The whole city land transport moves according to the established rules road traffic... The driver, pedestrian and passenger are responsible for the implementation of these rules - road users, that is, we are with you.
During the day, being on the roads of the city, we can turn into different road users many times. A pedestrian got on a bike or in his car, and now he became a driver. If we are in the cabin of a bus, tram, trolleybus, then we are passengers.
You may think that a passenger is a person who travels in some form of transport. This is not entirely true. For example, when we enter or leave a bus, we are passengers and must comply with the rules prescribed to us.
We are waiting for transport at the landing site, which may be on the sidewalk or on the side of the road. If it is located on the carriageway at the same level with it, in this case its boundaries are marked on the road with a solid white line. The landing pad may even be in the middle of the road, but on an area raised above carriageway- such as a tram stop. Basically, the landing sites are equipped with a canopy, a seating area, and traffic routes.
Boarding public transport must be carried out in an orderly manner, with a complete stop of the tram, bus, trolleybus or route taxi... The same applies to disembarking from a vehicle. No need to push, fuss, while passengers pay their fare. It is categorically impossible to jump into public transport on the go when it departs - you can be jammed by doors or get run over by the wheels. Better to wait for the next trolleybus or bus.
In a train or tram car, a trolleybus, a bus, see where the emergency exits are located, read the instructions on how to use them. To avoid injury and not fall during movement and sudden braking of vehicles, do not lean against the doors and be sure to hold onto the handrails. If you have to travel far, then do not sit near the exit, where there is a congestion of passengers.
While in transport, do not push, do not step on people's feet and do not speak too loudly, do not litter. In case of danger, contact others or the driver (driver). Prepare in advance for the exit.
There is another danger on tram and trolleybus lines, which increases with heavy rains, thaws in winter time- at high air humidity, at strong wind... In these cases, the possibility of electric shock arises, because both of these modes of transport operate on electricity. Do not enter the trolleybus, tram, if you find out that someone has been electrocuted.
On any trip, keep an eye on the situation in the cabin and on the road. This will help in time to notice the threat of collision, fall, take the correct body position and firmly grasp the handrail, chair.
Public transport fire
If you and I are in the passenger compartment of public transport or a train carriage, we should be alerted by the smell of burning and smoke. We know that they are the harbingers of fire. It is urgent to inform the driver or driver about it.
To ensure safety, in addition to the primary fire extinguishing equipment - a fire extinguisher, there are emergency exits in the cabins of buses and trolley buses, in the carriages of trains and trams - these are windows. Information on which window openings (compartments) are equipped with additional exits is posted in prominent places.
Remember the procedure in case of fire:
immediately report the appearance of smoke or fire to the driver (driver, conductor);
notify passengers, wake up sleeping;
protect your mouth and nose from smoke with a handkerchief, scarf, sleeve, hollow jacket. If possible, wet the cloth with water. Bend down, getting out of the burning cabin. Do not touch metal parts in a trolleybus, tram - in case of fire, they may be energized;
on the train, get out of the fire in the front carriages. If this is not possible, close all doors tightly - in compartments, vestibules and inter-car passages;
if there is a threat to your life, do not try to save your luggage;
jump out of the carriage only as a last resort, wearing more clothes for cushioning or with a mattress.
Passenger car safety
A passenger car for a passenger and a driver is a greater danger than large-sized public transport. It is more difficult to create all the safety systems and space in a small car than in the cabin of a bus or carriage. Passenger cars tend to travel faster, which increases the likelihood of accidents. Inside the car, safety belts and airbags are responsible for safety.
Collision statistics show: the most dangerous place in the car - next to the driver. Therefore, children under 12 years old without special child restraints, chairs are prohibited from sitting there.
And the maximum speed of many cars exceeds 300 km / h, the efficiency of using these means is gradually decreasing, and in some cases pillows and belts can be simply dangerous for motorists.
As a result, the basic means of passive safety, on which all drivers place their hopes in the event of an accident, are inherently inventions of the last century. Naturally, all car manufacturers are working on passive car safety. However, security vendors are forced to save on both testing time and development and material costs, as this alone can lead to cost savings. Therefore, you have to forget about the high degree of safety that belts and airbags could provide.
Yes, airbags provide excellent protection for the head and torso of drivers, but they put their legs and arms at risk. Airbags and seat belts do not protect a driver's arms from fractures at all, nor do they increase the risk of leg injuries by 35 percent, according to a study by Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center in New Hampshire on data on road traffic injuries in the United States from 1988-2004. ...
Airbags pose a serious danger to the eyes of the driver and passengers. A study by the Spanish doctor Carlos Ruiz Lapuente showed that as a result of the deployment of airbags, even at low speeds, 35% of drivers and passengers suffer from a fairly strong blow, which often falls on the face, especially when it comes to people under 175 centimeters in height. The blow of the pillow on force comes close to a sharp punch in the face. If you wear glasses, the consequences can be even more dire.
In addition, sodium acid, which instantly inflates the airbag, can get into the eyes of drivers and passengers, subsequently leading to retinal detachment, corneal damage and other consequences. According to the Spanish Society of the Blind, ONCE, road accidents are now one of the most common causes of blindness.
Of course, all this can be avoided, however, new, more advanced models are beginning to be installed only on expensive models. It is only recently that manufacturers have begun to install knee cushions on their models, for example, on the Mercedes E-class, they will appear only this year.
Toyota came up with optimal impact protection. Unlike conventional pillows, which consist of one section, the new version has two. By inflating, they create a depression in the middle, and distribute the pressure of the deployed pillow to other parts of the head, shoulders and upper torso. The new airbags are based on the Omni-Support concept and offer a much lower chance of injury to the front seat passenger without compromising on the first impact. However, they will be installed so far only on some Lexus models.
The time when the belt and then the airbag were the only means designed to mitigate the consequences of a collision are in the last century. The new driver safety system, developed by Delphi Germany in Wuppertal, is based on mechanical technology and should reduce the likelihood of limb injury in a collision by a quarter. The system provides better protection driver's legs in frontal impact. The safety module consists of a steering column, knee bolster and a brand new pedal system. In a collision, the module moves away from the driver, giving the airbag more time to open. The airbag and knee bolster under the steering column redistribute the impact to the dashboard. The pedals in a collision change direction by moving upward, reducing the risk of leg injury. The new system should, according to the company, enter the market by 2010.
Of course, no one will dispute the positive potential of all integrated systems. However, auto companies will continue to economize on the introduction of new security systems. Therefore, many more motorists will continue to be rescued by pillows and seat belts, with which it is calmer than without them. After all, as you know, it is better to be not quite alive than completely dead.
We are all passengers and must know the rules of passenger behavior and safe behavior in transport. A passenger is a person, other than the driver, who is in the vehicle (on it), as well as a person who enters the vehicle (sits on it) or exits the vehicle (gets off it).
Urban transport that carries passengers is called public transport. These are trams, trolleybuses, buses and metro. All types of public transport travel along certain routes, which you can find out about by calling the number. Places of public transport stops, equipped with special landing areas, are indicated by signs.
Rules of conduct in all types of public transport Boarding a vehicle is carried out after it has come to a complete stop and when the passengers get out of it. When landing, it must be borne in mind that the doors open and close automatically, do not push, do not fuss, do not interfere with other people. Entering the salon, you need to look around, choose, without interfering with the passengers on the bus, a convenient place where you would not interfere with anyone and no one would interfere with you. Look where the escape and emergency exits are located. If there are no free seating places in the vehicle, you need to try to stand in the aisle without interfering with the movement of passengers, hold on to the handrail or special suspensions with your hand. You cannot stand at the front door, let alone lean on it, it may open accidentally.
Rules of conduct in all types of public transport It is recommended to move around the cabin only when the vehicle has come to a complete stop. It must be remembered that in public transport you cannot make noise, be naughty, talk loudly, behave defiantly, eat ice cream. You can't lean out of the windows.
Rules of conduct on trams, buses and trolleybuses When boarding a tram, if tram rails are located in the middle of the street and you need to cross the carriageway; in order to come to a tram stop, you must inspect both sides of the road and, making sure that there is no moving traffic, go to the stopped tram. Boarding vehicles equipped with ASKP ( automated system passenger control), is made through the front doors, and disembarkation through the doors on which there is an inscription "Exit" (except Vehicle equipped with ASKP). As a rule, boarding should be made through the rear doors, and disembarking through the front doors or through doors that bear the sign “Exit”.
Rules of conduct on trams, buses and trolleybuses After disembarking from public transport, you must be especially careful when crossing the carriageway, given the heavy traffic. When exiting the tram and bus, if you need to cross the carriageway, it is safest to walk along the sidewalk to the nearest pedestrian crossing and cross the carriageway along it to the other side of the street. On a country road, where there is no sign of a pedestrian crossing, you should wait until the bus leaves, and, after making sure that it is safe to cross, cross the road.
When traveling by a truck, you must remember and observe a number of safety measures: do not stand in the back while the truck is moving; you cannot move from place to place while the truck is moving; you must not leave the truck in the direction of the carriageway. Rules of conduct when driving a truck
Rules of conduct in the subway When going down the subway on the escalator: stand on the right, walk on the left; you cannot run up and sit on the steps of the escalator. While waiting for the train on the platform: do not cross the border line; if you have something fell on the rails, do not try to get this item yourself, contact the person on duty.
Hazardous situations in transport If you notice a fire in a bus, tram, trolleybus, you must immediately inform the driver and passengers about the fire; demand to stop the transport and open the doors. When locking the doors for evacuation from the passenger compartment of the vehicle, it is necessary to use the escape hatches in the roof and exits through the side windows (if necessary, you can knock out the windows with your feet). When evacuating, do not panic and follow the driver's instructions. Any transport contains materials that, when burning, emit poisonous gases, so you need to strive to leave the salon quickly, but without panic, covering your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or sleeve of clothing.
Immediately inform the driver of the intercom of this and follow his commands in the future. If an open fire appears in the carriage while the train is moving, try to extinguish it using fire extinguishers under the seats or improvised means. Never try to stop the train in the tunnel with an emergency stop crane; stay in place while the train moves through the tunnel. When stopping a train in a tunnel, do not try to leave it without a command from the driver. After permission to exit, open the doors or, if there is no other way out and your life is in mortal danger, kick the windows with your feet, get out of the carriage and move in the direction indicated by the driver. If a fire broke out in a subway car 14
In megacities, it is extremely difficult to do without public transport. It is designed to transport people along pre-laid routes with stops at certain places... To such transport in large cities include: tram, bus, trolleybus, taxi, subway, trains and electric trains.
Ensuring safety in public transport, as a rule, lies with the passenger himself. To do this, you should know how to behave correctly when traveling in a particular type of transport and what to do if an extreme situation occurs (fire, seizure, explosion or accident).
Surface urban transport
While waiting at a public transport stop, do not get too close to the carriageway. Do not hurry. Don't run in and try to hop on the bus on the go. Better to wait for the next one than to be in the emergency room with a fracture. You should also go out carefully, not in a hurry and not pushing anyone. A person could slip on the step and fall under the wheels, or injure a leg.
In the salon, be vigilant and watch your belongings. The bag should not be behind you or at the bottom. Hang it over your shoulder and press it in front with your hand. Be sure to use the handrails. If you find an unattended item, report it to the conductor or driver.
As much as you would like, you cannot sleep in transport. During a sudden stop or collision, you will not be able to react properly. If a dangerous situation arises, listen to the driver's instructions.
While driving, talking with the driver or asking him questions is prohibited. Do not enter the bus or trolleybus with food or alcoholic beverages. In case of capture, according to the safety rules in public transport, all the requirements of the criminals must be fulfilled, not to argue or contradict them.
At the beginning of the release operation, keep away from glass items and windows. Lie on the floor with your hands over your head and try not to move. Wait for the end of the assault. It would be a big mistake to take weapons abandoned by criminals. In this case, the capture team will easily mistake you for one of them.
Underground transport (metro)
The metro is one of the most convenient means of transportation in densely populated cities... However, dangers can lie in wait there too.
- Stay away from the edge of the platform until the train arrives. Approach the doors when the car has finally stopped.
- If there is a crush, use other metro lines to ensure your own safety.
- When a person falls on the rails, do not rush to his aid. It would be correct to send several passengers to the metro employee to report the situation, and one person should stand at the edge of the platform and use a bright object to signal the driver to slow down.
- If the fallen cannot quickly get out on his own, but is able to move, he should be informed that the most safe option will lie straight, face down between the rails. You should remain motionless until the train leaves.
- While on the escalator, do not get distracted, do not try to run or jump over the steps. Hold on tightly to the handrail.
In the event of an explosion or accident in the tunnel, heed the recommendations of the driver. Before leaving the carriage, you need to wait until the voltage is removed from the contact rail. In case of smoke, cover the respiratory system with a handkerchief, napkin or scarf. Beware of the metal parts of the carriage, it is better not to touch them. The driver must indicate the direction in which to move to exit the tunnel. If there is no danger to life, then it is better to wait for the help of rescuers.
Railway transport
When ensuring safety in public transport such as the train, the following guidelines should be followed:
- It is better to buy seats in the carriages located in the center of the train, rather than in the “head” or “tail”. This is because the central part of the train will be the least injured in a collision.
- Give preference to places that are located opposite to the movement of the train.
- Find out in advance where the emergency exits are. Usually there are 2 of them per car.
- If your fellow travelers look suspicious or do not inspire confidence in you, it is better not to turn off the lights in the compartment and try not to fall asleep.
- When traveling in a compartment, never keep the door half open. This will give other passengers unnecessary information.
- Always keep all important documents and valuables with you. When you go to bed, put them under your pillow.
- Do not drink alcohol in the company of strangers. This dulls vigilance.
- It is forbidden to try to open the doors of the carriage, stand on the steps or lean out into open windows while traffic is moving.
- The stop valve should only be used in very serious situations. If it occurs, it is not recommended to stop the train in places where it will be difficult to evacuate people (tunnel, bridge).
- The luggage should not contain flammable items, poisonous or chemical substances.
- If you feel the smell of burning or incomprehensible smoke, you should immediately inform the conductor about it.
When braking hard, grasp the handrails firmly and rest your feet on the seat or wall to secure your body. Better to lie down on the floor of the cabin. After waiting for one blow, you should not change position, subsequent blows, stronger ones, are possible. Only when it becomes clear that the train has finally stopped, you can get up.
You must immediately leave the train cabin, because there is a high likelihood of a fire. If you decide to leave the car through the emergency window, then do it on the field side, i.e. where there are no railroad tracks.
Fire safety rules
A fire in public transport is dangerous because a large number of people is in a closed small room. In addition, when parts of transport are burned, rather toxic substances are released that pose a danger to humans.
If you feel smoke and a corresponding smell in the cabin, inform the driver about it and ask for a stop to clarify the circumstances. In vehicles that are powered by electricity, in the event of an accident, the protective insulation may be breached and metal elements may be energized.
Roof hatches or side windows are used for evacuation. In the event of an explosion or heavy smoke, be sure to cover your nose and mouth with some clothing item. At the bottom, the accumulation of smoke is minimal, so you should lie on the floor to avoid poisoning.
When you are able to get out of the vehicle, immediately go to a safe distance. There is a possibility of an explosion of fuel tanks or a short circuit in the electrical network.
In case of fire on railway transport you need to act a little differently. The windows should be closed so that the wind entering the carriage does not spray the flame even more. Try to leave through the neighboring carriages. At the same time, close the doors tightly behind you. Protect respiratory system and eyes.
Once in relative safety, get involved in rescue efforts. Help others you can.
The car has long ceased to be a luxury. With the help of a convenient vehicle, you can get to your destination as quickly as possible. But it should be remembered that the car is also a high-risk area. Vehicle traffic safety is ensured by both the driver and passengers. Therefore, in order for the trip to bring only pleasure, you should follow some rules.
We check the technical serviceability of the car
First of all, it is necessary to make an overall assessment of the condition of the vehicle. The driver inspects the condition of the removable parts (bumpers, long-range mirrors, wipers). Mirrors are a very important element of any car. Before setting off on a long journey, each driver must set them up correctly. Next, you should pay attention to the headlights. They should be free of chips and scratches. The glass of the vehicle must also be in good condition.
The safety of driving a vehicle largely depends on the health of the main systems. If the driver cannot make an assessment on his own, he should go to the service station. The presence of malfunctions can also be judged by the place where the car was parked for a long time. Leaking technical fluids may indicate a serious malfunction. If antifreeze, fuel or brake fluid is found under the car, you should not go on a long journey. The vehicle must be fully functional.
Technical inspection
The safety of driving in Russia is regulated by the state with the help of a mandatory technical inspection. Car owners must conduct it annually. If the driver does not have a corresponding ticket, he is not allowed to drive. Only cars that have a working engine, a working braking system, and safety can be allowed to participate in road traffic.
To our great regret, corruption exists in the Russian Federation today. According to statistics, about 50% of car owners received a technical inspection coupon thanks to bribes. This only aggravates the situation on domestic roads. A huge number of accidents occur due to vehicle malfunction. But serious problems can be avoided by honestly and promptly inspecting the car. Moreover, this procedure does not take much time and does not require large financial costs.
vehicle
The safety of passengers in vehicles rests primarily on the shoulders of the driver. There are a number of duties that a driver must perform when driving a car. The machine can only be operated by a person who has the right to do so. It is documented with the help of a driver's license. This document is issued after passing the relevant training and passing exams. You must always have a driving license (driving license) when driving.
Only some services (police, ambulance) have the right to install on a vehicle. The driver must have a permit for such a device. Violation with reference to a legally installed beacon faces a serious fine. And if such actions entailed human casualties, criminal liability is possible.
Insurance
There are various means of transport security. One of them is insurance. Today this document is required for registration. Traffic police officers have the right to ask the driver to provide information about insurance policy... Why is it needed? This document allows the driver to be more protected on the road and not become hostage to an emergency. Insurance, of course, will not help to avoid an accident. It will protect you from unnecessary costs. After all, it often happens that a driver, having an accident through no fault of his own, simply does not have the means to restore the car.
An insurance contract can be drawn up in any company. This moment is not described by the law. The cost of the service will depend on the brand of the car, the territory of insurance coverage, the conditions of compensation in the event of an emergency. Before concluding a contract, an employee of the company assesses the vehicle's compliance with safety requirements. If the car has not passed the technical inspection, the risk of an accident increases. The insurance company, in this case, simply does not want to conclude a deal.
How is the safety of vehicle operation ensured?
When driving a car, the driver is obliged to closely monitor the situation on the road, and also to promptly respond to its changes. It is forbidden to be distracted from control, talk on mobile phone... If the vehicle is equipped with transport safety devices, it is imperative to use them. These are various headrests and belts. Such means may not be used only by persons who teach driving if the driving speed is less than 40 km / h.
You should use a special helmet to move on the roadway on a motorcycle, moped or any other open transport. Passengers must also be provided with the necessary safety equipment. It is prohibited to carry more than one passenger on a motorcycle or moped.
Any actions that violate the safety of vehicle passengers are punishable by law. It is forbidden to throw garbage on the road while driving. Even the simplest candy wrapper can create serious obstacles for other road users. Also, you cannot drive with the car doors open. If the vehicle is malfunctioning, the driver must turn on the emergency signal and move along the carriageway at minimum speed.
Alcohol driving
Everyone knows that it is forbidden to drive a car after drinking alcohol. But not everyone observes this rule. Meanwhile, the safety of vehicle passengers cannot be ensured if the driver has taken at least a few sips of wine. Alcohol instantly slows down a person's reaction. It is no longer possible to react quickly to the situation on the road.
The Vehicle Safety Regulation provides for liability for drunk driving. In 2014, conditions became even more stringent. As soon as the driver gets on the traffic cops for the second time, he will be threatened with the loss of freedom for two years. The first time you can get off with a fine, as well as deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle.
Tired? Don't drive!
According to statistics, 40% of road traffic accidents occur due to poor health of the driver. Many people get so tired that they just fall asleep while driving. It is worth remembering that the driver is responsible for the safety of vehicle passengers, as well as other road users. Therefore, in no case should you get behind the wheel if your body temperature is elevated or you could not get enough sleep.
There may also be some reasons for staying at home. medicines... There are medications that slow down the driver's reaction. Before taking any medication, be sure to read the instructions. It usually tells you if you can drive after taking the pills. The law, of course, does not stipulate the possibility of driving in a sick state. But everyone is responsible for their own condition and can assess how they will affect traffic safety.
Child in the car
Special care should be taken when transporting children. The child is not allowed to sit in the front seat until he is 14 years old. Technical means of ensuring the transport safety of children are special car seats and belts. A person whose height does not reach 150 cm must be in a special seat. Baby car seats are sold today in any specialty store. They are easy to match according to the age and height of the child.
In no case should you hold the baby in your arms while moving. If the passenger is not fastened, a collision while driving 45-50 km / h is equivalent to falling from the second floor. One can only imagine what kind of injuries the child will receive. But a high-quality chair will help to preserve life and health. In the event of an accident, the kid faces at most a couple of abrasions and scratches.
The airbag will help keep you alive
In any emergency, passengers are most often injured as a result of impacts on the seemingly soft elements of the vehicle. But even the front seat cannot be as flexible as an airbag. This element, although not mandatory, significantly reduces the likelihood of injury as a result of an accident.
The safe operation of vehicles also largely depends on the installation of the main elements. The airbag is no exception. If you fix it incorrectly, it simply will not open. Therefore, it is better to entrust this business to specialists at the service station.
Comfort is the key to safety
If you have a long trip, you should definitely worry about the comfort of the driver. In the process of driving a vehicle, the back and limbs should not be numb. To be comfortable, you should adjust the seat and the position of the steering wheel. It is definitely worth checking the condition. They should not hinder the movements of the driver. You should also think that during the movement you will have to hold the steering wheel with both hands. This is the only way to control the vehicle. Therefore, it makes sense to prepare special armrests on which you can put your hands so that they do not get tired quickly.
Regardless of how long the journey may be, it is imperative to take rest breaks. Ideally, there should be two drivers in the car. They will change each other every 8 hours.
Let's sum up
It is impossible to be completely sure of safety while driving. But every driver must do everything to preserve the life and health of his passengers. First of all, you need to obtain a certificate of vehicle safety (MOT coupon). You should not get behind the wheel in a state of fatigue and when you feel unwell. Alcoholic intoxication with driving is absolutely incompatible!
The safety of passengers in a vehicle is ensured by means such as pillows, belts and special seats. Before a long trip, all of these elements should be inspected for faults.
