 1951-1955 headed the Soviet Navy (as People's Commissar of the Navy (1939-1946), Minister of the Navy (1951-1953) and Commander-in-Chief). I take responsibility for myself. (on the eve of the Great Patriotic War , putting the country's fleet on alert), the son of a state peasant Gerasim Fedorovich Kuznetsov (1861-1915). Since 1917, a messenger for the Arkhangelsk port. In 1919, the 15-year-old Kuznetsov joined the Severodvinsk flotilla, claiming two years to be accepted (the erroneous year of birth 1902 is still found in some reference books). In 1921-1922 he was a combatant of the Arkhangelsk naval crew. From 1922 he served in Petrograd, in 1923-1926 he studied at the Naval School named after V.I. Frunze, which he graduated with honors on October 5, 1926. He chose the Black Sea Fleet and the cruiser Chervona Ukraine, the first cruiser built in the USSR, as his duty station. In 1929-1932 he studied at the Naval Academy, which he also graduated with honors. Then he again served in the Black Sea, and from 1933 he commanded the same cruiser, where he perfected the combat readiness system of a single ship. Having risen to the captain of the first rank (one of the youngest in the world), in 1936 he was sent to the civil war in Spain, where he was the chief naval adviser to the republican government (he took the pseudonym Don Nicolas Lepanto, in honor of Spain's greatest naval victory). From August 1937 - deputy commander, from January 10, 1938 - flagship of the 2nd rank, commander of the Pacific Fleet; faced with repression and constant arrests in the fleet, he managed to defend many of his subordinates. He supported the actions of the ground forces in the battles near Lake Khasan. On April 29, 1939, 34-year-old Kuznetsov was appointed People's Commissar of the USSR Navy: he was the youngest People's Commissar in the Union and the first seaman in this position (Commissar Smirnov and Chekist Frinovsky were previously Commissars; both of them were active organizers of repression in the Navy and both became their victims. ). He made a great contribution to strengthening the fleet decapitated by the purges before the war; held a number of major exercises, personally visited many ships, solving organizational and personnel issues. He initiated the opening of new naval schools and special naval schools (later the Nakhimov schools). Also, by his order in 1939, the old St. Petersburg Engineering Scientific and Pedagogical School was preserved, the Marine Engineering Faculty was returned to Leningrad, and the Nikolaev Engineering School was restored under the name VITU. With his active participation, the disciplinary and naval regulations of the Navy were adopted. On July 24, 1939, on his initiative, the Day of the Navy was introduced. With the introduction of general and admiral ranks in June 1940, he was awarded the rank of admiral. Admiral Kuznetsov was one of the few Soviet commanders to take effective action on the eve of the German attack after the first warnings about it appeared [source unspecified 576 days]. Since the Navy was a separate People's Commissariat and did not obey the order of Timoshenko and Zhukov of June 21, 1941 about the inadmissibility of "succumbing to provocations", Kuznetsov was able to bring all fleets and flotillas to a state of combat readiness by his order from the same date. There was a certain risk in this decision, because it went against the will of Stalin [source not specified 502 days]. As a result, on June 22, the day of the German attack, the Navy did not lose a single ship or a single naval aircraft, but responded to the enemy with organized fire. During the war, Kuznetsov quickly and energetically led the fleet, coordinating its actions with the operations of other Armed Forces... He was a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, constantly went to ships and fronts. The fleet prevented an invasion of the Caucasus from the sea. Naval aviation and the submarine fleet played an important role in countering the enemy. The navy accompanied the Lend-Lease convoys and provided assistance to the allies. A significant role was given to marine education and taking into account the experience of the war. In February 1944, Kuznetsov was awarded the rank of Admiral of the Fleet (four stars, equal to the General of the Army), and on May 31, 1945, it was equated to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union and marshal-type shoulder straps were introduced. In the same year, Kuznetsov became a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich (1788-1851) - Russian admiral, traveler, participant of three round-the-world voyages, governor of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. Born November 3, 1788 in Vladimir in the family of the governor, senator, secret adviser P.G. Lazarev. Orphaned early, in 1800 he was assigned to the Naval Cadet Corps, from which he graduated with a flattering assessment: “Behavior of a noble, knowledgeable in a position; sends it with tireless zeal and quickness. " After examinations in 1803 with the rank of midshipman, he served on a cruiser; I went on it across the Baltic. Having gone as a volunteer to England, he studied maritime business there for five years - he went to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the North and Mediterranean Seas. There he was engaged in self-education, studying history, ethnography. After a hearty welcome, wishing to show the admiral his attention and respect, the emperor said: "Old man, stay with me for dinner." "I can't, sir," Mikhail Petrovich replied, "I gave my word to dine at Admiral G.'s." In 1808 he was promoted to warrant officer and sent to the Russian-Swedish war. There, for his courage shown in 1811, he was promoted to naval lieutenant. In 1812 he served on the Phoenix brig. For valor in the Patriotic War he received a silver medal. In 1813 on the ship "Suvorov" made the first round the world voyage: delivered cargo to the Far East, simultaneously opening uninhabited islands on the Pacific Ocean (and giving them the name of Suvorov). Having bought a batch of quinine in Peru, having taken on board animals outlandish for Russia, he returned to Kronstadt in 1816. During this voyage, Lazarev clarified the coordinates and made sketches of the coastal areas of Australia, Brazil, and North America. In 1819, Lazarev, together with FF Bellingshausen, was identified "to search for the sixth continent." Appointed commander of the sloop Mirny, he made his second round the world voyage in the next three years, during which on January 16, 1820 he (together with Bellingshausen) discovered one sixth of the world - Antarctica - and a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean. For this expedition, MP Lazarev was promoted through the rank immediately to the captain of the 2nd rank, granted a pension by the rank of lieutenant and was appointed commander of the frigate "Cruiser". On the "Cruiser" MP Lazarev made in 1822-1825 his third voyage around the world - to the shores of Russian possessions in North America. During it, extensive scientific research in meteorology and ethnography was carried out. Lazarev's successes in military affairs and research work were marked by the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree and the award of the rank of captain of the 1st rank. In 1826, as the commander of the Azov ship, the naval commander made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea, where he participated in the 1827 Navarino naval battle. In that battle, "Azov" led the Russian battleships, which took the brunt of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet, utterly defeated by the joint efforts of the Russian, French and British squadrons. For this victory, the sailor received the title of Rear Admiral, and the Azov team, headed by him, was awarded the St. George flag for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet. In 1828-1829, Lazarev, as chief of staff of the Russian squadron in the Mediterranean, took part in the blockade of the Dardanelles. In 1832 he was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet and ports. In April 1833 he was promoted to vice admiral, received the rank of adjutant general and was appointed military governor of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. Under his leadership, the construction of new and reconstruction of old port cities began (the rebuilding in the center of Sevastopol of the "Ridge of Lawlessness" - randomly built huts of the urban poor on the central city hill, the laying of the Grafskaya pier, Istoricheskiy boulevard). On the initiative of the governor, the Sea Library was created in Sevastopol; he personally supervised the acquisition of its funds.

Slide No. 10

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Makarov Stepan Osipovich Makarov Stepan Osipovich (1848-1904) - the great Russian naval commander, researcher-hydrologist, shipbuilder, vice-admiral (1896). Born on December 27, 1848 in Nikolaev in the family of a warrant officer of the fleet, who had served as a soldier. His mother also came from the family of a naval officer. Today I would prefer to serve not in Kronstadt, but in Port Arthur ... Makarov Stepan Osipovich In 1865 he was sent (when his father was transferred to serve in the Far East) to the naval school in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, which he graduated from in 1869, promoted to warrant officer ... From 1871 - in the Baltic Fleet. During his service on the armored boat "Rusalka" he made the first proposals to change the technical design of the battleship, allowing to increase its unsinkability (the so-called "plaster of midshipman Makarov"), which were highly appreciated by the commander of the squadron adm. GI Butakov at a specially convened meeting of the Technical Committee. By 1873, the "plaster" was already used on ships to seal holes, Makarov himself received the rank of lieutenant. In 1876 he was sent to the squadron of the Black Sea Fleet under the command of A.A. Popov, where he proposed to convert the ordinary steamer "Grand Duke Constantine" into a vehicle for transporting mine boats (so that in case of a military threat, such ships would be immediately sent to the areas where enemy ships were parked). This marked the beginning of the creation of destroyers and torpedo boats. Being a military sailor and staying away from a big, just war is not the brightest line in an officer's record. With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, having arrived from St. Petersburg to his native Nikolaev, he presented to the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral N.A. Arkas, a draft of the actions of the Russian fleet with the help of mine boats. Having received permission, he implemented his idea on the night of December 16, 1877, when, for the first time in the world, Makarov attacked Turkish warships using self-propelled torpedo mines fired from mine boats. By 1881, inspired by the creation of a torpedo destroyer, he returned to St. Petersburg. From there he was sent to Constantinople to command the steamer Taman, a station at the Russian embassy. In this almost diplomatic position, Makarov's research abilities in the field of oceanology were revealed. On "Taman" he carried out hydrological work in the Bosphorus and wrote a work On the exchange of waters of the Black and Mediterranean seas(1885). For this work, awarded by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, naval officer Makarov was admitted to full membership Geographical Society... In 1882-1886 captain 1st rank Makarov again in the Baltic: he served as the flag-captain of the commander of the Practical Squadron Baltic Sea, the commander of the frigate "Prince Pozharsky" (1883-1885), then the corvette "Vityaz". In 1886-1889 he sailed around the world, carrying out oceanographic work in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and later summarized in his two-volume edition "The Knight" and the Pacific Ocean (1894). The book is still considered a classic work in oceanology. On the pediment of the Oceanographic Institute in Monaco, in the list of ships that have contributed to the exploration of the World Ocean, there is the name of the corvette Vityaz. On January 1, 1890, 42-year-old Makarov was promoted to rear admiral and appointed junior flagship of the Baltic Fleet for distinction in service. In 1891 - chief inspector of naval artillery. During these years, he invented tips for artillery shells (which received his name), which could significantly increase the penetrating power of an armor-piercing shell (adopted in 1904).

Slide No. 11

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Marinesko Alexander Ivanovich Marinesko Alexander Ivanovich (January 2 (15), 1913 (19130115), Odessa - November 25, 1963, Leningrad) - commander of the Red Banner submarine C-13 of the Red Banner submarine brigade of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, captain of the 3rd rank, known for " Attack of the Century ". Born in Odessa in the family of the Romanian worker Ion Marinescu, his mother is Ukrainian. He graduated from 6 classes of a labor school, after which he became a sailor's apprentice. For diligence and patience, he was sent to the Jung school, after which he went on ships Black Sea Shipping Company a sailor of the 1st class. In 1930 he entered the Odessa Naval Technical School and, after graduating in 1933, sailed as the third and second mate of the captain on the steamers Ilyich and Red Fleet. Close people for the truth will not kill, but only punish. And don’t lie to strangers, so that they don’t think that Marinesko is a coward. In November 1933, on a Komsomol ticket (according to other sources, on mobilization), he was sent to special courses for the command staff of the RKKF, after which he was appointed navigator on the Shch-306 submarine (“ Haddock ") of the Baltic Fleet. In March 1936, in connection with the introduction of personal military ranks, A. I. Marinesko was promoted to lieutenant, in November 1938 - senior lieutenant. After graduating from retraining courses at the S.M. Kirov Red Banner Diving Training Squad, he served as an assistant commander on the L-1, then as the commander of the M-96 submarine, the crew of which, according to the results of combat and political training in 1940, took first place, and the commander was awarded gold hours and promoted to lieutenant commander. In the first days of World War II, the M-96 submarine under the command of Marinesko was relocated to Paldiski, then to Tallinn, stood at a position in the Gulf of Riga, had no collisions with the enemy. In August 1941, it was planned to transfer the submarine to the Caspian Sea as a training one, then this idea was abandoned. In October 1941, Marinesko was expelled from the candidates for membership in the CPSU (b) for drunkenness and the organization of gambling in the PL division (the divisional commissar, who allowed this, received ten years in suspended camps and was sent to the front). On February 14, 1942, the submarine was damaged by an artillery shell during shelling, the repair took six months. Only on August 12, 1942, the M-96 entered the next military campaign. On August 14, 1942, the submarine attacked the German heavy floating battery (German schwerer Artillerie-Träger) SAT-4 "Helene" (400 brt). As Commander Marinesko observed, the ship sank to the bottom as a result of the attack. But in 1946 the "sunk" ship was transferred to the Baltic Fleet. Returning from the position ahead of schedule (the fuel and regeneration cartridges were running out), Marinesco did not warn the Soviet patrols, and when surfacing did not raise the naval flag, as a result of which the boat almost sank his own boats. In November 1942, the M-96 entered Narva Bay to land a group of scouts in an operation to capture the Enigma encryption machine at the headquarters of the German regiment. But there was no encryption machine in it. Nevertheless, the actions of the commander in the position were highly appreciated, and A. I. Marinesko was awarded the Order of Lenin. At the end of 1942, A. I. Marinesko was awarded the rank of captain of the 3rd rank, he was again accepted as a candidate for membership in the CPSU (b), but in a good overall combat performance for 1942, the division commander, captain of the 3rd rank, Sidorenko, nevertheless noted that his subordinate "on the shore is prone to frequent drinking." In April 1943, A.I. Marinesko was appointed commander of the S-13 submarine, where he served until September 1945. In 1943, the S-13 did not go on military campaigns, and the commander got into another "drunken" story. The submarine under his command set out on a campaign only in October 1944. On the very first day of the campaign, October 9, Marinesko discovered and attacked the transport "Siegfried" (553 brt). The attack with four torpedoes from a short distance was unsuccessful, the transport had to be fired from 45-mm and 100-mm submarine guns. According to the commander's observation, as a result of the hits, the ship (the displacement of which Marinesko in the report overestimated to 5000 tons) began to quickly sink into the water. In fact, the damaged German transport was later towed by the enemy to Danzig and rebuilt by the spring of 1945. For this campaign, Marinesco received the Order of the Red Banner. From January 9 to February 15, 1945 A. I. Marinesko was on his fifth military campaign, during which two large enemy transports were sunk - “ Wilhelm Gustloff"And" Steuben ". Before this campaign, the commander of the Baltic Fleet, Admiral V.F. , but delayed the execution of this decision, allowing the commander and the crew to atone for their guilt in the military campaign. Thus, the S-13 became the only "penalty" submarine in the Soviet fleet. On January 30, 1945, C-13 attacked and sent to the bottom of the liner "Wilhelm Gustloff", on which there were 10,582 people: 918 cadets of junior groups of the 2nd training submarine division, 173 crew members, 373 women from the auxiliary marine corps, 162 seriously wounded servicemen and 8956 refugees, mainly old people, women and children. The transport, the former ocean liner "Wilhelm Gustloff", went without an escort (the torpedoes of the TF-19 training flotilla returned to the port of Gotenhaven, having received damage to the hull in a collision with a stone, accompanied by the second ship from the escort assigned to "Gustlov" - the light destroyer "Löwe" .) Due to a lack of fuel, the liner went on a straight course, without performing an anti-submarine zigzag, and damage to the hull, received earlier during bombing, did not allow it to develop high speed (the ship was sailing at a speed of only 12 knots).

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Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich (1802-1855), Russian naval commander, hero of the Sevastopol defense. Born June 23 (July 5) 1802 in the village. A small town (modern village of Nakhimovskoye) of the Vyazemsky district of the Smolensk province in a large noble family (eleven children). The son of a retired major S.M. Nakhimov. In 1815-1818 he studied at the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg; in 1817, among the best midshipmen in the "Phoenix" brig, he sailed to the shores of Sweden and Denmark. After graduating from the Corps in January 1818 sixth in the list of graduates, in February he received the rank of midshipman and was sent to the 2nd naval crew of the Petersburg port. Why should we be so seduced by all strangers as to neglect our own? Some are so carried away by false education that they never read Russian magazines and boast of it ... It is clear that these gentlemen are so unaccustomed to everything Russian that they deeply despise rapprochement with their compatriots, commoners. In 1821 he was transferred to the 23rd naval crew. Baltic Fleet. In 1822–1825, as an officer of the watch, he took part in MP Lazarev's round-the-world voyage on the cruiser frigate; on his return he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. From 1826 he served under the command of MP Lazarev on the battleship "Azov". In the summer of 1827, on board he made the transition from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea; in the battle of Navarino on October 8 (20), 1827 between the united Anglo-French-Russian squadron and the Turkish-Egyptian fleet, he commanded a battery on the Azov; in December 1827 he received the Order of St. George of the 4th degree and the rank of lieutenant commander. In August 1828 he became the commander of a captured Turkish corvette, renamed "Navarin". In the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 he took part in the blockade of the Dardanelles by the Russian fleet. In December 1831 he was appointed commander of the frigate "Pallada" of the Baltic squadron of F.F.Bellingshausen. In January 1834, at the request of MP Lazarev, he was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet; became the commander of the battleship "Silistria". In August 1834 he was promoted to captain of the 2nd, and in December 1834 - to the 1st rank. Transformed the Silistria into a model ship. In 1838-1839 he underwent medical treatment abroad. In 1840 he took part in landing operations against Shamil's detachments near Tuapse and Psezuape (Lazarevskaya) on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. In April 1842 for diligent service he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree. In July 1844 he helped Golovinsky Fort to repel the attack of the mountaineers. In September 1845 he was promoted to rear admiral and headed the 1st brigade of the 4th naval division of the Black Sea Fleet; for success in combat training of crews was awarded the Order of St. Anna 1st degree. From March 1852 he commanded the 5th naval division; in October he was promoted to vice admiral. Before the Crimean War of 1853-1856, being already the commander of the 1st Black Sea Squadron, in September 1853 he carried out an operational transfer from the Crimea to the Caucasus of the 3rd Infantry Division. With the outbreak of hostilities in October 1853, she cruised off the coast of Asia Minor. On November 18 (30), without waiting for the approach of a detachment of steam-frigates V.A. Kornilov, he attacked and destroyed twice the strength of the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay, without losing a single ship (the last battle in the history of the Russian sailing fleet); awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree. In December, he was appointed commander of the squadron that defended the Sevastopol raid. All at once you can only shout "hurray", and not express requests. Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich After the landing on September 2-6 (14-18), 1854 in the Crimea, the Anglo-French-Turkish squadron, together with VA Kornilov, led the preparation of Sevastopol for the defense; formed battalions from coastal and naval teams; was forced to agree to the sinking of part of the sailing ships of the Black Sea Fleet in the Sevastopol Bay. On September 11 (23), he was appointed Chief of Defense of the South Side, becoming the chief assistant to V.A. Kornilov. He successfully repelled the first assault on the city on October 5 (17). After the death of V.A.Kornilov, together with V.I.Istomin and E.I. Totleben, he headed the entire defense of Sevastopol. February 25 (March 9) 1855 appointed commander of the Sevastopol port and temporary military governor of the city; promoted to admiral in March. Under his leadership, Sevastopol heroically repelled the attacks of the allies for nine months. Thanks to his energy, the defense acquired an active character: he organized sorties, waged counter-battery and mine warfare, erected new fortifications, mobilized civilians to defend the city, and personally traveled around the front lines, encouraging the troops. He was awarded the Order of the White Eagle. On June 28 (July 10), 1855, he was mortally wounded by a bullet in his temple at the Kornilov bastion of the Malakhov Kurgan. He died on June 30 (July 12) without regaining consciousness. The death of P.S. Nakhimov predetermined the imminent fall of Sevastopol. Buried in the admiral's tomb Naval Cathedral St. Vladimir in Sevastopol next to V.A.Kornilov and V.I.Istomin. Not only will the service appear to us in a different form, - said Nakhimov, - but we ourselves will receive a completely different meaning in the service, when we know how to act on whom. You cannot accept the same manner with everyone. Such monotony in the actions of the chief shows that he has nothing in common with his subordinates and that he does not at all understand his compatriots. And this is very important. Officers who deeply despise rapprochement with their fellow commoners will not find the proper point. Do you think that the sailor will not notice this? He'll notice better than our brother! We know how to speak better than to notice, and the latter is their business. And what will the service be like when all subordinates will probably know that their bosses do not like them and despise them? This is the real reason that on many courts nothing comes of it, and that some young bosses want to act with fear alone. Fear is sometimes a good thing, but you must admit that it is not a natural thing to work recklessly for several years for the sake of fear. Encouragement by empathy is necessary; you need love for your work, sir, then you can do such things with our dashing people that it's just a miracle. '' Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich

Slide No. 13

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Vasco da Gamo Vasco da Gama was born in 1469 in the city of Siniche (Portugal). The father of the future navigator, Ishtevan da Gama, belonged to an old noble family. He was the chief judge in the cities of Sines and Sylves. Vasco da Gama's mother was named Isabella Sodre. Vasco was one of several of her sons. Da Gama clearly received some kind of education, since he was a developed person who, from childhood, dreamed of sea ​​travel... Perhaps he also had military training, at least from his youth he participated in sea ​​trips, and even in hostilities. It can also be said that the da Gama family enjoyed a royal disposition. 1492 French corsairs capture a Portuguese caravel laden with gold. It is Vasco da Gama (who at that time was 23 years old) receives the order from the King of Portugal Manuel I to release the caravel and return the valuable cargo to the state. The order was carried out: Vasco on his caravel marched along the French coast and captured all the French ships. The King of France had to return the Portuguese gold. Da Gama returns to Lisbon as a winner and after this event becomes extremely popular. The fact that the order was given to such a young navigator can be explained by the possible initial involvement of Vasco's father in the case, but it was at that time that he died. Around the same time, Vasco da Gama married a certain Catarina de Ataida. In total, they had 5 sons: Francisco, Estevan, Paulo, Cristovan and Pedro. 1496 - Manuel I orders da Gama to organize an expedition to finally master the direct sea route from Portugal to India. Until now, the Portuguese only reached the cape Good Hope, and the section from the cape to Calicut is for the first time to be passed by Vasco da Gama. July 8, 1497 - da Gama's flotilla leaves Lisbon. It includes: 3 ships ("San Gabriel", "Berriu", "San Rafael"), a small transport ship and 170 crew members. During this trip, Vasco da Gama almost moored at the then unknown Brazil, but changed course in time and floated in the right direction. November 22, 1497 - The expedition rounds the Cape of Good Hope and heads north. March 1, 1498 - The flotilla arrives in Mozambique. At that time there was a zone of influence of the Arabs who fought against the "infidels". For several weeks the expedition moved forward with battles, capturing Arab ships. Those, in turn, tried to capture the Europeans. But the preponderance was on the side of the latter, since the Arabs did not have firearms. April 1498 - Vasco da Gama lands on the shores of Somalia. Here, the expedition hires Arab guides (the local sheikh preferred the acquisition of well-armed allies to the war) and continues on its way. May 20, 1498 - An expedition led by Vasco da Gama arrives in Calicut. Here the seafarer acts simultaneously as a diplomat and a merchant, establishing trade relations with the Indians. It was not easy to do - the Arabs, competitors of the Portuguese, turned the Indians against the travelers. As a result, the ruler of Calicut did not let da Gama build a fortress in Calicut; he only allowed the Portuguese to sell the goods they brought and then go back. In response to the accusation of espionage, Vasco da Gama takes several noble residents of the city hostage, later releases some, and takes the rest to Portugal - to personally verify the power of this country. On the way back, the Portuguese have to fight off pirates and repel the attempts of local rulers to seize their flotilla. January 2, 1499 - Da Gama gives the order to shell the wealthy city of Mogadishu for ostracism. September 1499 - Vasco da Gama returns to Lisbon. Only two ships and a little more than 50 crew members survived the expedition. Upon his return, da Gama receives from the king the title of "don", a pension equal to 1000 cruzad, and the cities of Sines and Vila Nova de Milfontes in the fiefdom. End of 1501 - Vasco da Gama was awarded the title of "Admiral Indian Ocean". February 1502 - Manuel I again sends an expedition to India to resolve issues of monopoly trade, and in fact - to subjugate this country. Vasco da Gama and his son Estevan da Gama are at the head of the expedition. During the journey, the Portuguese conquer Sofala and Mozambique along the way. In Calicut, it turns out that the Indians do not intend to cooperate with the Portuguese. A fleet specially equipped for resistance comes out to meet Vasco da Gama. The Portuguese destroy this fleet and bomb the city. Having broken the resistance of the Hindus, Vasco da Gama orders to build a fortress in Cananar and leaves people there. December 20, 1503 - da Gama returns to Portugal victorious, loaded with valuables ships. The navigator begins to develop plans to turn India into a Portuguese colony. 1505 - da Gama advises Manuel I to establish the post of governor of India. The first to take this post is the son of da Gama Estevan. 1519 - da Gama receives the title of Count of Vidigueira and land allotments from the king as a reward for his exploits. 1524 Vasco da Gama, at the direction of King Joan III, is appointed the fifth governor of the Portuguese colonies in India. The same year - da Gama goes to the colonies (now practically their own possessions). December 24, 1524 - Vasco da Gama dies en route to Cochim. 1538 - The remains of Vasco da Gama are transported to Portugal and buried in the city of Wedigeira. 1880 - the remains of Vasco da Gama are transferred to the monastery of the Jeronimites in Lisbon.

Slide No. 14

Slide Description:

Urbanczyk Andrzej Andrzej Urbanczyk is a modern Polish sailor, yachtsman, writer. Author of the book "Alone Across the Ocean. One Hundred Years of Solitary Navigation". The collection of essays-novellas reproduces the history of solitary voyages over a period of approximately 100 years. The reader will get acquainted not only with new details about famous explorers-travelers - Slocam, Bombar, Willis, Chichester, Teliga, Tabarli and others, but also with those whose names were undeservedly forgotten. The news of the imminent End of the World has been circulating from the very beginning. The text is illustrated with numerous photographs and route maps.

Slide No. 20

Slide Description:

Slide No. 21

Slide Description:

Christopher Columbus.

It was 500 years ago. European seafarers were looking for a way to a country of fabulous wealth - India. The bravest of them set off on dangerous voyages across uncharted seas and oceans.

In the summer of 1492, Admiral Columbus gave the command to raise the sails, and the caravels "Niña", "Pinta" and "Santa Maria" sailed from Spain. The famous journey across the Atlantic Ocean - "The Sea of ​​Darkness" began. On the seventieth day of the voyage from the mast of the Pinta caravel came the shout of a sailor: “Earth! I see the earth! " This is how America was discovered.

Christopher Columbus did not know that he had discovered a new part of the world. Until the end of his life, he believed that he had sailed to India.

Fernand Magellan.

The first round the world voyage was made by a seaman from Portugal - Fernand Magellan. In the fall of 1519, the Spanish flotilla under the command of Magellan set out on a journey. Through the Atlantic Ocean, through the strait in South America, the ships entered the Pacific Ocean. For four months, suffering from thirst and hunger, the travelers sailed across the boundless waters of the Great Ocean and finally reached the unknown islands.

The expedition suffered many losses. And among these losses is the death of Admiral Magellan. On the only surviving ship "Victoria" the travelers continued their voyage. On September 6, 1522, ravaged by storms, the ship returned to Spain. There were only seventeen people on board. Thus ended the first round the world voyage in the history of navigation.

Willem Barents.

Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz was one of the first explorers of the Arctic. In 1596, during the third voyage in the northern seas, the Barents ship was covered with ice near the island of Novaya Zemlya. The sailors had to leave the ship and prepare for the winter. They built a house out of logs and ship boards. The travelers spent a long polar winter in this dwelling. They suffered both hunger and cold ... The long-awaited summer has come. The ship was still in ice captivity. And the sailors decided to get home on boats. A chance meeting with Russian sailors - Pomors saved the Dutch from death. But Willem Barentsz was no longer among the rescued. The navigator died on the way to his homeland, in the sea, which would later be called the Barents Sea.

Vitus Bering.

On June 4, 1741, two Russian ships under the command of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov set sail in the Pacific Ocean. They were instructed to find a sea route from Kamchatka to America.

The journey was hard. Chirikov's ship, after many months of wandering by sea, returned to Kamchatka. Bering continued sailing alone. In July 1741, Bering reached the shores of America. On the way back, he discovered many islands. Luck delighted the captain. But the ship ran out of fresh water and food. The sailors were ill. Bering himself fell seriously ill with scurvy. At an unknown island in a storm, the ship was washed ashore. On this island, the sailors buried the commander. Now the island bears the name of Bering. The sea and the strait between Asia and America, through which he passed, is named after the famous captain.

James Cook.

James Cook began sailing on ships as a boy - a cabin boy. Time passed, and Cook became the captain of the ship. In 1768, Captain Cook set out on his first voyage around the world aboard the ship "Endever". He returned to his homeland - to England only three years later. Soon James Cook set out on a new voyage to find the mysterious "Southern Land". He never found the "Southern Land", but discovered many islands in the Pacific Ocean. Cook's ships sailed under the scorching sun of the equator, and among the ice of the polar seas. James Cook was the first to travel around the Earth three times.

F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

In the summer of 1819, two sloops - "Vostok" and "Mirny" left Kronstadt on a long voyage. The ships were commanded by the outstanding sailors of the Russian fleet Thaddeus Bellingshauseni Mikhail Lazarev. Having covered a huge distance, the Russian ships entered the cold Antarctic waters. More and more often icebergs were encountered on their way. Swimming was becoming dangerous. If a ship collides with an icy mountain - no flavor. But the brave captains led the ships to the goal. And then the sailors saw the coast. The coast of the mysterious "South Land" - Antarctica. The sixth part of the world was open. This was done by Russian sailors. Now the seas are named after Bellingshausen and Lazarev. Two Soviet scientific Antarctic stations bear the names of the glorious ships - "Vostok" and "Mirny".

N.N. Miklukho Maclay.

In 1871, the corvette "Vityaz" delivered the traveler Miklouho-Maclay to the island of New Guinea. Here he had to live a long time, study the life of the inhabitants of the island - the Papuans. These dark-skinned people lived as during the Stone Age. And so the ship sailed away, and the Russian traveler remained on the shore. The Papuans greeted the guest with hostility. But Miklouho-Maclay, with his kindness and courage, won the trust of the Guineans and became their faithful friend. The scientist admired their hard work and honesty. He taught the Papuans to use iron tools, gave them seeds of useful plants. Miklouho-Maclay visited New Guinea more than once. The memory of the great Russian traveler is still alive on a distant island.

Thor Heyerdahl.

It happens, and in our time, people go on trips on old ships. Such travels were made by the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl.

Ancient pyramids rise in South America. They are very similar to the Egyptian pyramids on the other side of the ocean. Is this a coincidence? Maybe people swam from one mainland to another 5000 years ago? Thor Heyerdahl decided to check it out. He built a boat in Egypt from a herbaceous plant - papyrus, as he built in antiquity, and named it - "Ra". On this boat, Heyerdahl, together with his friends, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. The first time he crossed half of the Pacific Ocean on the Kon-Tiki raft. Heyerdahl recently made another amazing trip on the reed ship Tigris. Representatives of different countries took part in all of Thor Heyerdahl's travels. Among them was the Russian scientist Yuri Senkevich.