Position of the territory Of the Far East on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean of the Earth significantly influenced the features of the natural-territorial complexes of the region and their location. Sea air masses arriving on land in summer are colder than the continent.
Therefore, due to the cost of heat for heating them, summer air temperatures over the coast are much lower than in the inner parts of the continent. The sea air brings in a lot of moisture, which leads to an increase in precipitation compared to inland areas.
These conditions are the main reason for the sharp shift in the Far East to the south of the border natural areas compared to the mainland.
Using the atlas maps, determine how far south in the Far East is the border of the tundra and taiga zones in comparison with Eastern Siberia.
The physical and geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: features of the surface structure and the nature of vegetation. Consider the most typical physical and geographical regions of the Far East: Chukotka tundra highlands, Kamchatka young tundra-wooded mountains, Sakhalin island with coniferous-deciduous forests, Ussuri taiga.
Chukotka Upland. The climate of the Chukotka Upland is one of the harshest in the Far East.
Therefore, the Chukchi Upland is a combination of flat and mountain tundra with a mountainous Arctic desert.
In the north of the Chukotka Peninsula, the mountain tundra rises no higher than 100-200 m, in the south the tundra is much higher. Reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings and tundra partridges are common inhabitants of the tundra. A lot of waterfowl nest in the swampy lowlands. On the coast of the Chukchi Sea there are walrus rookeries, and on the coastal rocks there are bird colonies.
Kamchatka Peninsula... Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, and captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs- all this is on the peninsula.
This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About 2/3 of Kamchatka's area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded volcanic mountains with tundra and wooded vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - Sredinny and Vostochny, separated by the Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are crowned with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. On the peninsula, there are about 30 operating and more than 130 extinct volcanoes... One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, its height is 4750 m.
Find the active volcanoes of Kamchatka on the map in the atlas, write their names on the contour map. Remember the names.
Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. So, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.
Forecast volcanic eruptions is engaged in the science of volcanology. Almost all large volcanoes special stations have been created, at which, with the help of modern instruments, they monitor the temperature of the rocks, conduct chemical analysis of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, it is possible to predict the beginning of the intensification of volcanic activity and warn the inhabitants of the surrounding towns and villages.
Volcanologists are humans dangerous profession... Sometimes they have to work on flows of not yet cooled lava, descend into the crater of a volcano, be under the "fire" of hot stones, near hot lava with a temperature of about + 1300 ° C.
Kamchatka climate characterized by excess moisture throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression.
Explain the distribution of heat and moisture in Kamchatka, comparing climatic and physical cards atlas and textbook.
Rice. 131. Volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula
The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous-birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the wide distribution of tall grasses.
Stone birch has a gray or reddish bark and a dense curly crown: the height of trees usually does not exceed 10 m. Due to the curvature of the trunk, stone birch is little used in construction, but is mainly used for firewood and handicrafts. However, stone birch forests play an important water and soil protection role.
Among the grasses, the silkworm, the basil, the bear's pipe and other umbellates are common.
The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf cedar and dwarf alder, and even higher are mountain tundra, alpine meadows and the snowy zone of Kamchatka glaciers.
Rice. 132. Scheme of monsoon circulation in summer and winter time(arrows show wind direction, numbers - atmospheric pressure, in mb)
A very large brown bear, Kamchatka sable, squirrel, chipmunk, lynx, Kamchatka nutcracker, etc. live in cedar dwarf trees. Reindeer live in mountain tundra, and bighorn sheep graze on alpine mountain meadows.
History reference... The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the "fairy tales" (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made campaigns there in 1697-1699. Soon Kamchatka was incorporated into Russia. He also drew up a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave its detailed description.
As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions led by the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the division of Asia was confirmed and North America, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were compiled, and the most valuable material about Kamchatka was collected. S. P. Krasheninnikov took part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose work "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" is one of the classic works of geographical literature.
In the XIX century. the voyages from St. Petersburg to Russian America began with the obligatory call to Kamchatka, to Petropavlovsk. During this period, Petropavlovsk became the main base of Russia in the Far East. The city stretches on the shores of the unusually beautiful Avacha Bay, which juts deeply into the land of the Avacha Bay. Avachinskaya, Koryakskaya and Vilyuchinskaya hills rise above it.
Sakhalin is the most big Island Russia, its area is 76 400 km 2, its length from north to south is more than 900 km, the greatest width is 160 km, the smallest is 47 km.
What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the border between Russia and Japan?
The island is mountainous, but the mountains are not high - the average height is 500-800 m. The highest point of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is associated with frequent earthquakes within its boundaries. The latter, with a force of 8 points, occurred in 1995. geological structure Sakhalin is dominated by sedimentary rocks, which are associated with oil, gas, building materials.
A characteristic feature of the Sakhalin climate- high relative humidity and frequent winds. Precipitation is clearly distributed over the seasons of the year, which is explained by the dominance of monsoon circulation.
There are many short, rapids mountain rivers and mountain and valley lakes on the island. Vegetable and animal world the islands are poorer than on the mainland. But in the adjacent sea waters, species that have disappeared or are very rare on the mainland have survived, for example, a one and a half meter sea otter and a two meter fur seal. Deer moss can be found in the north of the island, and magnolias in bloom in the far south.
Two-thirds of Sakhalin's territory is covered by forests. In the north, dominated by light-coniferous taiga from Daurian larch with an admixture of birches and alder; in the south - dark coniferous forests of ayan spruce, fir with an admixture of broad-leaved species - oak, yew. Thickets of bamboo and lianas are widespread throughout the south.
Primorye, or Primorsky Krai, located in the southern part of the Far East, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. Such European countries as Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland, taken together, could freely accommodate on its territory. The appearance of the region is characterized by numerous ridges, ridges and free-standing hills. Tectonically, they are quite young. Almost all the mountains of Primorye belong to mountainous country Sikhote-Alin.
The monsoon climate characteristic of the entire Far East in Primorye is most pronounced.
In count solar heat Primorye takes one of the first places in Russia, not yielding Black Sea coast Caucasus.
Using the maps of the textbook, determine how much solar radiation the regions of Vladivostok receive, what is the duration of the frost-free period there.
Rice. 133. Ussuriysky reserve
The abundance of moisture in summer time promotes the development of a strong vegetation cover. Most The territory of Primorye is occupied by the famous Ussuri taiga, in which conifers and broad-leaved species are combined in the most bizarre way. Cedar and larch grow alongside Manchu walnut and Amur velvet. Over 250 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of the region. Primorye occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the number of endemics - plants that are common only in this area. Only here grow Amur velvet (cork tree), iron birch, etc. There are many relict plants in the region that have survived since the Neogene.
The fauna of Primorye is diverse and rich. The endemics include the Ussuri tiger, the leatherback turtle, the remains of the Neogene and Quaternary fauna include the sika deer, the black Ussuri bear, the Amur antelope goral, a small graceful mandarin duck, striking beauty its plumage, earthen thrush, etc.
Up to hundreds of fish species live in the lakes and rivers of the region. In coniferous-deciduous forests, there are many midges and ticks that harm humans and animals.
Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1711-1755)
Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov - famous traveler, geographer, botanist, ichthyologist, ethnographer, historian and linguist - was born in Moscow on October 31 (11.XI) 1711.
In August 1733 S. Krasheninnikov was included in the Kamchatka expedition, whose task was to study and describe the little-known regions of Siberia and Kamchatka. During 1733-1736 S.P. Krasheninnikov studied the nature of Siberia, visited Tobolsk, Altai, Transbaikalia, Irkutsk, Yakutsk. From October 1737 to June 1741 Stepan Petrovich lived and worked in Kamchatka. The result of the expeditionary work was the publication of the work "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" (1756). It was read by scientists - geographers and historians, and writers, including A.S. Pushkin. The name of the scientist-traveler is a volcano in Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island, a cape on Novaya Zemlya.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)
N. M. Przhevalsky is a famous Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia. For his services he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
He made his first trip to the Ussuri region. After that, he led five large expeditions to Central Asia(from 1870 to 1888). Przhevalsky discovered the giant Altin-tag ridge, visited Lake Lobnor, described the sources of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze, explored the Takla-Makan Desert, discovered hundreds of species of plants and animals, including a wild horse, later named the Przewalski's horse, a Tibetan bear.
During the fifth expedition N.M. Przhevalsky fell ill and died on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul in the city of Karakol.
The study of the nature of the region was carried out by the expeditions of M.I. Venyukov (1858), N.M. Przhevalsky (1867-1869), V.K. Arsenyev (1906-1910).
Rice. 134. Research of the Far East
Natural unique Of the Far East. Valley of Geysers.
Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.
Most active volcanoes on the Eastern volcanic plateau, raised to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are confined to these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the greatest attraction of Kamchatka, which was mentioned in the "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" by SP Krasheninnikov. For the first time, geysers were described in detail by an employee of the Kronotsky Reserve GI Ustinova in 1941. Having penetrated the river, which later became known as the Geysernaya (a tributary of the Shumnaya River), she discovered several groups of geysers in a deep canyon-like gorge. Among them are Pervenets, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double, etc. - only 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small, boiling and freely pouring out. The largest geyser, the Giant, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but dense steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley. In 2007, the Valley of Geysers suffered from mudflows.
Rice. 135. Autumn in the Primorsky Territory
Grand fir grove(Kamchatka) on east coast Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, the trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell good. Botanists attribute the grandiose fir to the ancient (preglacial) vegetation.
Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. Located 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width is up to 65 km, area is more than 4 thousand km 2, average depth about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m in diameter, and a water nut.
Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) nature reserve(area of 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-broad-deciduous forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and red deer, pheasants and hazel grouses live. The small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the coast of the Xiaohe Bay, is also a part of the reserve. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees are 200-300 years old.
Questions and tasks
- Indicate what are the main factors underlying the physical and geographical zoning of the Far East, and name the most typical natural complexes for it.
- Compare the natural complexes of the northern and southern parts of the Far East.
- Describe the natural complexes of Kamchatka.
- What is the main difference between the natural complexes of the island parts of the Far East and the mainland ones?
- On the outline map area, apply all specified in the text geographic objects, underline the names of those related to the names of the explorers of the region.
1. Tell us about the natural unique places of the Far East?
Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers. Most of the active volcanoes are on the Eastern Volcanic Plateau, raised to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are confined to these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the greatest attraction of Kamchatka. Among them are Pervenets, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double, etc. - only 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small, boiling and freely pouring out. The largest geyser, the Giant, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but dense steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley.
The grandiose fir grove (Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, the trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell good. Botanists attribute the grandiose fir to the ancient (preglacial) vegetation.
Lake Khanka is the largest in the Far East. Located 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width is up to 65 km, area is more than 4 thousand km2, average depth is about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m in diameter, and a water nut.
Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) Nature Reserve (area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-broad-deciduous forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and red deer, pheasants and hazel grouses live. The small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the coast of the Xiaohe Bay, is also a part of the reserve. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees are 200-300 years old.
2. What natural uniqueums of the Far East are included in the list of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage? On the List of Seven Wonders of Russia? Why?
Volcanoes of Kamchatka, Central Sikhote-Alin, Wrangel Island, Lena Pillars. The Valley of Geysers is included in the List of Seven Wonders of Russia.
3. What territories of the Far East are the most attractive for tourists?
The first thing that attracts tourists to the Far East is its unique, almost virgin nature. For example, the South Kuril Islands is a chance to simultaneously see many volcanoes, thermal springs, beautiful waterfalls... In the Primorsky Territory, bathing and beach tourism can develop in combination with such popular destinations as ecological, cognitive, educational tourism. There is hardly another region that could boast of such an abundance of animals and plants listed in the Red Book. There are several famous nature reserves in the region. For example, "Cedar Pad" is a real jungle that meets a person with an abundance of rare birds, animals, dense thickets of plants. The Khanka nature reserve is located on the shores of one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia - Khanka. In the Lazovsky Reserve, you can see the Ussuri tiger, Himalayan bear and other rare animals in natural conditions. The Far Eastern Marine Reserve - the only one in Russia - is a whole underwater world, characterized by its own life, its own laws.
The article talks about unique natural sites that are in this territory. Contains information about the relief, flora and fauna of the region. Provides detailed physical and geographical characteristics of the most remote but richest region of Russia.
Russian Far East
The Far East is usually called the territory of Russia, which is located off the Pacific coast. Its area is 6215.9 thousand km. sq.
If the Far East is understood as the Far Eastern Federal District, then its capital is Khabarovsk, and the capital of Primorsky Krai is Vladivostok. This question is often confusing.
This territory includes a natural area located directly in the Pacific Ocean, which belongs to the Kuril archipelago.
Rice. 1. Far East on the map.
The territory consists of the following parts:
TOP-3 articleswho read along with this
- mainland;
- peninsular;
- island.
In addition to the Kuril Islands, the territory includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, the Commander Islands and other single islands located at the eastern borders of Russia.
In Kamchatka, there is one of the notable unique colleges of the Far East - the Valley of Geysers.
Rice. 2. Valley of Geysers.
This is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.
There are developed sea communications and therefore many ports are located on the territory of the Far East.
However, the presence of a large number of ports also gives rise to problems associated with illegal fishing.
The length of the region from northeast to southwest is quite large and is equal to 4.5 thousand kilometers.
The northern regions of the territories are located in the Arctic Circle, and there is almost always snow here.
Almost all seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice even in summer.
The lands of this area are dominated by the permafrost. Tundra reigns here for the most part.
In the southern part of the region, conditions are slightly milder.
The close proximity to the Pacific Ocean has a strong impact on the climate of the Far East.
The region is localized at the junction of two massive lithospheric plates. The southern Far Eastern region is characterized by a predominance of low and medium-altitude mountain ranges.
Only 1/4 of the territory of the Far East is covered by plains.
Natural resources
TO geographic features include, first of all, the unique economic and geographical position of the territory. They are characterized by alienation from the main and most inhabited regions of the country.
The next factor is natural potential. The Far East is ranked among the richest regions of Russia.
Here is mined:
- diamonds - 98%;
- tin - 80%;
- boric raw materials - 90%;
- gold - 50%.
The location of the Far East on the border of the majestic continent and the largest ocean on the globe had a significant impact on the features of the natural-territorial complexes of the region, as well as on their location.
In addition to the anthropogenic factor, the environmental problems of the region include the problem of wastewater.
The inland waters of the Far East suffer greatly from this - the region is recognized as the fish treasury of Russia. And this is not surprising, since it is enough to imagine what seas the territory of the Far East is washed by. The list is pretty impressive:
- Laptev sea;
- East-Siberian Sea;
- Chukchi Sea;
- Bering Sea;
- Sea of Okhotsk;
- Japanese Sea.
The landscape of the area began its formation in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Then folded zones and intermontane depressions appeared.
The highest parts of the mountains in the past were dominated by glaciers. This is evidenced by the preserved small relief-forming forms.
The highest height of the Kuril Mountains - 2339 m. - Alaid volcano.
Rice. 3. Alaid volcano.
Powerful (up to 10 points) earthquakes often occur here. They are also the cause of the tsunami.
The Far Eastern reserves are one of the largest in Russia. The nature in these parts is rather harsh. This is explained by mainland in the north and northeast, it is adjacent to the waters of the Arctic basin.
Arctic fox can often be found in the tundra, polar bear or reindeer. Squirrels, lynxes, wolverines and brown bears are common in the taiga. In the warm season, the tundra floods a large number of migratory birds. In the taiga, birds are represented by hazel grouses, wood grouses, woodpeckers, nuthatches and blackbirds. V highlands of the animals, snow leopards and musk deer live mainly.
What have we learned?
We found out what features and specific features the territory possesses. Found out which ecological problems are the most relevant. We found out which seas wash the shores of the Far Eastern region.
Test by topic
Assessment of the report
Average rating: 4.5. Total ratings received: 542.
19.08.2014 6361 0Objectives: to study the location of natural complexes in the Far East; to form knowledge about the uniqueness of the natural conditions of various regions of the Far East; improve the ability to explain this originality when solving cognitive problems.
During the classes
I. Testing knowledge and skills on the topic "The Far East: the land of contrasts".
It is advisable to check the level of assimilation of knowledge and skills in a condensed form. Factual knowledge can be tested frontally in the form of a small test of options.
1) Set the correspondence: Age of folding
a) Mesozoic;
b) Pacific.
Territory
1) Sikhote-Alin ridge;
2) Kamchatka Peninsula;
3) Kuril Islands;
2) The Earth's crust of the Far East is formed by:
a) areas of Mesozoic and Pacific folding;
b) the area of the Pacific folding and the ancient platform;
c) an ancient platform and an area of Mesozoic folding.
3) The territory of the Far East is washed by:
a) the Pacific Ocean;
b) the Pacific and Arctic Ocean.
4) Geysers are located:
a) in Kamchatka;
b) in Kamchatka and Sakhalin;
c) in Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Primorye.
5) Isotherms in the Far East extend along the meridian:
c) all year round.
b) In the summer in Primorye, the main direction of movement of air masses:
a) from sea to land;
b) from land to sea;
c) by sea along land
1) Set the correspondence: Age of folding
a) Mesozoic;
b) Pacific.
Territory
1) Sakhalin Island;
2) Dzhugdzhur ridge;
3) Koryak Highlands.
2) The Earth's crust of the Far East is formed by:
a) an ancient platform and an area of the Mesozoic fold;
b) the area of the Pacific folding and the ancient platform;
c) areas of Mesozoic and Pacific folding.
3) The great contrast of the nature of the Far East is predetermined by the large extent of the territory:
a) from north to south;
b) from west to east.
4) Active volcanoes are located:
a) on Kuril Islands;
b) on the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka;
c) on the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
5) In winter, in Primorye, the main direction of movement of air masses:
a) from sea to land;
6) from land to sea;
c) by sea along land.
b) In the south of the Far East, rivers have:
a) snow supply and summer flood;
b) rain food and summer floods;
c) rain food and spring
flood _______________
The definitions can be read in the following sequence:
1) Areas of the earth's crust characterized by high mobility.
2) A tropical cyclone that forms in the seas off the coast of East Asia causes heavy rainfall.
3) Deep sea basin in the oceans.
4) The introduction of magma into the strata rocks the earth's crust.
5) A device that records vibrations of the earth's crust during earthquakes.
6) Giant waves arising from an earthquake at the bottom of the sea.
7) An annually recurring seasonal high and long rise in water level, accompanied by flooding of the river floodplain.
8) Wind blowing from land to sea in winter, from sea to land in summer.
9) Cone-shaped mountain with a depression at the top.
10) Science that studies the structure and movement of the earth's crust.
11) Hot springs, periodically acting in the form of fountains.
12) A place on the earth's surface above the earthquake source located in the bowels of the earth.
13) A flat rise with well-defined steep slopes.
Answers:
Option I - 7, 12, 9, 10, 8, 1, 11.3, 5, 13, 6, 2, 4.
Option II - 7, 2, 5, 4, 6, 13, 3, 11.9, 1, 8, 12, 10.
II. Obtaining new knowledge.
This block of the lesson begins with the restoration in the memory of students of the general concept of the natural-territorial complex. The teacher organizes the analysis of the soil map and vegetation map.
1) What is a natural complex?
2) What are the common features of each natural complex of the Earth's surface?
3) What is the basis for the release of PTC?
4) In what natural zones is the territory of the Far East located?
5) What natural zones do Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka occupy?
6) Determine the soil types in Primorye using the soil map.
Usually, students answer these questions correctly, and the teacher only needs to emphasize that each natural complex is characterized not only by common features, but also by the originality, uniqueness, individuality of natural conditions.
Students in the last lesson were given advance assignments. And now they tell, using clarity, about the severity and beauty of the nature of the Chukotka and Koryak highlands, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Amur region, islands The Pacific... Usually there are no problems with the selection of material, but the teacher can offer such passages.
Volcanoes in Kamchatka
“Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the highest volcano in Kamchatka: 4750 m above sea level. But he is not the only one on the Kamchatka Peninsula, there are many of them.
Volcanoes smoke, and from time to time they pour out lava. For each volcano there comes an hour when, under the rumble of an underground rumble, a black pillar rises high into the sky, illuminated from below, from the crater, with a crimson flame; then arrows of lightning begin to flash, rain from ash, a hail of red-hot stone bombs begin to flash, and rivers of fire pour out from the mouth of the volcano, foaming and hissing, exuding a strong smell of sulfur.
In the fall of 1966, Klyuchevskaya Sopka woke up and began to rage. In recent years, the study of this volcano has advanced. The Institute of Volcanology was established in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. In the timber industry village of Klyuchi, not far from Klyuchevskaya Sopka, there is a volcanological station.
A volcano-physical station was also built at the foot of another volcano - Avachinskaya Sopka... This is the first scientific station located on an active volcano. Climbers and volcanologists not only climb the tops of the volcano, but also descend into the crater. "
(According to N. Mikhailov.)
“We were approaching the crater ... Until recently, molten rocks were escaping from it ... We knew that the crater was not working now, but still it was, though closed, but a hole communicating with the hot layers of the earth. And who knows how strong his "cork" was! ..
We descended carefully. Needless to say, we feel like heroes ...
I sat on a big round bomb. The deep silence was broken only by the faint hissing of hot jets. I looked at the stones around me and thought about how here, in the edge of the fire-breathing mountains, the usual ideas about many objects are changing. There are stones around me. They differ in color, strength, composition. But they all have one thing in common: they are very young. We are accustomed to the fact that the stones that we meet every day, be it beautiful stones on the seashore or rough debris on the roads, overhanging rocks in the cliffs on the river bank, or, finally, high mountains, all of them are of a multimillion-dollar age.
The stones that surrounded me had just been born. These are newborn stones. Some of them are perhaps only 2-3 years old. Until that time, they were not stones, but a fiery melt, magma with a temperature of several thousand degrees. The magma poured out onto the surface of the earth and received a different name: lava. Lava, too, was initially liquid, hot. It is difficult to imagine that until quite recently the bottom of the crater, on which we walk so boldly, was a giant cauldron in which a dazzlingly bright liquid was boiling and seething - molten stones. More recently, lava, boiling, poured over the edge of the crater, and these now cold, dewy stones flowed in a stormy stream, scattering sparkling spray around. "
(According to G. Ganeizer.)
The eruption of the Shiveluch volcano
"Since ancient times locals divided Kamchatka volcanoes into "smoking mountains" and "fire-breathing mountains". Shiveluch was considered a "steaming mountain", weakly acting, only stirring from time to time. Hence, apparently, the name Shiveluch (Sheveluch). Over the past two centuries, only 6 of its eruptions have been recorded. During the same time, Klyuchevskaya Sopka erupted 20 times, Avachinskaya -
Meanwhile, Shiveluch, as evidenced by the annals of the Earth, is one of the oldest volcanoes on the peninsula. It is more than 5 thousand years old ...
In early February, on a clear, frosty afternoon, a fiery red column of ash rose from the smoking crater of Shiveluch volcano. The wind carried it to the west. Falling down, the cooled ash covered with a thick layer of snow in the openings, completely transformed the taiga, making the trees dull gray. Residents of the Kamchadal village of Kamaki reported the incident to the volcanological station ...
Meanwhile, the activity of the volcano intensified. Every hour the column of ash, blown out of the crater, became thicker and thicker, and the wind no longer carried it to the side. Ashes spread across the sky in a swirling cloud and fell in dry, ringing rain.
Scientists, notified by messengers, arrived at the site of the eruption ...
Only in the evening did they manage to reach the crater. Despite the hot air, snow lay at an altitude of 2000 m, and it was very cold on the slopes of the hill ... the explosions and shaking of the soil followed with increasing force. Fortunately, volcanic bombs fell away from the scientists' tent. A hot cloud of ash and debris suddenly blew out of the crankcase and rolled down the slope. But suddenly it rose up, revealing fiery red lava on the dome ...
Hot ash, climbing under the mask, blinded the eyes, burned the face. It became unbearably stuffy. The air, saturated with poisonous gases, was breathtaking. A fiery rockfall began. Red-hot debris, like shrapnel, knocked on the stone behind which the scientists were sitting.
Volcanologists continuously monitored the temperature of the dome and the dry stream throughout the day, studied the composition of lava, ash and sublimates, and determined the dynamics of the Shiveluch eruption.
A few years later, a permanent observation base was established on the crest of the volcano. "
(According to S. Bytoviy.)
Underground boiler room of the planet
“Winter frosty day. Windless and sunny - a happy combination in these parts. Dozens of skiers head to the village of Paratunka, which is located 50 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. One after another, hills covered with snow are left behind - and suddenly ... a valley covered with gentle greenery. Stop skiers! Winter ends here. Steam swirls over a small lake, bathers splash in its water. Warmth. It is perhaps even hot in ski suits, although contemplation of the snow, which lies in a dense layer only a few hundred meters away, involuntarily gives you goosebumps. But then the clothes are thrown off, and the skiers jump into the lake, breathing steam. Good! The sun is shining with might and main. Snow sparkles under its rays, and the tender greenery covering the lake shore stretches even more persistently upward.
Fantastic? Perhaps. But only for those who have never been to Kamchatka, this land, rich in natural wonders. "
(According to L. Shevchenko.)
Near Kamchatka geysers
“Everything here is saturated with the smell of sulfur. The slopes of the Valley of Geysers are hot, they are covered with outlandish flowers of crystalline sulfur, whitish patterns of ammonia, roses of the finest work. Near the geysers, the slopes are covered with geyserite - siliceous deposits of salts of mineralized water. These are deposits of pearl, brown, and bright orange shades. In the valley there are many warm, hot and boiling lakes and just puddles of various colors (from sky blue and turquoise to brick red). Mud cauldrons snort and spit in the thickets of the helminer, and on the slopes with springs, every centimeter puffs, gurgles with tiny hot fountains - it lives its own intense life, reminiscent of the distant past of our Earth. The soil hums underfoot, treacherous green grass grows in the hottest areas. Do not step on it - you will burn yourself!
The valley is especially good in the evening hours, when the air becomes cooler and all of it smokes with many pillars, jets and streams of steam. Its huge, fantastically ominous clubs slowly rise above the geysers, obscure the sun and the sides of the valley. A powerful jet of hot water in the first 30 seconds of the eruption of the Giant, one of the largest geysers, hits 30-35 m upward, and the column of steam reaches a height of 300-400 m.
There are 20 large geysers in the valley. They have curious names given for character traits or for the color of geyserite: Firstborn, Neighbor, Sugar, Fickle, Big Stove, Fountain, Crying ... No one can say how many years geysers live. But, undoubtedly, they can be born and die. "
(According to various sources.)
In the final part of the lesson, to activate the cognitive interest of students, develop their thinking and form the ability to independently explain natural phenomena, the teacher offers a task.
The Commander Islands are located at the latitude of Moscow. However, if in the Moscow region there is a zone of mixed forests, then on the islands there is a forest-tundra. Explain the severity of the natural conditions on the Commander Islands.
If students find it difficult to explain, then the teacher teaches them the techniques of a logical approach:
1) highlight the main natural factor under the influence of which the conditions of natural zones on the plains are formed (climate);
2) determine, using cards, features climatic conditions on the islands in comparison with the climate of the Moscow region and factors explaining these climatic features on the islands (the Komandor climate is formed under the influence of the cold Kamchatka current and cold air masses with Bering Sea, The Pacific Ocean and North-Eastern Siberia, so the climate of the islands is colder and harsher than in the Moscow region);
3) identify the causes of low summer temperatures on the islands; it is known that vegetation develops in summer, so it is important to explain why in summer over the islands the marine temperate air from the Pacific Ocean is very cool and humid (to answer this
the issue is to use not only geographic knowledge
on the effect on thermal properties sea air the cold Kamchatka current, but also knowledge in physics about the high specific heat capacity of water, the absorption of energy during evaporation and the high specific heat of vaporization and explain the peculiarities of the interaction of the atmosphere with the ocean surface, as a result of which cool and humid sea air masses are formed over the ocean in temperate latitudes in summer;
4) to draw a conclusion about the influence of the harsh climate on the development of vegetation and soils on the islands, guided by the idea of the interaction of components in natural complexes using the example of the relationship between climate - vegetation - soils.
The vegetation map shows that the tundra and thickets of dwarf cedar and alder in the Far East extend far to the south, in some places up to latitude 50 °. Explain the reasons for this natural phenomenon.
The peculiarity of this task is that students should name as the reasons for this a natural phenomenon, not only climate, but others natural factors, permafrost, location of mountain ranges and their height above sea level.
Using maps compare natural conditions Chukotka and Kola Peninsulas located at the same latitude. Explain the similarities and differences.
Explain why excessive moisture is observed almost everywhere in the Far East. Why does rainfall on the Pacific coast fall mainly in summer? Why is the value of total solar radiation in the south of the Far East less than at the same latitude inland?
The Koryak Upland currently has 650 glaciers with a total area of 216 km2. The snow line lies at an altitude of 1200-1700 m, and on the eastern slopes it drops to 500-600 m in places. Explain why modern glaciation exists on the Koryak Upland, while there are no glaciers in the Urals at the same latitude and altitude.
Homework: § 42, prepare a report on the history of the discovery and development of the territory of the Far East.
Glyadenskaya main secondary school №11.
abstract
by geography
Topic: Kamchatka Peninsula.
Natural unique objects of the Far
East.
Completed by: Tykvenko Marina.
Checked:
Gliaden 2007
Kamchatka Peninsula. Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, and captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and plain rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is on the peninsula.
This is one of the farthest corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About ⅔ of Kamchatka's area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded - volcanic mountains with tundra and wooded vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - Median and Oriental shared by Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are crowned with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 130 extinct volcanoes on the peninsula. One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world - Klyuchevsky, its height is 4750 m.
Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. So, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.
The science of volcanology deals with the prediction of volcanic eruptions. On almost all large volcanoes, special stations have been created, at which, with the help of modern instruments, they monitor the temperature of the rocks, conduct chemical analysis of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, it is possible to predict the beginning of the intensification of volcanic activity and warn the inhabitants of the surrounding towns and villages.
Volcanologists are people of a dangerous profession. Sometimes they have to work on channels of not yet cooled lava, descend into the crater of a volcano, be under the "fire" of hot stones, near red-hot lava with a temperature of about + 1300 ° C.
Climate Kamchatka is characterized by excessive humidity throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression.
The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous-birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the wide distribution of tall grasses.
Stone birch has a gray or reddish bark and a dense curly crown: the height of trees usually does not exceed 10 m. Due to the curvature of the trunk, stone birch is little used in construction, but is mainly used for firewood and handicrafts. However, stone birch forests play an important water and soil protection role.
Among the herbs are Shelaminik, Basil, Bear's pipe and other Umbrellas.
The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf cedar and dwarf alder, even higher are mountain tundra, alpine meadows and the snowy zone of Kamchatka glaciers.
A very large brown bear, Kamchatka sable, squirrel, chipmunk, lynx, Kamchatka nutcracker, etc. live in cedar dwarf trees. Reindeer live in mountain tundra, and bighorn sheep graze on alpine mountain meadows.
History reference. The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the "fairy tales" (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made campaigns there in the years. Soon Kamchatka was incorporated into Russia. He also drew up a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave its detailed description.
As a result of the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions led by the Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, Aleutian and Commander Islands, maps are drawn.
Natural unique to the Far East. Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.
Most of the active volcanoes are on the Eastern Volcanic Plateau, composed of lava sheets, tuffs, ash and raised up to Cape. Numerous geysers are confined to these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the greatest attraction of Kamchatka. For the first time, the geysers were discovered by an employee of the Kronotsky Reserve in 1941, having penetrated to the river, which later received the name Geyser(inflow R. Noisy). Here, in a deep canyon-like gorge, there are several groups of geysers. Among them "Firstborn", "Giant", "Triple", "Fountain", "Pearl", "Double" and others - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small ones, boiling and flowing freely. The largest geyser "Giant" operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but dense vapor continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley.
Fir grove (Kamchatka) on the east coast of Kamchatka is part of Kronotsky reserve... These are unusually slender beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, the trunk diameter is 20 - 25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell good. Botanists attribute the grandiose fir to the ancient (preglacial) vegetation.
Lake Khanka - large females in the Far East. Located 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width is up to 65 km, area is more than 4 thousand square meters. km, the average depth is about 4 m. About 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. On the lake, there is a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m in diameter, and a water nut.
Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) nature reserve (area of 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-deciduous forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and red deer, pheasants and hazel grouses live. A small part of the reserve (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the coast of the bay Xiaohe... Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees are 200-300 years old.
