If Denikin's troops were not destined to see Moscow, then the troops of the North-Western Army of General Yudenich managed to get close to the former capital of Russia: they were a few "steps" from Petrograd. Could they have walked along the same Nevsky Prospect?
With what did his army go to the "red" Peter? We were taught in the Soviet school that it was going to destroy the "cradle of the revolution" and restore the power of the landowners and capitalists in Russia. But is it really so?
Studying the biography of Yudenich, one is surprised that this "tsarist general" who had sworn allegiance to the "tsar-father" in the conditions of the civil war did not at all think about returning to the old regime. He thought in a new way. But not everyone listened to him, and the allies generally betrayed him.
Nikolai Nikolaevich was born on July 18, 1862, a year and a half after the abolition of serfdom. Born in Moscow into a noble family. There was a military infantry school nearby, where only children of nobles were admitted. Kolya also dreamed of getting into its walls, but at first he entered the city gymnasium. After graduation, the childhood dream came true. He studied at the school very well, which gave him the right to choose the future place of service. Second lieutenant Yudenich falls into the Lithuanian Life Guards Regiment, which previously covered itself with unfading glory in 1812 and during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878.
Then the service sends him to the Turkestan military district. From there, already a lieutenant, he receives a referral and enters the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. Three years later, he finishes it in the first category. He is ranked among the General Staff itself. Soon he returns to Turkestan again.
Like many generals of the White Army, Yudenich takes an active part in the Russo-Japanese War. His 18th Infantry Regiment was in the midst of fighting in Manchuria. He ended the war with the rank of lieutenant general. Wounded in battles, he was treated in a hospital until 1907. He celebrated his 50th anniversary in 1912 as chief of staff of the Kazan Military District.
During the First World War, Nikolai Nikolayevich did not fight in the main theater of military operations, but this does not detract from the courage and heroism of the troops he leads. Back in 1913, he, a lieutenant general, was transferred to the Caucasian military district. On the basis of it on November 1, 1914, the Caucasian Army was formed, and later - the Caucasian Front. That is, he fought with the Turks, repeatedly defeating them.
The February Revolution of 1917 found the general in the post of commander of the Caucasian Front. Disagreements began with the Provisional Government. He, a combat general, is removed from office. And this is in the conditions of war! But, apparently, the Provisional Government was going to rule "temporarily", otherwise Yudenich would not have been touched. He goes to Petrograd, then to Moscow, where his family arrives.
As a true patriot of Russia, he travels to Mogilev to Headquarters, hoping to return to duty, but to no avail. He was not taken back. I had to return to Moscow.
The general, of course, did not accept the October coup. The next year he emigrates to Finland, where many Russian emigrants gathered, eager to fight the Bolsheviks, accepts the offer of the Russian Political Committee and becomes the leader of the White movement in the North-West of Russia. Begins to form an army. Its goal is Petrograd. With "what" was he going to go for it? It's not about the army, of course.
The Northwest Army marched on Petrograd with a political declaration: 1) to establish an all-Russian rule based on democracy; 2) to convene the Constituent Assembly on the basis of universal suffrage; 3) reform local, zemstvo and city self-government; 4) establish the equality of citizens before the law; 5) establish the inviolability of the person and home; 6) establish freedom of speech; 7) transfer the land to the peasants as property; 8) to ensure the interests of the working class.
Did those whom this declaration concerned knew about this? Unlikely? But that's not even the point: the document differed little from the Bolshevik one. But the fact itself says a lot: Yudenich is perhaps the only leader of the White movement who promised the citizens of Russia almost the same thing as the Soviet regime. Except, perhaps, for the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, which the sailor Zheleznyak dispersed for the reason: "The guard is tired!"
On September 28, 1919, Yudenich's army, completely unexpected for the Bolsheviks, went on the offensive. Within a few days, she defeated the Red Army defending Petrograd. Gatchina, Pavlovsk, Krasnoe Selo, Tsarskoe Selo fell, the battles were already underway at Pulkovo. In Petrograd, they were preparing for street battles.
The general took everything into account, except for one thing: the Bolsheviks had Trotsky, whom Lenin urgently sent to Petrograd. As you know, this "demon" of the revolution did not stop at what, including before the executions of every tenth Red Army soldier. The army feared him more than the White Guards themselves. What exactly he did is not exactly established, but it is well known that Lenin advised him: “If the offensive has begun, is it possible to mobilize another twenty thousand St. Petersburg workers plus ten thousand bourgeoisie, put machine guns behind them, shoot several hundred and achieve a real mass pressure on Yudenich? " This was written by "kind" grandfather Lenin.
The "intervention" of Lenin and Trotsky in the defense of Petrograd bore fruit: the offensive of the North-Western Army was choked up a few "meters" from the former Russian capital. The army rolled back. And here the time has come to speak about the tragedy that befell the North-Western Army.
Under the onslaught of many times superior forces of the "red", the "whites" retreated to Estonian territory, not knowing what awaited them there. The White Guards began to be disarmed. But that's not scary yet. The scary thing is that they began to treat them like enemies. Even Yudenich himself was arrested, but the French "rescued" him. Nobody was going to help out the rest of the soldiers of the former White North-Western Army. They began to drive them into prisons and concentration camps, they were easily killed in the streets, they were oppressed as best they could. In fact, it was the Estonian genocide of the Russians. But for them, as for the Armenians, no one gave a voice in defense: the army was slowly dying out in the literal sense of the word. They say that the Estonians did this in exchange for the independence promised by the Bolsheviks. Silly! A little more than two decades will pass and there will be no trace of their independence.
Once in exile, Yudenich rejected the offers of the White emigrants to participate in anti-Soviet activities. This was well known in the Soviet foreign intelligence. Who knows, maybe for this very reason Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich, unlike Wrangel, died a natural death at the age of 71? He died on October 5, 1933 in the French Cannes. It is doubtful that at the same time, if he lived, he would follow the example of General Shkuro. Therefore, perhaps, his ashes, like the ashes of Denikin, should be reburied in Russia, for which he fought in those terrible years of the civil war.
Photo from the Internet
Reviews
good article. at least that. that the truth of those years is trying to resurrect ........ the reason for the defeat of the army of Yudenich-Trotsky is precisely noted ... and let's not forget that the army of Yudenich was most likely Orthodox, i.e. in fact, it had its essence - do not kill an innocent ........ Trotsky had a different god in his soul ..... in fact, the whole war that was never civil, if only because there were no brothers there was stupid carnage .... who killed whom and killed or defeated it is clear and understandable why ...... it was like a kind of frenzy of the rabid forces of evil ... it's great that Comrade. Stalin killed this whole rabid gang ........ and thus saved the country
But no matter what and no matter how important the truth is, at least based on the materials of the archives
During World War II, ordinary collective farmers gave the heroes personalized tanks and airplanes
Victory in the Great Patriotic War was forged not only at the front, but also in the rear. “Days and nights at the open-hearth furnaces did not close our eyes,” - these words from the song reflect the true picture of those days. But there was another source of resources for the front - personal contributions of citizens to the Defense Fund for the acquisition military equipment for the Red Army.
The newspaper Pravda, dated December 18, 1942, published a message from F.P. Golovaty to I.V. Stalin:
Quote:
Moscow, Kremlin, Comrade Stalin
Dear Joseph Vissarionovich!
Seeing my two sons to the front, I gave them my father's order to beat the German invaders mercilessly, and for my part I promised my children to help them with selfless labor in the rear.
Having learned about your welcoming telegram to the Saratov collective farmers and collective farmers and wanting to help the heroic Red Army to quickly destroy the German fascist gangs, I decided to give all my savings for the construction of combat aircraft.
The Soviet government made me a well-to-do collective farmer, and now, when the Motherland is in danger, I decided to help her with everything I can. Everything that I have earned with my honest labor on the collective farm, I give it to the fund of the Red Army. On December 15, I contributed 100 thousand rubles to the State Bank and ordered a combat aircraft as a gift to the defenders of the Motherland. Let my war machine smash the German invaders, let it bring death to those who mock our brothers, innocent Soviet people. Hundreds of squadrons of combat aircraft, built on the personal savings of collective farmers, will help our Red Army to quickly clear our sacred land of German invaders.
Collective farmer of the collective farm "Stakhanovets" of the Novo-Pokrovsky district of the Saratov region Ferapont Golovaty
Pravda newspaper, December 18, 1942:
Quote:
Collective farm "Stakhanovets" Novo-Pokrovsky district of the Saratov region
Ferapont Petrovich GOLOVATOM
Thank you, Ferapont Petrovich, for your concern for the Red Army and its air forces. The Red Army will not forget that you gave all your savings to build a combat aircraft.
Please accept my greetings.
I. STALIN
"A gift to my son" - a step towards immortality
Ilya Andreevich and Maria Filippovna Shirmanovs from the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic donated all their savings to the construction of a tank for their only son Andrei, who served in the 162nd Tank Brigade.
A tank with the inscription "Gift to my son", built at the Ural plant, was handed over to the crew in early June 1943. The rally on the occasion of the transfer of the car was attended by the parents of the fighter. They were photographed together on the armor. The photo shows Ilya Andreevich's weary hands.
Unfortunately, parental love did not save Andrei. Senior sergeant, gunner, Andrei Shirmanov fought bravely on a personalized tank for almost a year, and died heroically along with the crew in the battle near Chernivtsi.
Everything is for Victory
Over the years of the war, the Defense Fund received from citizens of the USSR over 16 billion rubles, 13 kg of platinum, 131 kg of gold, 9519 kg of silver, 1.8 billion rubles of jewelry, over 0.5 billion rubles of deposits in savings banks (in prices of 1941), in the amount of over 4.5 billion rubles of government bonds. These funds were used to build 2,500 combat aircraft, more than 30,000 tanks and self-propelled guns, 8 submarines, 16 military boats and many other military equipment.
Yak-7 fought for the homeland "For Victory!" Wolf Messing, the Russian Song tank of the Voronezh Russian Folk Choir, the IS-2 Vladimir Mayakovsky heavy tank purchased by the artist Yakhontov, the Merciless KV built on Stalin Prize famous Kukryniksy, T-34 "Grozny", built for the State Prize of Alexei Tolstoy ... The enemy was smashed by the tanks "Baikal Fisherman" and "Yeisk Collective Farmer", "Verkhovsky Railwayman" and "Verkhoyansk Hunter", "Makeevsky Schoolboy" and "Komsomolets Nordvika" , "Baby" and "Tanya". The enemy was beaten by the crews of combat vehicles "Amur Avenger", "For Radianska Ukraine", "Mariupol - revenge", "Kramarev Erast Fedorovich", "Andreyev's personal tank", "Kolyma", "Collective farmer", "Mothers - to her sons" ..
"From Lenochka for Dad"
At the beginning of 1943, a new Il-2 aircraft arrived at the 237th Attack Aviation Regiment. It differed from other stormtroopers by an unusual inscription on board "From Lenochka for Daddy." This car already had a story that began with a letter to Stalin. “Dear Joseph Vissarionovich. My dad, Anatoly Azarenkov, the commander of an assault aviation squadron, died at the front, defending our Motherland, which I love very much. My mother died in Kiev, I live with my grandmother. She is a pensioner, a disabled person of the 2nd group. When she receives her pension, she gives me toys. I saved up money for a Christmas tree and saved 110 rubles, which I ask you to accept to build an assault plane, and transfer it to regiment 237, in which my dad served, so that my dad's comrades would take revenge on the nasty Germans for the death of my father, for my grandmother, she cries so much and for me. "
The author of the appeal was Lena Azarenkova, a student of the 1st grade of the Moscow school No. 612. The letter was published in the magazine "Ogonyok" # 4 for 1943, and the children of the whole country began to donate their "Christmas tree" and "candy" money for the construction of the plane. Together, their small contributions add up to significant sums. From schoolchildren of the Ivanovo region - a million rubles, from students of the Stavropol Territory - 100 thousand. Lena's wish came true. Having received the plane bought with children's money, the pilots of the 237th Assault Aviation Regiment wrote to the girl: “Dear Lenochka! We have received an airplane built with the money collected on your initiative. We assure you that we, your dad's fighting friends, will take revenge on the German bandits for his death. We wrote your name on the attack aircraft and handed it to your dad's best friend. "
“I’m Ada Zanegin. I'm 6. I am writing in print. Hitler drove me out of the town of Sychevka, Smolensk region. I want to go home. I collected 122 rubles 25 kopecks for a doll. And now I'm giving them to the tank. Dear Uncle Editor! Write to all the children, so that they also give their money for the tank. And let's call him "Baby". When our tank smashes Hitler, we will go home. "
And the children responded.
Adik Solodov, 6 years old: “I want to return to Kiev. I donate the money collected for the boots - 135 rubles 56 kopecks - for the construction of the Malyutka tank.
Tamara Loskutova: “Mom wanted to buy me a new coat and saved up 150 rubles. I wear my old coat. "
Tanya Chistyakova: “Dear unfamiliar girl Ada! I am only five years old, and I have been living without my mother for a year. I really want to go home, and therefore I am happy to give money for the construction of our tank. Hurry our tank would have smashed the enemy. "
Shura Khomenko from Ishim: “I was told about Ada Zanegina's letter and I contributed all my savings - 100 rubles and handed over bonds for 400 rubles for the construction of the Malyutka tank. My friend Vitya Tynyanov contributes 20 rubles. Let our dads smash the Nazis with tanks built on our savings. "
And the children, who had no savings, tried to earn, as they would say now, by charitable actions. For example, the children of the kindergarten of the Novo-Uralsky state farm prepared a concert and transferred 20 rubles to a special account in the Omsk branch of the State Bank.
So, the whole children's world has collected a far from children's sum, which the Omsk authorities transferred to the Defense Fund.
Quote:
I ask you to convey to the preschoolers of the city of Omsk, who raised 160886 rubles for the construction of the Malyutka tank, my warm greetings and gratitude to the Red Army.
Supreme Commander-in-Chief Marshal of the Soviet Union I. Stalin.
"Baby" looked exactly like this
One of 19 Soviet female tank crews Ekaterina Petlyuk became its driver-mechanic. She herself was short, which served as a source of constant jokes in the unit. However, she fought heroically, which was marked by the Orders of the Red Star and Patriotic War.
Tank "Baby" fought at Stalingrad, witnessed the surrender of Field Marshal Paulus. Before the Kursk Bulge, his military service ended, and, like all the rest of the armored vehicles that had served, he was sent to be melted down. Catherine kept a tank watch for herself (they are now on display in the Museum of the Defense of Stalingrad) and switched to a more advanced, albeit also small, T-70 vehicle.
Driver mechanic art. St. Ekaterina Petlyuk
On the Kursk Bulge, as it turned out later, Catherine fought somewhere alongside Ada's father. But, alas, for tanker Alexander Zanegin, the battles near Kursk were the last.
Ada Zanegin before the war
The history of the "children's" tank in 1975 was unearthed by the Omsk "red pathfinders", and on May 9, 1975 in Omsk, an employee of one of the Odessa registry offices, Ekaterina Alekseevna Petlyuk, first met Ada Zanegina - by that time Adela Aleksandrovna Voronets, an ophthalmologist from Elektrostal near Moscow.
By the way, the search engines of the Volgograd region celebrated May Day this year with a rare success: they raised the T-60 tank - after restoration it will become the sixth surviving tank in the world and the third in Russia (this is out of six thousand vehicles produced).
_________________
And there is only one soldier in the field, if he is tailored in Russian!
One of the actively discussed topics of late is the situation with the Russian Air Force. In periodicals, analytical reviews appear almost regularly on the conditions of service of young pilots, as well as experienced flight personnel of military units in various military districts of the country. But often these reviews are based either on strict official statistics or on data obtained from respondents who are far from direct service in the ranks of the Air Force.
There is a dynamic discussion of issues related to the extent to which the promises of the authorities regarding the technical, financial and social security of the military personnel of the Air Force units fit into the situation that is taking place in reality. At the same time, to be honest, you can talk as much as you like on this topic, refer to official statistics, publish interviews with high-ranking servicemen, but this is unlikely to form a picture of understanding what problems are of concern to Russian pilots today, especially those who are still recently started their service, having received a diploma of graduation from the flying institute.
That is why Voennoye Obozreniye decided to provide its readers with the opportunity to learn about the situation in the country's Air Force, as they say, firsthand. To solve this problem, an interview was taken with a career soldier of one of the aviation groups. Note that the pilot agreed to a conversation with VO journalists on condition that a certain amount of anonymity was observed. And this requirement is understandable, because any information related to military service and the activities of military units, told to journalists, may cause a negative attitude towards the respondent pilot on the part of certain forces (Lipetsk precedent is a clear confirmation of this).
A fertile, let's say, ground for a conversation with a representative of the flight crew was the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Russian Air Force, during which representatives of various aviation military units gathered at one of the airfields of the Voronezh region to participate in festive events with a demonstration of both modernized and new samples aviation technology, and their own flying skills.
The servicemen with whom the Voennoye Obozreniye journalist managed to talk is Senior Lieutenant Vladimir D., an officer of one of the air groups of the Southern Military District, a bomber pilot.
Vladimir, firstly, let me congratulate you on a big aviation holiday - the 100th anniversary of the Air Force, and secondly, thank you for taking the time to talk to the Voennoye Obozreniye correspondent, despite your very busy schedule. If you do not mind, then we can start our conversation.
Thanks for the compliments. The 100th anniversary of the Air Force is a really big date that suggests that Russian aviation both the glorious past and, of course, the promising future. I am ready to answer your questions.
Vladimir, if you will, let us begin our conversation with your first steps in aviation. What year did you graduate from flight school, and how did you end up in the air group that you represent today?
I graduated from the Krasnodar Military Aviation Institute in 2007. Despite the name "Krasnodar", by that time the university had already united several branches at once located in the territory of other cities: Armavir ( Krasnodar region), Balashov (Saratov region) and Borisoglebsk (Voronezh region). Today, by the way, KVAI is the only military university in our country that prepares military pilots to fly aircraft. On the one hand, this may seem to someone a fact, rather sad. There were, as they say, "empty sets", there were sets of 15 people each (from among Russian citizens), but today, as far as I know, the university is afloat - the recruitment of young cadets has been fully resumed again. I do not have an exact figure, but I want to believe that the transition period is over.
Speaking personally about me, in my current air group I turned out to be the most in the usual way- through the distribution of personnel. Even during training in the last year, each of the cadets (including myself) had a conversation, during which a certain choice was offered possible place future service. I was very happy when I saw a variant of one of the Rostov military units in the list of proposals, since I myself am from the same region. Therefore, the question was solved for me personally very successfully.
Vladimir, did you manage to start a family at the time of graduation?
Yes, I found a life partner as a 4th year student at the institute, and by the time the service began directly in the military unit, our family was expecting a child.
If it does not bother you, then tell us about what conditions you and your family were expecting in the new place? What was the situation with the place of residence and money allowance? Can we say that your expectations were met?
The fact is that in terms of starting a career as a pilot, I am hardly an exception to the rule. When my family and I arrived at the place of service, we were expected by what the overwhelming majority of servicemen are expecting today, namely, housing problems. For those lieutenants who did not have time to acquire a family, places were provided in the hostel (namely, places - not rooms). For families, you understand, this option is not considered, so we rented an apartment in the city, for which we received a monthly monetary compensation in the amount of 3600 rubles (2007, - approx. "Military Review"). For provincial town, a few kilometers from which our unit was located, the amount of 3,600 rubles was, in principle, acceptable, unless you suddenly decided to rent an apartment, of course ... As far as I know, for rural areas this amount was about half as much, but for major cities- 2.5 times higher. Certainly for big city(I'm not even talking about Moscow) - not enough, but all the young pilots knew even at the military university what they were doing, so it’s impossible to say that this is "like someone on the head".
Today there is no such compensation; it, as they say, has been monetized. And how much this monetization corresponds to the cost of renting an apartment for a pilot (and for any other military personnel) is a question that is different for everyone.
By the way, at the beginning of my flying career, I received about 23-25 thousand rubles, which was twice the average salary in the region (this is kind of like according to official statistics). It cannot be said that our family was delighted with such a level of monetary allowance, but no one said that it was pennies. It was enough, but like any normal person, he wanted more. More came, but over time ... Therefore, to say that my expectations were not met ... No, I probably won't say that ... Moreover, no one promised us any "golden mountains" ...
What was your monetary allowance at first, and what does it consist of now?
I will say this: before the change in the options for paying the allowance, everything looked something like this: a) salary according to rank, b) payments for length of service, c) bonus for complexity and tension. At the same time, as far as I know, according to the law, this allowance should not exceed 100% of the basic salary. We, young pilots, the command of the air group went to meet and paid the maximum maximum - exactly 100% of the salary. There are also some local and personal coefficients, but the young replenishment of aviation units should not pay attention to them.
Today's pilot's salary is, in fact, formed according to the same principles. The only significant change concerns the fact that all the benefits that the pilots enjoyed earlier have now been converted into monetary equivalent, and there has also appeared (and was recently extended) Order No. 400 of the Ministry of Defense, according to which officers receive bonus funding.
Vladimir, I'm sorry I have to interrupt you. Today, both among the pilots and in the press, a serious discussion has flared up precisely about this bonus funding. You should be aware of what happened in one of the Lipetsk air units when a junior officer openly accused the commanders of misappropriating additional payments. By the way, not so long ago I managed to have a little talk with a representative of the aviation of the Eastern Military District, who said that a certain kind of "financial hazing" is taking place. In this regard, if possible, clarify the situation with additional funding in your military unit.
Yes, of course, the Lipetsk case is known to me, as I also know that it is far from the only one in our country. This, unfortunately ... I know that there are levies in certain aviation units of Russia - I have comrades who say that bonus funding is distributed, to put it mildly, not proportionally. But at the same time, is it worth talking here about some kind of tendency in the military environment? I can give you tons of examples from other areas where fraud is pretty rampant. You don't have to look far for examples: my wife works in the field of education. As far as I know, teachers are also entitled to payments from ... a seemingly "above-tariff fund" - I won't say exactly the term. And this above-tariff fund, the most interesting thing, is distributed by the authorities. You yourself understand that the amount of bonus payments in this case also depends on how much a particular teacher is ideologically close to the leadership. And if the teacher decides to notify the "upper classes" about this, then he will hardly be able to prove anything ... that's how everything is arranged with us. Therefore, I believe that the army is not an exception here.
If we are talking about my military unit, then I can declare with full responsibility, believe it or not, all bonus funding, at least the one I know about, is divided between all personnel strictly equally. I, frankly, do not understand why bonuses should be paid exclusively to me as a pilot, if a whole group of people, from a technician and navigator to the commander of a military unit, takes over the preparation for my flights. Therefore, I consider the option that is practiced in our air group to be the most acceptable. But, again, I am not a representative of the financial unit, so I cannot tell you exactly what amounts are allocated by the state as these bonus finances and by what principle the Ministry of Defense sees this distribution in general. The system in which it is necessary to identify those who are better and those who are worse in our country, it seems to me, will not work very soon. Therefore, I consider the option of equal distribution of additional financing to be quite normal in the conditions in which we are working today. Let my words not be liked by someone ...
Vladimir, do you think that the increase in the pay of pilots (as well as of other servicemen) by the state did not compensate for those benefits that were taken away from the military?
You know, here we need to talk about who and what benefits had before this monetization, and who received what bonus as a result. Yes, of course, before any officer could go on vacation with the whole family, and the cost of tickets was compensated to him. It was possible even to ride in a luxurious carriage or fly to the place in a special class in the liner, then providing tickets to the financial unit for payment. There is no such thing today. But the salary that most military pilots receive today may well be enough for recreation and Baikal, and in Sochi, and the Maldives, many go ... Therefore, perhaps, 100% monetization here cannot be called, but also called an increase in monetary contentment scanty, too, does not turn his tongue. Yes, and "real money" is still better than benefits that could not always be used. By the way, you are aware that some of the benefits remain: for example, a preferential queue for housing, the opportunity to place a child in a kindergarten ...
I cannot ignore the problem that worries many young pilots: a new figure for the prescribed flight time (100 hours per year). According to a certain percentage of both the pilots themselves and other interested persons, young lieutenants, for objective reasons, cannot master 100 hours per year in the sky at the helm of a combat aircraft, and therefore their monetary allowance is seriously affected. Because of this, many young personnel, as reported by a number of media outlets, are trying to leave the Air Force, using a variety of opportunities for this, including the medical flight commission. How can you comment on the situation with the tight hourly limit for the pilot and with the layoffs of young pilots from the Air Force. Is the layoff of young people from the Air Force a trend?
If you want to hear my opinion, then it is this: these 100 hours is a figure that should not look so overstated. Although here everything depends on the level of equipment of the military unit. For example, in the air group in which I serve, young pilots today are quite difficult to gain the prescribed hours in the sky. This is connected not with the fact that we are not given the opportunity to fly, but with the fact that combat training missions do not always allow us to carry out such a raid. For example, the usual, as we call it, a flight circle on duty takes about 8-10 minutes, or even less. If we consider that during the year the pilot will carry out activities only in such a duty version, then he flies, at best, 40 hours. However, today young pilots have the opportunity to participate not only in duty flights, but to take part in training operations, mass exercises integrated with other branches of the armed forces, in the end, such events as the one for which several aircraft of our air group arrived in Voronezh region.
Therefore, if a young pilot is able to prove himself well, if, as they say, he is “sick of the sky,” then a 100-hour flight is not at all a transcendental line. After all, even the 100-hour bar itself is not an incentive for a young pilot to achieve noticeable results? By my own example, I can say that this will take some work, but most of them graduate from a military school for this, in order to fly, no matter what. I know, for example, that my classmate, who serves in the Khabarovsk Territory at one of the Pacific Fleet airbases, is now flying more than 180 hours a year. According to him, the number of flight hours went up sharply after it was announced to them that the pilots of the Pacific Fleet would take part in the aerial combat protection of the APEC summit facilities. In the south of Russia, the Olympics are ahead; there is information that the aviation units of Rostov, Voronezh, Volgograd regions, Krasnodar Territory and other southern regions will soon begin conducting joint exercises to secure Olympic venues from the air. I hope that I will have a chance to take part in these air maneuvers.
As for the desire of a certain number of young pilots to resign, I can say the following. Those who quit in the last year or two from our flight group (and this, if my memory serves me, three people) are natives of our capitals. On the one hand, you can understand them - a salary of 60-65 thousand for a Muscovite may seem low, but on the other hand ... No, I don't presume to judge them ...
As you said, "can we talk about a trend" in relation to layoffs. This is a difficult question. If you count all the young lieutenants who have arrived in our air group recently (since 2007), then there are 11 of them (together with me). As I said, three of them wrote the report. Perhaps I will not undertake to call it a fluidity or a negative tendency. Just do not forget that I am talking about my air group, and I simply cannot judge on an all-Russian scale - I do not have such data. And dismissal through a medical flight commission is an option that was used 5, 10 and 20 years ago.
Where are those who wrote the report going to work?
Of course, I do not know about all of them, but one, I know for sure, was going to switch to civil aviation. Only he hoped that he would be put in the cockpit of a civilian liner immediately, but he was told that he needed to take retraining courses. These courses cost about $ 12,000 (minimum) for those with a military pilot's diploma. Therefore, I will tell those who are going to easily switch from military aviation in the civil society - save money ... And those who decide to forever tie with the sky, find themselves in business and in other areas. But, excuse me, it is not for me to judge their choice ...
Vladimir, how are things in your air group with the replenishment of the fleet of combat vehicles, with the advanced training of young pilots?
I cannot say that we have all moved to new aircraft, but the existing models have been updated regularly lately. The aircraft are equipped with new technical means of communication and weapons. Constant modernization just dictates the need to improve their own qualifications. Moreover, every young lieutenant in our unit has the opportunity to obtain the qualification "Pilot of the 3rd class" within a few months after arriving from a military university.
What is needed for this?
To do this, you need to pass an exam, which consists of two parts. The first part is theoretical. It consists in checking the knowledge of the pilot's normative documentation, and the second - performing a practical task directly on the combat vehicle. The whole difficulty for me personally was that, having passed the theoretical part, I could not pass the practice in any way. The problem was the following: to complete a practical task, of course, you need certain equipment. My task was to bomb the indicated square. But it turned out that either there were no bombs, or the plane was not ready to fly ... And the theoretical part, during the waiting time for several weeks of bombs and bomber repairs, "burned out", it was necessary to hand over everything anew. But in the end, the surrender was successful.
Do you have the impression that the absence of bombs in the warehouse, which you mentioned, is just an excuse not to qualify you as a young pilot for as long as possible?
Not at all! After all, experienced pilots passed for a higher class, and they were in the same conditions as me. Therefore, the whole problem was in the equipment. This problem continues to manifest itself today, but on a much smaller scale.
The state is in dire need of a strong army. For this reason, the recruitment of contract servicemen is actively underway. They are capable of successfully replacing conscripts. In order to attract as many new contract employees as possible, it is planned to increase the salaries of military personnel this and next year.
Russia has a huge number of weapons of mass and local destruction. Against this background, there is a need for specialists capable of providing proper maintenance.
About 1/3 of the state budget is spent on servicing the military forces. Part is spent on the development of the latest weapons. The second part goes to payments to the military.
The total salary of military personnel consists of:
- Oklad.
- Additional payments.
- Premium.
What influences
The salaries of Russian military personnel are influenced by the following:
- length of service;
- personal merits;
- service time;
- rank.
The military receives a salary depending on the length of service. Persons serving over the polar pole receive bonuses.
12 months of service goes into service as 24 months.
Personal merit refers to accomplished deeds. It also matters where the soldier served. Employees in hot spots are paid more.
Pros and cons of contract ministry. Watch the video.
Other allowances
There are other allowances as well. They contact:
- knowledge of several languages;
- the presence of VO;
- excellent physical training.
It also takes into account how a person is able to make a decision in a critical situation.
Percentage
The amount of monthly salary allowances in the Russian Federation looks like this:
- length of service - 11-39%;
- high qualifications - 6-29%;
- secrecy - 66%;
- specific conditions - 100%;
- completion of special tasks - 100%;
- special achievements - 100%.
Shooter salary
A shooter is understood as a private with two years of service. You can find out how much he earns from the table.
Squad Leader Salary
A squad leader is a junior sergeant 3rd class, whose length of service varies from 2 to 5 years.
The salary of a squad leader, who is a sergeant of the 2nd class and has a length of service from 5 to 10 years, looks like this:
Salary for deputy platoon commander
The deputy platoon commander means a senior sergeant of the 1st class with a length of service of 10 to 15 years. How much he gets is shown on the plate:
Platoon Commander's Salary
A platoon commander is understood as a foreman, a foreman, whose length of service is 15-20 years. The sign shows how much he earns.
How much a foreman earns, a foreman with a seniority of 20-25 years, is shown in the plate:
Salaries of officers
This position requires higher education. With allowances for salary officers, they look quite impressive... Without them, the salary of military officers with an officer rank looks like this:
- Platoon commander - 20 thousand rubles.
- Deputy company commander - 21.0 thousand rubles.
- Company commander - 22.0 thousand rubles.
- Deputy battalion commander - 23.0 thousand rubles.
- Combat - 24.0 thousand rubles.
- Deputy com. shelf - 25.0 thousand rubles.
- Command regiment - 26.5 thousand rubles.
- Deputy com. brigades - 27.5 thousand rubles.
- The brigade commander - 29.0 thousand rubles.
- Deputy com. divisions - 29.5 thousand rubles.
- Commodity division - 30.5 thousand rubles.
- Deputy com. buildings - 31.0 thousand rubles.
The Wright brothers are considered to be the founders of modern type (heavier than air) manned aviation. Even the 100th anniversary of aviation was celebrated in 2003 - the anniversary of their first flight. Nobody belittles the merits of these engineers.
Still, a manned vehicle heavier than air first took off from the ground two decades earlier. Mozhaisky's plane did not receive practical use, and his biography was short-lived. But he was the first.
Odyssey of an inventor
Creation Russian aircraft surrounded by big amount historical mysteries, myths, inaccuracies and unresolved issues. Both objective historical realities and the peculiarities of thinking of domestic bureaucrats are to blame for this.
Sailor with a dream of wings
It is clear that the development engineer was not an aircraft designer - in his time there was no such profession. His biography was quite usual for a conscious poor nobleman. Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) was a naval officer, rose to the rank of Rear Admiral. Navy officers were often well trained in engineering and capable of complex calculations.
In 1850-1855, the young sailor took part in a long voyage to Japan, and even survived a shipwreck there. There is reason to believe that he became the author of the project of the first ship in Japan equipped with a keel.
Then he took part in the Khiva campaign, as a result of which he compiled a description of the Amu Darya and The aral sea.
Mozhaisky also happened to serve on the frigate "Thundering", on which members of the royal family moved.
The inventor served the rank of Rear Admiral already "in civilian life" - he had to leave military service after the defeat in the Crimean War. He held administrative positions, first in the Vologda, and then in the Podolsk province.
In the latter, bad fame was entrenched for him, including because of aviation experiments. The peasants considered it "blasphemy." Aleksandr Fedorovich also worked at the St. Petersburg Shipping Company, where he mastered the principles of operation of steam engines well.
Objective difficulties
In 1856, a young naval lieutenant became interested in the aerodynamics of the flight of birds and began to calculate the specific loads on their wings. Later he experimented a lot with kites and studied the properties of propellers.
There is evidence that the researcher himself several times flew into the air on a kite of his own design.
The results of these studies turned Mozhaisky into the inventor of the world's first aircraft. Although the only "field test" of the sample was to be considered unsuccessful, many of Mozhaisky's ideas were successfully developed by other developers.
In his work, the inventor had to contend with serious adverse circumstances. In the second half of the century, there was no theory of aerodynamics (it was later). There were no materials that combined strength and lightness (at that time aluminum was considered a precious metal). The choice of engines was also small - a steam engine, and nothing more.
Idea of creation aircraft with the ability to control and heavier than air has already gained popularity. Proposals on this part were put forward even before Mozhaiskiy, including in Russia. But then the design of an ornithopter seemed more attractive, that is, a machine flapping its wings in a bird's likeness.
Taking into account these objective difficulties, Mozhaisky's achievements cause even more respect.
Problems of a different nature
But there were other obstacles as well. First of all, the construction of the plane cost money, and Mozhaisky had few of them. He was wealthy enough, but not rich. He managed to get money from various state commissions, but not always when he asked for it, and always less than was required. It also happened that he was advised to do something else (including an ornithopter!)
To a large extent, the first aircraft was built at the expense of the designer himself. This also explains the modest success - Mozhaisky could not afford everything necessary equipment and assistants.
The path to the first flight
The history of the creation of the first aircraft is replete with "white spots". There are many inaccuracies and discrepancies in it. But there are also facts that have been established with certainty. Many of them are associated with the circumstances of the struggle of the inventor with the bureaucracy.
Overcoming bureaucratic obstacles
In 1872, the aircraft designer completed the calculations of lift and drag for various conditions. They were based on his work with the flight of birds. These studies led him to the idea of an "airborne projectile", that is, an aircraft close to modern type, not an ornithopter.
In 1876, the inventor applied with his project to the Ministry of War for funding. He originally intended to make his creation a military one - it was envisaged to install a bombing sight on it. The war with the Turks was approaching (1877-1878), the time was well chosen. The ministry approved the project, but instead of the requested 19 thousand, only three were allocated.
The aircraft designer continued to work anyway, and after 2 years he presented to the commission (already of a different composition) a model of the future aircraft. He was ready to move on to making a sample capable of carrying a person, but this required funds. The commission refused, giving advice on the ornithopter.
Without giving up, the engineer secured himself a small sum of 2,500 rubles and the right to an overseas business trip, which gave him the opportunity to order engines in England according to his own designs. He paid extra for other materials and equipment out of his own pocket. In 1881, everything needed was purchased. Mozhaisky again asked the ministry for financial assistance (5 thousand) for the implementation of the work, but this time the request was “turned down” by the tsar personally.
Flight Riddles
But further riddles begin. Everyone agrees that a full-fledged sample of A.F. Mozhaisky's aircraft with a man on board was tested. But even the date of this test is in doubt. The day is officially called July 20.
But the years for different specialists for some reason differ - from 1882 to 1885.
A report dated 1884 refers to previous successful tests of the "model." Therefore, if necessary, to give an exact answer to the question of when the airplane was invented, it will be necessary to name the year 1878. Then Mozhaisky received a "privilege" (patent) for his invention. But the design of 1881 was somewhat different from the declared one.
The test results are also described differently. According to the most popular version, the world's first plane nevertheless took off from the ground, accelerating on a wooden track with a slight slope, and then fell onto the wing due to a pilot error. But there is also an opinion that the takeoff did not happen at all, and the plane collapsed during the takeoff run.
No one doubts that the inventor himself did not try to fly.
It is understandable - the age is not flying. The first Russian pilot was a mechanic, assistant to Mozhaisky. It is known that he received non-dangerous injuries in the accident, but there is no certainty about his name. Many historians call the name N. Golubev. But others are sure that there was no person with such a surname in Mozhaisky's circle.
Specifications
The world's first aircraft was stored in improper conditions for a long time. After the death of its creator, it was completely dismantled. In practical terms, it was not used, and its specifications restored from Mozhaisky's documents and eyewitness accounts.
Main factors
Mozhaisky's aircraft should be classified as a fuselage propeller monoplane. To create it, wood, lacquered silk fabric, and wire were used. The engines were manufactured in England. Russia itself has not released enough good cars, and the designer rejected the American model.
According to research by technical historians, the aircraft had the following indicators:
- Height - 7.5 m;
- Length - 25 m;
- Wing area - 329 sq. M;
- Wingspan - 23.2 m;
- Maximum takeoff weight- 1266 kg;
- Speed (calculated) - 40 km / h;
- Number of screws - 3 (2 on the wings, 1 on the nose);
- Number of engines - 2;
- The total power of the engines is 30 hp. (20 + 10)
The aircraft had horizontal and vertical control. In the process of work, changes were made to the design. So, according to the project, all the screws were supposed to be of the same size, but the researchers found that in the final version the front screw was made larger than the other two. The engines were displaced and the aircraft got a weighted nose.
The pilot had at his disposal two rudders, an inclinometer, an altimeter, and a compass.
The creator called his brainchild "Firebird".
Modern check
In Soviet times, several prominent specialists in the field of aviation (V.F.Bolkhovitinov, B.N.Yuriev, V.B.Shavrov, and others) carried out research on the Mozhaisky project in order to test the possibility of its implementation.
Scientists have expressed various considerations. Many assumed that with steam engines the plane had no chance of taking off. But the main point of view was that this was possible, and even a stabilized horizontal flight was possible. But this required additional conditions:
- Inclined runway;
- Engine afterburner at the start;
- Headwind at the time of takeoff.
Most experts agreed that with the available power of the machines, the chances of a stabilized flight for the aircraft were small.
Obviously, the inventor also understood this. Soon after testing, he tried to order more powerful engines. Lack of money prevented.
Real results
Despite the modest results of the Firebird flight, the contribution of AF Mozhaisky to the development of aviation is great. Many of his ideas were then applied to more successful designs.
- The engineer calculated the formulas for aviation: the ratio of drag and lift;
- In the course of his work, Mozhaisky proposed the first attempts to formulate the laws of aerodynamics;
- He used pull and push screws; nowadays, most propeller driven aircraft use pulling structures;
- The inventor was the first to propose a fuselage type of aircraft, which turned out to be the most promising;
- Mozhaisky developed the theory of vertical and horizontal control. He was the first to put forward the idea of ailerons (controlling the moving parts of the wings);
- The fuselage of the aircraft was made in the form of a boat, and the inventor himself claimed that his creation should float. Thus, the Russian engineer should be considered the father of "flying boats".
At that time, the development of Mozhaisky did not receive wide publicity. As a result, for a long time the balloonists died due to the lack of control systems (this is how the famous inventor Otto Lilienthal crashed). And the Wright brothers had to "reinvent the wheel" anew.
They did it in more favorable conditions, which is why they got the best result. At the same time, the brothers did not take into account some details that were interesting to Mozhaisky - there were no ailerons in their designs.
In books and films
But later the inventor was given his due. His name was given to the village in Vologda region where he once lived. The St. Petersburg Military Space Academy bears his name.
Mozhaisky himself and his plane even turned into heroes of films and literary works.
In 1950, the poet S. Vasiliev wrote a poem about the testing of the first aircraft and its designer. In the same year, director V.I. Pudovkin portrayed the test scene of Mozhaisky's plane in his film about Zhukovsky.
Modern literature has turned "The Firebird" into a hero of fantastic works.
In 2013, the book of the Belarusian writer A.E. Matvienko "Airplanes over Mukden" (genre alternative history). In it, the fate of the invention was more favorable. And in 2016, the cult V. Pelevin released the "Lamp of Methuselah", which also depicts the invention of the first aircraft in a fantastic form.
Russia is not the homeland of elephants, and there is no point in attributing to the Russians all the world's inventions. They really did enough. Including invented the plane.
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