Kurile Islands included in Sakhalin region, consist of 56 large and small islands of volcanic origin. Stretching from north to south, from Kamchatka to the Japanese island of Hokkaido, these islands are of much more important geostrategic importance for Russia than it might seem at first glance.

Non-freezing straits

There are only two straits between the islands of the Kuril ridge, which do not freeze in the cold season. This is the Catherine Strait, located between the islands of Iturup and Kunashir, as well as the Frisa Strait between the islands of Iturup and Urup. If these southern islands belonged to another country, it is difficult to even imagine how transport connection between, for example, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Vladivostok in winter. In addition, one should not forget about the Russian navy in the Far East. Ships from Vladivostok in winter will not be able to go to the Pacific Ocean without the consent of third countries.

Mineral deposits

Despite their small size, the islands of the Kuril ridge contain significant amounts of explored minerals. Ores of non-ferrous metals, mercury were found here, and hydrocarbon deposits in the coastal zone. In addition, the richest rhenium mineral deposit in the world has been found on Iturup Island. Rhenium is contained here in the form of the mineral rhenite, the extraction of the metal from which is more promising than extraction by traditional methods. In addition, rhenium is a very rare metal with a number of unique properties, and therefore it is highly valued in the world market.

Status of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

In 2014, one of the most important recent events took place in the field of regulating the legal status of the shelf territories of Russia. UN Commission on the Continental Shelf recognized the Sea of ​​Okhotsk as an internal sea Russian Federation, and, accordingly, the rights to all Natural resources that this territory contains. These are not only the richest hydrocarbon deposits, but also biological resources - fish, crabs and other seafood. It is not difficult to guess that if at least part of the Kuril Islands belonged to another country, Russia would have to share this wealth with its neighbor.

Bioresource fishery

The coastal waters of the Kuril Islands are the richest reserves of Kamchatka crabs, salmon and many other valuable biological resources. Regular cases of poaching of foreign ships in the coastal waters of the archipelago speak volumes about the increased interest in this territory on the part of other countries.

Population of the Kuril Islands

Non-freezing straits and natural resources are, of course, very important. But the main wealth of the Kuril Islands is the people who live here. According to 2017 data, more than 19 thousand people live on the territory of two cities and several villages. This is quite a lot, given the island specificity of the region and certain difficulties caused by transport accessibility. The islands are a special world, and the people who inhabit the Kuril Islands love their small homeland very much.

History of the Kuril Islands

History of the issue

Briefly, the history of the "belonging" of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island is as follows.

1.In the period 1639-1649 g... Russian Cossack detachments led by Moskovitinov, Kolobov, Popov examined and began to develop Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. At the same time, Russian pioneers repeatedly swim to the island of Hokkaido, where they are peacefully welcomed by the local aborigines of the Ainu people. The Japanese appeared on this island a century later, after which they exterminated and partially assimilated the Ainu..

2.In 1701 Mr. Vladimir Atlasov, a Cossack sergeant, reported to Peter I about the “subordination” of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands to the Russian crown, leading to the “wonderful kingdom of Nipon”.

3.B 1786 g... by order of Catherine II, a register of Russian possessions in the Pacific Ocean was made, bringing the register to the attention of all European states as a declaration of Russia's rights to these possessions, including Sakhalin and the Kuriles.

4.B 1792 g... By the decree of Catherine II, the entire ridge of the Kuril Islands (both Northern and Southern), as well as Sakhalin Island officially included in the Russian Empire.

5.As a result of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War 1854-1855 biennium under pressure England and France Russia forced was concluded with Japan on February 7, 1855. Shimoda Treaty, through which the four southern islands of the Kuril ridge were transferred to Japan: Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup. Sakhalin remained undivided between Russia and Japan. At the same time, however, the right of Russian ships to enter Japanese ports was recognized, and "permanent peace and sincere friendship between Japan and Russia" was proclaimed.

6.May 7, 1875 g. under the Petersburg treaty, the tsarist government as a very strange act of "goodwill" goes on incomprehensible further territorial concessions to Japan and transfers it to 18 more small islands of the archipelago. In return, Japan finally recognized Russia's right to the entire Sakhalin. It is for this agreement most of all are referred to by the Japanese today, slyly silent that the first article of this treaty reads: "... eternal peace and friendship will continue to be established between Russia and Japan" ( the Japanese themselves violated this treaty in the XX century repeatedly). Many Russian statesmen of those years sharply condemned this "exchange" agreement as short-sighted and harmful for the future of Russia, comparing it with the same short-sightedness as the sale of Alaska to the United States of America in 1867 for a pittance (7 billion 200 million dollars. ), - saying that "now we bite our own elbows."

7.After the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 biennium followed the next stage of humiliation of Russia... By Portsmouth the peace treaty concluded on September 5, 1905, Japan received the southern part of Sakhalin, all the Kuril Islands, and also took away from Russia the lease right for naval bases Port Arthur and Dalny... When did Russian diplomats remind the Japanese that all these provisions contradict the treaty of 1875 g, - those arrogantly and impudently answered : « War negates all treaties. You have been defeated and let's proceed from the current situation ". Reader, remember this boastful declaration of the invader!

8. Then the time comes to punish the aggressor for his eternal greed and territorial expansion. Signed by Stalin and Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference February 10, 1945 G. " Agreement on the Far East"Provided:" ... 2-3 months after the surrender of Germany, the Soviet Union will enter the war against Japan subject to the return to the Soviet Union of the southern part of Sakhalin, all the Kuril Islands, as well as the restoration of the lease of Port Arthur and Dalny(these built and equipped by the hands of Russian workers, soldiers and sailors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. very convenient in terms of their geographical location, naval bases were donated to "brotherly" China... But these bases were so necessary for our fleet in the 60-80s of the rampant "cold war" and intense combat service of the fleet in remote areas of the Pacific and Indian oceans... It was necessary to equip the Cam Ranh forward base in Vietnam for the fleet from scratch).

9.In July 1945 according to The Potsdam Declaration heads of victorious countries the following verdict was adopted regarding the future of Japan: "The sovereignty of Japan will be limited to four islands: Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu and those that WE DESIGNATE." August 14, 1945 Japanese government broadcasted acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, and on September 2 Japan surrenders unconditionally... Article 6 of the Act of Surrender states: “... the Japanese government and its successors will honestly comply with the terms of the Potsdam Declaration , to give those orders and take those actions that, in order to implement this declaration, will be required by the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Powers ... ". January 29, 1946 The Commander-in-Chief, General MacArthur, by his directive No. 677, DEMANDED: "The Kuril Islands, including Habomai and Shikotan, are excluded from the jurisdiction of Japan." AND only after that legal action was issued by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 2, 1946, which read: "All lands, bowels and waters of Sakhalin and the Kul Islands are the property of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." Thus, the Kuril Islands (both North and South), as well as about. Sakhalin, legally and were returned to Russia in accordance with international law ... On this it would be possible to put an end to the "problem" of the South Kuriles and stop all further words. But the story with the Kurils continues.

10 after the end of World War II USA occupied Japan and turned it into their military foothold in the Far East. In september 1951 the USA, Great Britain and a number of other states (49 in total) signed San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan prepared by in violation of the Potsdam agreements without the participation of the Soviet Union ... Therefore, our government did not join the agreement. Nevertheless, in Art. 2, Chapter II of this treaty is written in black and white: “ Japan renounces all legal grounds and claims ... to the Kuril Islands and that part of Sakhalin and adjacent islands , over which Japan acquired sovereignty under the Treaty of Portsmouth of September 5, 1905 ". However, even after that, the story with the Kurils does not end.

October 11.19 1956 The government of the Soviet Union, following the principles of friendship with neighboring states, signed with the Japanese government joint declaration according to which the state of war between the USSR and Japan ended and peace, good-neighborliness and friendly relations were restored between them. When signing the Declaration as a gesture of goodwill and no more it was promised to transfer to Japan the two southernmost islands of Shikotan and Habomai, but only after the conclusion of a peace treaty between the countries.

12.However The United States imposed a number of military agreements on Japan after 1956, replaced in 1960 by a single "Treaty on Mutual Cooperation and Security", according to which the US troops remained on its territory, and thus the Japanese islands turned into a springboard for aggression against the Soviet Union. In connection with this situation, the Soviet government announced to Japan that it was impossible to transfer the promised two islands to it.... And in the same statement it was emphasized that according to the declaration of October 19, 1956, "peace, good-neighborliness and friendly relations" between the countries have been established. Therefore, an additional peace treaty may not be required.
In this way, the problem of the South Kuriles does not exist... It was solved long ago. AND de jure and de facto the islands belong to Russia ... In this regard, it might be necessary remind the Japanese of their arrogant statement in 1905 g., and also indicate that Japan was defeated in World War II and therefore has no rights to any territory, even to her ancestral lands, except for those that were bestowed upon her by the victors.
AND our Foreign Ministry just as tough, or in a softer diplomatic form I should have said this to the Japanese and put an end to this, FOREVER ending all negotiations and even conversations on this non-existent and humiliating problem of Russia's dignity and authority.
And again the "territorial question"

However, starting with 1991 the city, the President meets repeatedly Yeltsin and members of the Russian government, diplomats with Japanese government circles, during which the Japanese side annoyingly raises the issue of the "northern Japanese territories" every time.
So, in the Tokyo Declaration 1993 g., signed by the President of Russia and the Prime Minister of Japan, was again acknowledged that there is a territorial issue, and both sides promised to "make an effort" to resolve it. The question arises - could our diplomats really not know that such declarations should not be signed, because the recognition of the existence of a "territorial issue" contradicts the national interests of Russia (Art. 275 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "High treason") ??

As for the peace treaty with Japan, it is de facto and de jure in accordance with the Soviet-Japanese declaration of October 19, 1956. not really needed... The Japanese do not want to conclude an additional official peace treaty, and it is not necessary. He Japan needs more as the defeated side in World War II rather than Russia.

A citizens of Russia should know, the "problem" of the South Kuriles , her exaggeration, the periodic hype in the media around her and the litigation of the Japanese - there is consequence illegal claims of Japan in violation of its obligations to strictly comply with the international obligations it has recognized and signed. And such a constant desire of Japan to reconsider the ownership of many territories in the Asia-Pacific region permeates Japanese politics throughout the twentieth century.

Why But the Japanese, one might say, grabbed their teeth in the South Kuriles and are trying to illegally take possession of them again? But because the economic and military-strategic importance of this region is extremely great both for Japan and even more so for Russia. This region of colossal seafood riches(fish, animals, marine animals, vegetation, etc.), mineral deposits, moreover, rare-earth minerals, energy sources, mineral raw materials.

For example, on January 29 of this year. in the program "Vesti" (RTR) a short information slipped: on the island of Iturup, large deposit of rare earth metal Rhenium(The 75th element in the periodic table, and the only one in the world ).
Scientists allegedly calculated that for the development of this field, it is enough to invest only 35 thousand dollars, but the profit from the extraction of this metal will allow to bring the whole of Russia out of the crisis in 3-4 years... Apparently the Japanese know about this and that is why they are so persistently attacking the Russian government with the demand to give them the islands.

I must say that over 50 years of owning the islands, the Japanese have not built or created anything capital on them, except for light temporary buildings... Our border guards had to rebuild barracks and other buildings at the outposts. All the economic "development" of the islands, about which the Japanese are shouting to the whole world today, consisted of in a predatory plunder of the wealth of the islands ... During the Japanese "development" from the islands seal rookeries, sea otters' habitats disappeared ... Part of the livestock of these animals have already been restored by our residents of Kuril .

Today the economic situation of this entire island zone, as well as of the whole of Russia, is difficult. Of course, measures to support this region and take care of Kuril residents are essential. According to the calculations of a group of State Duma deputies on the islands, as reported in the program Parliamentary Hour (RTR) on January 31 of this year, only fish products up to 2000 tons per year, with a net profit of about 3 billion dollars.
Militarily, the ridge of the Northern and Southern Kuriles with Sakhalin constitutes a complete closed infrastructure of the strategic defense of the Far East and the Pacific Fleet. They enclose the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and turn it into an internal one. This is a district deployment and combat positions of our strategic submarines.

Without the South Kuriles, we will get a "hole" in this defense... Control over the Kuril Islands ensures the free exit of the fleet to the ocean, since before 1945 our Pacific Fleet, starting from 1905, was practically locked up in its bases in Primorye. Detection equipment on the islands provides long-range detection of air and surface enemies, organization of anti-submarine defense of approaches to the aisles between the islands.

In conclusion, such a feature should be noted in the relationship of the Russia-Japan-USA triangle. It is the United States that confirms the "legality" of the islands belonging to Japan., in spite of all international treaties signed by them .
If so, then our Foreign Ministry has every right, in response to the claims of the Japanese, to propose to them to demand the return to Japan of its "southern territories" - the Caroline, Marshall and Mariana Islands.
These archipelagos former colonies Germany, captured by Japan in 1914... Japanese domination over these islands was sanctioned by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. After the defeat of Japan, all these archipelagos came under US control.... So why shouldn't Japan demand that the United States return the islands to it? Or is it lacking in spirit?
As you can see, there is Japan's clear double standard of foreign policy.

And one more fact that clarifies the general picture of the return of our Far Eastern territories in September 1945 and the military significance of this region. The Kuril operation of the 2nd Far Eastern Front and the Pacific Fleet (18.08 - 1.09.1945) provided for the liberation of all the Kuril Islands and the capture of the island of Hokkaido.

The annexation of this island to Russia would have an important operational and strategic importance, since it would ensure the complete isolation of the "fencing" of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk by our island territories: the Kuriles - Hokkaido - Sakhalin. But Stalin canceled this part of the operation, saying that with the liberation of the Kuriles and Sakhalin, we had resolved all our territorial issues in the Far East. A we don’t need foreign land ... In addition, the capture of Hokkaido will cost us a lot of blood, unnecessary losses of sailors and paratroopers in the very last days of the war.

Stalin here showed himself to be a real statesman, caring about the country and its soldiers, and not an invader, looking for foreign territories that were very accessible in that situation for seizure.
A source

On the issue of Japan's claims to our Kuril Islands

Over and over again Japanese politicians "put pressure on the pedal", initiating conversations with Moscow about the fact that, they say, "it's time to return the Northern Territories to the Japanese masters."

We didn’t react much to this hysteria in Tokyo before, but now it seems we need to answer.

To begin with - a picture with text, which is better than any analytical articles. Japan's real position the hour she was the winner Russia. Now they whine porking, but as soon as they feel their strength, they immediately begin to play the "king of the hill":

Japan took away a hundred years ago our Russian lands- half of Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands as a result of Russia's defeat in the 1905 war. Since that time, the famous song "On the Hills of Manchuria" has remained, which to this day in Russia reminds of the bitterness of that defeat.

However, times have changed, and Japan itself has become defeatist in World War II, which personally started against China, Korea and other Asian countries. And, overestimating its strength, Japan even attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor in December 1941 - after that, the United States entered the war against Japan and its ally Hitler. Yes Yes, Japan was Hitler's ally, but they hardly remember that today. Why? To whom has history become displeasing in the West?

As a result of its own military disaster, Japan signed the "Act of unconditional surrender"(!), where in text clearly states that "We hereby pledge that the Japanese Government and its successors will honor the terms and conditions." Potsdam Declaration". And in that “ Potsdam Declaration"It is specified that" Japanese sovereignty will be limited to the islands Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and those smaller islands that we indicate". And where are the "northern territories" that the Japanese demand "back" from Moscow? In general, what territorial claims against Russia can we talk about in Japan, which deliberately went on aggression in alliance with Hitler?

- Regarding purely negatively to any transfer of any islands to Japan, in all fairness it should be clarified: the tactics of recent years, which are perfectly clear to professionals, is as follows - not to deny the backhand promised by the previous authorities, to speak only about the fidelity of the 1956 Declaration, that is, only about Habomai and Shikotane, thereby excluding from the problematic Kunashir and Iturup, which appeared under pressure from Japan in the negotiations in the mid-90s, and, finally, accompany the words about the "fidelity" of the Declaration with formulations that today do not strictly coincide with the position of Japan.

- The declaration assumed first the conclusion of a peace treaty and only then the "transfer" of the two islands. The transfer is an act of goodwill, a willingness to dispose of one's own territory "in accordance with the wishes of Japan and taking into account the interests of the Japanese state." Japan, on the other hand, insists that "return" should precede the peace treaty, because the very concept of "return" is a recognition of the illegality of their belonging to the USSR, as is a revision not only of the very results of the Second World War, but also of the principle of the inviolability of these results.

- Satisfaction of Japanese claims for the "return" of the islands would mean a direct undermining of the principle of the indisputability of the results of the Second World War and would open up the possibility of questioning other aspects of the territorial status quo.

- Japan's "complete and unconditional surrender" is fundamentally different from simple surrender in terms of legal, political and historical implications. Simple "surrender" means an admission of defeat in hostilities and does not affect the international legal personality of the defeated power, no matter what losses it incurs. Such a state retains its sovereignty and legal personality and itself, as a legal party, negotiates the terms of peace. "Complete and unconditional surrender" means the termination of the existence of the subject of international relations, the dismantling of the former state as a political institution, the loss of its sovereignty and all power powers, which are transferred to the victorious powers, which themselves determine the conditions of peace and the post-war order and settlement.

- In the case of "complete and unconditional surrender" with Japan, then Japan retained the former emperor, which is used to assert that Japan's legal personality was not interrupted. However, in reality, the source of the preservation of imperial power is different - it is will and decision of the Winners.

- US Secretary of State J. Byrnes pointed out to V. Molotov: "Japan's position does not stand up to criticism, that it cannot consider itself bound by the Yalta agreements, since it was not a party to them." Today's Japan is a post-war state, and the settlement can proceed solely from the post-war international legal basis, especially since only this basis has legal force.

- In the "Soviet-Japanese Declaration of October 19, 1956", the USSR's readiness to "transfer" the islands of Habomai and Shikotan to Japan was recorded, but only after the conclusion of the Peace Treaty. It is not about "return", but about "transfer", that is, about the willingness to dispose of the quality act of goodwill its territory, which does not create a precedent for revising the results of the war.

- The United States exerted direct pressure on Japan during the Soviet-Japanese negotiations in 1956 and did not stop at an ultimatum: The United States said that if Japan signed a "Peace Treaty" with the USSR, in which it would agree to recognize South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands as part of the USSR, " The United States will keep the Ryukyu Islands in its possession forever "(Okinawa).

- The signing of the "Soviet-Japanese Declaration", according to N. Khrushchev, was supposed to deter Japan from concluding an agreement on military cooperation with the United States. However, such an agreement between Tokyo and Washington followed on January 19, 1960, and it was indefinite the stay of the American armed forces on the Japanese territory.

- On January 27, 1960, the Soviet government announced "a change in circumstances" and warned that "only on the condition of the withdrawal of all foreign troops from the territory of Japan and the signing of the Peace Treaty between the USSR and Japan, the islands of Habomai and Shikotan will be transferred to Japan."

These are the considerations about the Japanese "Wishlist".

Kuriles: not four bare islands

Recently, the "question" of the South Kuril Islands has been discussed again. The disinformation media are carrying out the task of the current government - to convince the people that we do not need these islands. The obvious is hushed up: after the transfer of the South Kuriles to Japan Russia will lose a third of its fish, our Pacific Fleet will be locked up and will not get free access to the Pacific Ocean, it will be necessary to revise the entire border system in the east of the country etc. As a geologist who has worked in the Far East, Sakhalin for 35 years, who has been to the South Kurils more than once, I am especially outraged by the lie about the "four naked islands" supposedly representing the South Kuriles.

Let's start with the fact that the South Kuriles are not 4 islands. They include about. Kunashir, O. Iturup and all islands of the Lesser Kuril ridge... The latter includes Fr. Shikotan(182 sq. Km), about. Green(69 sq. Km), about. Polonsky(15 sq. Km), about. Tanfilieva(8 sq. Km), about. Yuri(7 sq. Km), about. Anuchina(3 sq. Km) and many smaller islands: about. Demina, O. Shards, O. Watchdog, O. Signal other. And to the island Shikotan usually include islands Grieg and Aivazovsky... The total area of ​​the islands of the Lesser Kuril Ridge is about 300 sq. km, and all the islands of the South Kuriles - more than 8500 sq. km... What the Japanese, and after them "our" democrats and some diplomats, call an island Habo mai, Is about 20 islands.

The bowels of the Southern Kuriles contain a large complex of minerals. Its leading elements are gold and silver, the deposits of which are explored on the island. Kunashir. Here, at the Prasolovskoye field, in some areas, the content gold reaches a kilogram or more, silver- up to 5 kg per ton of rock. The predicted resources of the North Kunashir ore cluster alone amount to 475 tons of gold and 2,160 tons of silver (these and many other figures are taken from the book "Mineral and Raw Materials Base of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands at the Turn of the Third Millennium" published by the Sakhalin Book Publishing House last year). But, apart from Fr. Kunashir, other islands of the South Kuriles are also promising for gold and silver.

In the same Kunashir, polymetallic ores are known (Valentinovskoye deposit), in which the content zinc reaches 14%, copper - up to 4%, gold- up to 2 g / t, silver- up to 200 g / t, barium- up to 30%, strontium- until 3 %. Stocks zinc are 18 thousand tons, copper- 5 thousand tons. On the islands of Kunashir and Iturup there are several ilmenite-magnetite placers with a high gland(up to 53%), titanium(up to 8%) and higher concentrations vanadium... Such raw materials are suitable for the production of high-grade vanadium cast iron. In the late 60s, Japan offered to buy Kuril ilmenite-magnetite sands. Is it because of the high vanadium content? But in those years, not everything was bought and sold, there were values ​​more expensive than money, and transactions were not always accelerated by bribes.

Especially noteworthy is the recently revealed rich ore accumulations in the South Kuril Islands. rhenium, which goes to parts of supersonic aircraft and missiles, protects metal from corrosion and wear. These ores are present-day volcanic drifts. The ore continues to accumulate. It is estimated that only one Kudryavy volcano on the island. Iturup produces 2.3 tons of rhenium per year. In some places, the content of this valuable metal in the ore reaches 200 g / t. Will we give it to the Japanese too?

We will single out deposits from non-metallic minerals sulfur... Today this raw material is one of the most scarce in our country. Volcanic sulfur deposits have long been known in the Kuril Islands. The Japanese have developed it in many places. Soviet geologists explored and prepared for development a large Novoe sulfur deposit. Only in one of its sections - Zapadny - industrial sulfur reserves amount to more than 5 million tons. On the islands of Iturup and Kunashir, there are many and smaller deposits that can attract entrepreneurs. In addition, some geologists consider the area of ​​the Lesser Kuril Ridge promising for oil and gas.

In the South Kuriles, there are very scarce in the country and very valuable thermal mineral waters... The most famous of them are the Hot Beach springs, in which waters with a high content of silicic and boric acids have a temperature of up to 100 o C. There is a hydropathic establishment. Similar waters - in the North Mendeleevsky and Chaikinsky springs on the island. Kunashir, as well as in a number of places on the island. Iturup.

And who has not heard about the thermal waters of the Southern Kuriles? In addition to the tourism object, it is thermal power raw materials, the importance of which has recently increased in connection with the ongoing energy crisis in the Far East and the Kuril Islands. So far, a geothermal hydroelectric power station that uses underground heat operates only in Kamchatka. But it is possible and necessary to develop high-potential coolants - volcanoes and their derivatives - on the Kuril Islands. To date, on about. Kunashir has explored the Goryachy Beach steam-hydrothermal field, which can provide the city of Yuzhno-Kurilsk with heat and hot water (partially, the steam-water mixture is used to supply heat to the military unit and the greenhouses of the state farm). On about. Iturup has explored a similar deposit - Okeanskoye.

It is also important that the South Kuriles are a unique testing ground for the study of geological processes, volcanism, ore formation, the study of giant waves (tsunami), and seismicity. There is no second such scientific testing ground in Russia. And science, as you know, is a productive force, a fundamental basis for the development of any society.

And how can you call the South Kurils "naked islands" if they are covered with almost subtropical vegetation, where there are many medicinal herbs and berries (aralia, lemongrass, redberry), rivers are rich red fish(chum salmon, pink salmon, sima), do seals, sea lions, seals, sea otters live on the coast, the shallow water is dotted with crabs, shrimps, trepangs, scallops?

Isn't all of the above known in the government, in the Embassy of the Russian Federation in Japan, "our" democrats? I think that the reasoning about the possibility of transferring the South Kuriles to Japan - not from stupidity, but from meanness. Some figures like Zhirinovsky offer to sell our islands to Japan and name specific amounts. Russia sold Alaska cheaply, also considering the peninsula "useless land." And now the United States receives a third of its oil in Alaska, more than half of its gold, and much more. So make a bargain anyway, gentlemen!

How Russia and Japan will divide the Kuriles. Answering eight naive questions about the disputed islands

Moscow and Tokyo, possibly closer than ever to the solution of the problem of the South Kuril Islands - this is the opinion of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. For his part, Vladimir Putin explained that Russia is ready to discuss this issue only on the basis of the Soviet-Japanese declaration of 1956 - according to it, the USSR agreed to transfer to Japan only two the smallest South Kuril Islands - Shikotan and I come Habomai... But he left behind large and inhabited islands Iturup and Kunashir.

Will Russia agree to the treaty and where did the "Kuril issue" come from? A senior researcher at the Center for Japanese Studies at the Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences helped Komsomolskaya Pravda to figure it out. Victor Kuzminkov.

1. Why do the Japanese generally claim the Kuril Islands? After all, they abandoned them after the Second World War?

- Indeed, in 1951 the San Francisco Peace Treaty was concluded, where it was spelled out that Japan refuses from all claims to the Kuril Islands, - agrees Kuzminkov. - But after a few years, in order to get around this moment, the Japanese four islands - Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai - began to call the northern territories and deny that they belong to the Kuril ridge (but, on the contrary, belong to the island of Hokkaido). Although on the pre-war Japanese maps, they were designated precisely as the South Kuriles.

2. How many disputed islands- two or four?

- Now Japan claims all four of the aforementioned islands - in 1855, the border between Russia and Japan passed along them. But immediately after World War II - both in San Francisco in 1951, and in 1956 when the Soviet-Japanese declaration was signed - Japan disputed only Shikotan and Habomai. At that time, They recognized Iturup and Kunashir as the Southern Kuriles. It is about returning to the positions of the 1956 declaration that Putin and Abe are now talking about.

- Joint farming in the Kuril Islands was discussed, but I believe that this is a stillborn project, - the expert commented. - Japan will demand for itself such preferences that will call into question the sovereignty of Russia in these territories.

Similarly, the Japanese are not ready to agree to lease the islands from Russia (this idea was also voiced) - they consider the northern territories to be their ancestral land.

In my opinion, the only realistic option for today is the signing of a peace treaty, which means little to both countries. And the subsequent creation of a commission on delimitation of borders, which will sit for at least 100 years, but will not come to any decision.

REFERENCE "KP"

The total population of the South Kuril Islands is about 17 thousand people.

Group of islands Habomai(more than 10 islands) - uninhabited.

On the island Shikotan- 2 villages: Malokurilskoe and Krabozavodskoe. There is a cannery. During the Soviet years, it was one of the largest in the USSR. But now little is left of its former power.

On the island Iturup- the city of Kurilsk (1600 people) and 7 villages. In 2014, they opened here international Airport Iturup.

On the island Kunashir- the village of Yuzhno-Kurilsk (7700 people) and 6 smaller villages. Here is a geothermal power plant and more than a hundred military facilities.

Pavel Shipilin. Kuril Islands - Japanese national idea

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World Politics Review believes that Putin's biggest mistake now is "dismissive of Japan."
A bold Russian initiative to settle the Kuril Islands dispute would give Japan great grounds for cooperation with Moscow.- this is how it broadcasts today IA REGNUM.
This "disdainful attitude" is expressed, it is clear why - give Japan the Kuril Islands. It would seem - what to the Americans and their European satellites before the Kuriles, what in the other part of the world?
It's simple. Underneath Japaneseophilia is the desire to turn the Sea of ​​Okhotsk from an internal Russian into a sea open to the "world community." With great consequences for us, both military and economic.

Well, who was the first to develop these lands? Why on earth does Japan consider these islands to be their ancestral territories?
To do this, let's look at the history of the development of the Kuril ridge.
The islands were originally inhabited by the Ainu. In their language, "kuru" meant "a man who came from nowhere", which is where their second name "kurilians" came from, and then the name of the archipelago.

In Russia, the Kuril Islands were first mentioned in the reporting document of N.I. Kolobov to Tsar Alexei from 1646 year about the peculiarities of the wanderings of I. Yu. Moskvitin. Also, data from the chronicles and maps of medieval Holland, Scandinavia and Germany testify to the indigenous Russian villages. NI Kolobov spoke about the bearded Ains inhabiting the islands. The Ainu were engaged in gathering, fishing and hunting, lived in small settlements throughout the Kuril Islands and on Sakhalin.
Founded after the campaign of Semyon Dezhnev in 1649, the cities of Anadyr and Okhotsk became bases for the exploration of the Kuril Islands, Alaska and California.

The development of new lands by Russia took place in a civilized manner and was not accompanied by the extermination or displacement of the local population from their territory. historical homeland as happened, for example, with the North American Indians. The arrival of the Russians led to the distribution among the local population of more effective means of hunting, metal products, and, most importantly, helped to end bloody inter-tribal strife. Under the influence of the Russians, these peoples began to take up agriculture and move on to a sedentary lifestyle. Trade revived, Russian merchants flooded Siberia and Far East goods, the existence of which the local population did not even know.

In 1654, the Yakut Cossack foreman M. Stadukhin visited there. In the 60s, part of the northern Kuriles was mapped by the Russians, and in 1700 the Kurils were mapped by S. Remizov. In 1711, the Cossack ataman D. Antsiferov and the captain I. Kozyrevsky visited the islands of Paramushir Shumshu. The following year, Kozyrevsky visited the islands of Iturup and Urup and said that the inhabitants of these islands live "autocratic".

I. Evreinov and F. Luzhin, who graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Geodesy and Cartography, made a trip to the Kuril Islands in 1721, after which the Evreinovs personally presented to Peter I a report on this voyage and a map.

Russian navigators Captain Spanberg and Lieutenant Walton in 1739 were the first Europeans to open the way to the eastern shores of Japan, visited the Japanese islands of Hondo (Honshu) and Matsmae (Hokkaido), described the Kuril ridge and mapped all the Kuril Islands and east coast Sakhalin.
The expedition found that only one island of Hokkaido is under the rule of the "Japanese Khan", the rest of the islands are not under his control. Since the 60s, interest in the Kurils has noticeably increased, more and more often Russian fishing vessels dock on their shores, and soon the local population - the Ainu - on the islands of Urup and Iturup was brought into Russian citizenship.
Merchant D. Shebalin was instructed by the Okhotsk port office to "convert the inhabitants of the southern islands into Russian citizenship and start bargaining with them." Having brought the Ainu into Russian citizenship, the Russians established winter huts and camps on the islands, taught the Ainu how to use firearms, raise livestock and grow some vegetables.

Many of the Ainu converted to Orthodoxy and learned to read and write.
Russian missionaries did everything to spread Orthodoxy among the Kuril Ainu, and taught them the Russian language. Deservedly the first in this row of missionaries is the name of Ivan Petrovich Kozyrevsky (1686-1734), in the monasticism of Ignatius. A.S. Pushkin wrote that "Kozyrevsky in 1713 conquered the two Kuril Islands and brought Kolesov the news about the trade of these islands with the merchants of the city of Matmai." In the texts of "Drawing sea ​​islands"Kozyrevsky was written:" On the first and the other island in Kamchatka Nos, from the autocratic shown, he smoked in that campaign with affection and greetings, and others in a military order, again brought in the yasak payment. " Back in 1732, the famous historian GF Miller noted in the academic calendar: “Before that, the local residents did not have any faith. But for twenty years, by order of His Imperial Majesty, churches and schools were built there, which give us hope, and this people from time to time will be led out of their delusion. " Monk Ignatiy Kozyrevsky in the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula, at his own expense, founded a church with a border and a monastery, in which he himself later had his tonsure. Kozyrevsky succeeded in converting the “local people of other faiths” - the Itelmens of Kamchatka and the Kuril Ainu.

The Ainu fished, beat the sea animal, baptized their children in Orthodox churches, wore Russian clothes, had Russian names, spoke Russian and proudly called themselves Orthodox. In 1747, the "newly baptized" kurilians from the islands of Shumshu and Paramushir, which numbered more than two hundred people, through their toen (leader) Storozhev, turned to the Orthodox mission in Kamchatka with a request to send a priest "for their confirmation in the new faith."

By order of Catherine II in 1779, all levies not established by decrees from St. Petersburg were canceled... Thus, the fact of the discovery and development of the Kuril Islands by the Russians is undeniable.

Over time, the crafts in the Kuril Islands became depleted, becoming less and less profitable than those off the coast of America, and therefore by the end of the 18th century, the interest of Russian merchants in the Kuriles weakened.In Japan, by the end of the same century, interest in the Kurils and Sakhalin was just awakening, because before that the Kuriles were practically unknown to the Japanese. The island of Hokkaido - according to the testimony of the Japanese scientists themselves - was considered a foreign territory and only an insignificant part of it was inhabited and developed. In the late 70s, Russian merchants reached Hokkaido and tried to trade with local residents. Russia was interested in purchasing food in Japan for Russian fishing expeditions and settlements in Alaska and the islands The Pacific, but it was not possible to start trade, since the law on the isolation of Japan in 1639, which read: "For the future, as long as the sun illuminates the world, no one has the right to stick to the shores of Japan, even if he was even a messenger, and this law can never be canceled by anyone on pain of death.".
And in 1788 Catherine II sends a strict order to Russian industrialists in the Kuril Islands, so that they "did not touch islands under the jurisdiction of other powers", and a year earlier she had issued a decree on equipping round the world expedition for accurate description and mapping the islands from Masmai to Kamchatka Lopatka, so that they " to classify everything formally as the possession of the Russian state". It was ordered not to allow foreign industrialists to" trade and crafts in Russian-owned places and with local residents peacefully". But the expedition did not take place because of the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.

Taking advantage of the weakening of the Russian positions in the southern part of the Kuril Islands, Japanese fish traders first appear in Kunashir in 1799, the next year already in Iturup, where they destroy Russian crosses and illegally erect a pillar with a designation indicating that the islands belong to Japan. Japanese fishermen often began to come to the shores of South Sakhalin, fished, robbed the Ainu, which was the reason for frequent skirmishes between them. In 1805, Russian sailors from the frigate "Juno" and the tender "Avos" set up a pillar on the shore of Aniva Bay. Russian flag, and the Japanese camp at Iturup was ravaged. The Russians were warmly greeted by the Ainu.
.. .

In 1854, in order to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Japan, the government of Nicholas I sent Vice-Admiral E. Putyatin. His mission also included the delimitation of Russian and Japanese possessions. Russia demanded recognition of its rights to the island of Sakhalin and the Kuriles, which had long belonged to it. Knowing perfectly well what a difficult situation Russia found itself in, while simultaneously waging a war with the three powers in the Crimea, Japan put forward unfounded claims to the southern part of Sakhalin.

At the beginning 1855 Years in the city of Shimoda, Putyatin signed the first Russian-Japanese treaty of peace and friendship, in accordance with which Sakhalin was declared undivided between Russia and Japan, the border was established between the islands of Iturup and Urup, and the ports of Shimoda, Hakodate and Nagasaki were opened for Russian ships.

Shimoda treatise 1855 in Article 2 defines:
« Henceforth, the border between the Japanese state and Russia shall be established between Iturup Island and Urup Island. The entire Iturup Island belongs to Japan, the entire Urup Island and the Kuril Islands to the north of it belong to Russia. As for the island of Karafuto (Sakhalin), it is still not divided by the border between Japan and Russia. "

Government Alexander II made the Middle East and Central Asia and, fearing to leave uncertain their relations with Japan in the event of a new aggravation of relations with England, they agreed to sign the so-called Petersburg Treaty of 1875, according to which all the Kuril Islands, in exchange for the recognition of Sakhalin as Russian territory, passed to Japan.

Alexander II, who before that in 1867 sold Alaska for a symbolic and at that time amount of 11 million rubles, and this time he made a big mistake, underestimating the strategic importance of the Kuriles, which were later used by Japan for aggression against Russia. The tsar naively believed that Japan would become a peaceful and calm neighbor of Russia and,when the japanese, substantiating their claims,refer to the treaty of 1875, then for some reason they forget(as G. Kunadze "forgot" today)about his first article: "... eternal peace and friendship between the Russian and Japanese empires will continue to be established.".

Russia has actually lost access to the Pacific Ocean. Japan, whose imperial ambitions continued to grow, actually got the opportunity to begin a naval blockade of Sakhalin and all of Far Eastern Russia at any time.

The population of the Kuriles immediately after the establishment of Japanese rule was described in English Captain Snow in his notes about the Kuril Islands:
"V 1878 year when I first visited the northern islands ... all northern inhabitants spoke Russian more or less tolerably. They were all Christians and professed the religion of the Greek Church. They were visited (and are still being visited) by Russian priests, and in the village of Mayrupo on Shumshir, a church was built, the boards for which were brought from America. ... The largest settlements in the Northern Kuril Islands were in the port of Tavano (Urup), Uratman, on the shore of Broughton Bay (Simushir) and the above-described Mayruppo (Shumshir). Each of these villages, except for huts and dugouts, had its own church ... ".
Our famous compatriot, Captain V. M. Golovnin, in the famous "Notes of the Fleet of Captain Golovnin ..." mentions the Ainu, "who called himself Alexei Maksimovich." ...

Then there was 1904 the year when Japan treacherously attacked Russia.
At the conclusion of the peace treaty in Portsmouth in 1905, the Japanese side demanded Sakhalin Island from Russia as an indemnity. The Russian side said then that this was contrary to the 1875 treaty. What did the Japanese answer to this?
- The war negates all agreements, you were defeated and let's proceed from the current situation.
Only thanks to skillful diplomatic maneuvers did Russia manage to keep the northern part of Sakhalin for itself, and South Sakhalin went to Japan.

On the Yalta Conference heads of powers, countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition, held in February 1945 year, it was decided after the end of the second world warSouth Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands are transferred to the Soviet Union, and this was a condition for the USSR to enter the war with Japan- three months after the end of the war in Europe.

8 September 1951 year in San Francisco 49 states signed a peace treaty with Japan. The draft treaty was prepared during the Cold War without the participation of the USSR and in violation of the principles of the Potsdam Declaration. The Soviet side proposed to carry out demilitarization and ensure the democratization of the country. The representatives of the United States and Great Britain told our delegation that they had come here not to discuss, but to sign the treaty and therefore would not change a single line. The USSR, and with it Poland and Czechoslovakia, refused to sign the treaty. And what's interesting isArticle 2 of this treaty states that Japan waives all rights and title to Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands. Thus, Japan itself renounced territorial claims to our country, backing it up with its signature.

1956 year, Soviet-Japanese negotiations on the normalization of relations between the two countries. The Soviet side agrees to cede the two islands of Shikotan and Habomai to Japan and proposes to sign a peace treaty. The Japanese side was inclined to accept the Soviet proposal, but in September 1956, the United States sent Japan a note stating that,if Japan withdraws its claims to Kunashir and Iturup and will be satisfied with only two islands, then in this case, the United States will not give up the Ryukyu Islands, where Okinawa is the main island. The Americans presented Japan with an unexpected and tough choice- to get the islands from the Americans, you need to take ALL the Kuriles from Russia. ... Either neither Kuril nor Ryukyu and Okinawa.
Of course, the Japanese refused to sign a peace treaty on our terms. The subsequently concluded security treaty (1960) between the United States and Japan made it impossible to transfer Shikotan and Habomai to Japan. Our country, of course, could not give the islands for American bases, as well as bind itself with any obligations to Japan in the Kuril Islands.

A. N. Kosygin gave a worthy answer about territorial claims to us from Japan:
- The borders between the USSR and Japan should be viewed as the result of the Second World War.
One could put an end to this, but I would like to remind you that just 6 years ago, when a delegation from the PCJ met, Mikhail Gorbachev also strongly opposed the revision of the borders, stressing that the borders between the USSR and Japan were "legitimate and legally justified." ...

Since 1945, the authorities of Russia and Japan have not been able to sign a peace treaty due to a dispute over the ownership of the southern part of the Kuril Islands.

The Northern Territories Issue (北方 領土 問題 Hoppo: ryo: do Mondai) is a territorial dispute between Japan and Russia that Japan has considered unresolved since the end of World War II. After the war, all the Kuril Islands came under the administrative control of the USSR, however, a number of southern islands - Iturup, Kunashir and Malaya Kuril ridge- disputed by Japan.

In Russia disputed territories are part of the Kuril and South Kuril urban districts of the Sakhalin region. Japan claims four islands in the southern part of the Kuril ridge - Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai, referring to the bilateral Treaty on Trade and Frontiers in 1855. Moscow's position is that the southern Kuriles became part of the USSR (of which Russia became the successor) according to the results of the Second World War, and Russian sovereignty over them, which has the appropriate international legal framework, is beyond doubt.

The problem of the ownership of the southern Kuril Islands is the main obstacle to a complete settlement of Russian-Japanese relations.

Iturup(Japanese 択 捉 島 Etorofu) is an island in the southern group of the Great ridge of the Kuril Islands, the most large island archipelago.

Kunashir(Ainu Black Island, Japanese 国 後 島 Kunashiri-to :) is the southernmost island of the Great ridge of the Kuril Islands.

Shikotan(Japanese 色 丹 島 Sikotan-to:?, in early sources Sikotan; name from the Ainu language: "shi" - large, significant; "kotan" - village, city) - the largest island of the Small ridge of the Kuril Islands.

Habomai(Japanese 歯 舞 群島 Habomai-gunto ?, Suisho, “Flat Islands”) is the Japanese name for a group of islands in the north-west of the Pacific Ocean, together with Shikotan Island in Soviet and Russian cartography considered as the Small Kuril Ridge. The Habomai group includes the islands of Polonsky, Oskolki, Zeleny, Tanfilyev, Yuri, Demina, Anuchin and a number of small ones. Separated from the island of Hokkaido by the Soviet Strait.

History of the Kuril Islands

17th century
Before the arrival of the Russians and Japanese, the islands were inhabited by the Ainu. In their language, "kuru" meant "a man who came from nowhere", which is where their second name "kurilians" came from, and then the name of the archipelago.

In Russia, the first mention of the Kuril Islands dates back to 1646, when N.I. Kolobov spoke about the bearded people inhabiting the islands ainakh.

The Japanese received the first information about the islands during an expedition [source not specified 238 days] to Hokkaido in 1635. It is not known whether she actually got to the Kuriles or learned about them indirectly, but in 1644 a map was drawn up, on which they were designated under the collective name "a thousand islands". Candidate of Geographical Sciences T. Adashova notes that the map of 1635 "is considered by many scientists to be very approximate and even incorrect." At the same time, in 1643, the islands were explored by the Dutch led by Martin Fries. This expedition amounted to more than detailed maps and described the lands.

XVIII century
In 1711, Ivan Kozyrevsky went to the Kuriles. He visited only 2 northern islands: Shumshu and Paramushire, - but he questioned in detail the Ainu and Japanese who inhabited them, brought there by the storm. In 1719, Peter I sent an expedition to Kamchatka under the leadership of Ivan Evreinov and Fyodor Luzhin, which reached the island of Simushir in the south.

In 1738-1739, Martyn Spanberg walked along the entire ridge, drawing the islands he encountered on the map. In the future, the Russians, avoiding dangerous voyages to southern islands, mastered the northern, taxed the local population with yasak. Those who did not want to pay it and went to distant islands, took amanats - hostages from among close relatives. But soon, in 1766, the centurion Ivan Cherny was sent to the southern islands from Kamchatka. He was ordered to attract the Ainu citizenship without the use of violence and threats. However, he did not follow this decree, mocked them, poached. All this led to a revolt of the indigenous population in 1771, during which many Russians were killed.

The Siberian nobleman Antipov with the Irkutsk translator Shabalin achieved great success. They managed to win the favor of the Kuril people, and in 1778-1779 they managed to bring into citizenship more than 1,500 people from Iturup, Kunashira and even Matsumaya (now Japanese Hokkaido). In the same 1779, Catherine II, by decree, freed those who had taken Russian citizenship from all taxes. But relations with the Japanese were not built: they forbade the Russians to go to these three islands.

In the "Extensive Land Description of the Russian State ..." in 1787, a list of the 21st islands belonging to Russia was given. It included islands up to Matsumai (Hokkaido), the status of which was not clearly defined, since Japan had a city in its southern part. At the same time, the Russians did not have real control even over the islands south of Urup. There, the Japanese considered the smokers as their subjects, actively used violence against them, which caused discontent. In May 1788, a Japanese merchant ship that came to Matsumai was attacked. In 1799, by order of the central government of Japan, two outposts were founded on Kunashir and Iturup, and they began to be guarded constantly.

19th century
In 1805, Nikolai Rezanov, a representative of the Russian-American company, tried to resume negotiations on trade with Japan, who arrived in Nagasaki as the first Russian envoy. But he also failed. However, Japanese officials, who were not satisfied with the oppressive policy of the supreme power, made him understand with hints that it would be nice to hold a forceful action in these lands, which could knock the situation off the ground. This was done on behalf of Rezanov in 1806-1807 by an expedition of two ships led by Lieutenant Khvostov and Warrant Officer Davydov. Ships were plundered, a number of trading posts were destroyed, and a Japanese village was burned down on Iturup. They were later tried, but the attack for some time led to a serious deterioration in Russian-Japanese relations. In particular, this was the reason for the arrest of Vasily Golovnin's expedition.

In exchange for the right to own southern Sakhalin, Russia transferred all the Kuril Islands to Japan in 1875.

XX century
After defeat in 1905 in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia handed over the southern part of Sakhalin to Japan.
In February 1945, the Soviet Union promised the United States and Great Britain to start a war with Japan, subject to the return of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands to it.
February 2, 1946. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the inclusion of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the RSFSR.
1947. Deportation of the Japanese and Ainu from the islands to Japan. 17,000 Japanese and an unknown number of Ainu were evicted.
November 5, 1952. A powerful tsunami struck the entire coast of the Kuriles, Paramushir suffered the most. A giant wave washed away the city of Severo-Kurilsk (formerly Kasivabara). It was forbidden to mention this catastrophe in the press.
In 1956, the Soviet Union and Japan adopted a Joint Treaty, officially ending the war between the two states and transferring Habomai and Shikotan to Japan. However, they did not succeed in signing the agreement: the United States threatened not to give Japan the island of Okinawa if Tokyo abandons its claims to Iturup and Kunashir.

Kuril Islands Maps

Kuril Islands on an English map of 1893. Plans of the Kuril Islands, from sketches chiefly mand by Mr. H. J. Snow, 1893. (London, Royal Geographical Society, 1897, 54 × 74 cm)

Map detail Japan and Korea - Location of Japan in the Western Pacific (1:30 000 000), 1945

Photomap of the Kuril Islands based on space image NASA, April 2010.

List of all islands

View of Habomai from Hokkaido
Green Island (志 発 島 Shibotsu-to)
Polonsky Island (Japanese 多 楽 島 Taraku-to)
Tanfiliev Island (水晶 島 Suisho-jima)
Yuri Island (Japanese 勇 留 島 Yuri-to)
Anuchin Island (秋 勇 留 島 Akiyuri-to)
Demina Islands (春 苅 島 Harukari-to)
Shards Islands
Kira rock
Cave Rock (Kanakuso) - on the rock a sea lion rookery.
Sail Rock (Hokoki)
Rock Candle (Rosoku)
Fox Islands (Todo)
Bump Islands (Kabuto)
Bank Dangerous
Watchtower Island (Homosiri or Muika)

Drying Rock (Odoke)
Reef Island (Amagi-sho)
Signal Island (貝殻 島 Kaigara-jima)
Rock Amazing (Hanare)
Seagull rock