Aviation Industry Leaders. Global trends in the development of aircraft manufacturing enterprises World civil aviation market

The world civil aircraft market is 90% "captured" by the American company Boeing and the European manufacturer Airbus. However, it seems that the hegemony of these companies will soon come to an end. Who is able to press these titans? Which companies and countries are going to get involved in the fight?

The civil aircraft market is a global growing market without national borders and at the same time is characterized by fierce competition from domestic manufacturers. Daunting technological challenges and high costs are the reason that only a small number of countries and a few large companies operate in the aircraft industry. Thus, competition in the aircraft manufacturer market is oligopolistic; dominated by several large international companies with a strong influence on the entire market.

The leaders of the civil aircraft industry in recent decades are Boeing(USA) and Airbus (EC), which occupy more than 90% of the global passenger aircraft market, however, the technological development of the industry and the emerging demand characteristics in the coming years will lead to the destruction of the already familiar duopoly of Western aircraft manufacturing giants. In this work, we deliberately do not include in the analysis the plight of the domestic aviation industry, which was the subject of another article by the author (Tolkachev S.A. The new look of the domestic aviation industry // Capital of the country, 09/01/2010.) the world market of civil airliners, where a place has been prepared for Russia in the backyard after the inglorious surrender of positions (in fact, as in the First World War) as a result of the collapse of the USSR and the socialist bloc in 1989-1991. One of the forms of indemnity for the alleged "defeat" of the USSR in the Cold War with the West was the surrender to the "winners" of the gigantic market of civil aircraft, estimated at that time at 40% of the world. As will become clear from further discussion, only on this "democratic" Russia, as the successor to the USSR, lost at least 1 trillion rubles in 20 years. dollars (!) or the total cost of oil exports for the same period. Therefore, to seriously approach the analysis of the world market of airliners with the participation of fragments of the mighty Soviet aircraft industry, which today timidly knocks on the door either with unfinished late Soviet developments (Tu-204, Tu-334, An-148), or with gineriks of Western models (Sukhoi Superjet 100, MS-21), I just don't want to.

1. The main segments of the civil aircraft market

All produced in the world civil aircraft, intended for the mass transportation of passengers, are divided into the following segments depending on the type of fuselage and flight range:

1) medium and long-haul wide-body aircraft:

The fuselage diameter is 5 to 6 meters. An airplane with two aisles in the cabin. There are usually from 7 to 10 passenger seats in a row. For comparison, in narrow-body aircraft, the fuselage diameter is usually 3-4 meters. In the passenger compartment of a wide-body aircraft, the seats are arranged in 3-5 rows. On average, a wide-body aircraft can take on board 300-500 people.

The following wide-body aircraft are currently in operation (Table 1):

Table 1. Main wide-body aircraft in service.

2) medium and long-haul narrow-body aircraft:

Fuselage diameter up to 4 meters. Compared to wide-body aircraft, narrow-body aircraft take on board a much smaller number of passengers and, as a rule, have a shorter flight range. The maximum passenger capacity is 289 people.

Narrow-body aircraft in particular include (Table 2):

• The Airbus A320 is the most massive European passenger jet aircraft.
• The Boeing 737 is the most massive passenger jet in the world.
• Il-62 is a narrow-body aircraft with the longest range.
• Tu-154 - the most massive Soviet passenger jet aircraft

Table 2. The main narrow-body aircraft in service.

3) regional aircraft:

Regional aircraft include even smaller aircraft. They carry up to 100 passengers over distances of up to 2-3 thousand kilometers. These aircraft can be equipped with both turboprop and turbojet engines. These aircraft include aircraft of the ERJ, CRJ, ATR, Dash-8 and SAAB families (Table 3).

Table 3. The main types of regional aircraft in service.

4) local planes:

The smallest class of passenger aircraft are local aircraft designed to carry a small number of passengers (from 20) over distances of up to 1000 kilometers. They are most often equipped with turboprop or piston engines. The most common aircraft of this class are produced by Cessna and Beechcraft.

For a better understanding, we present a comparative table 4, which includes all segments of civil aircraft.

Table 4. Segments of the passenger aircraft market and their projected capacity (natural and value) for the period 2005-2024.

2. The main companies participating in the civil aircraft market

The passenger aircraft market has historically been dominated by American and European manufacturers. Boeing and Airbus are the largest civil aircraft manufacturers in the world.

Airbus S.A.S (pronounced Airbus) - one of the largest aircraft manufacturing companies, produces the same name passenger, cargo and military transport aircraft... The company is headquartered in Toulouse, France. In 2001, according to French law, it was merged into a joint stock company or "S.A.S." (fr. Société par Actions Simplifiée - a simplified joint stock company). The sole shareholder of Airbus is EADS. Airbus employs about 50 thousand people and is mainly concentrated in four European countries ah: France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain. The final assembly of products is carried out at the company's factories in the cities of Toulouse (France) and Hamburg (Germany).

The lineup of civil Airbus aircraft began with a twin-engine A300 aircraft. The shortened version of the A300 is known as the A310. Building on the lack of success of the A300, Airbus began developing the A320 project with an innovative fly-by-wire control system. The A320 was a great commercial success for the company. The A318 and A319 are shortened versions of the A320 which, with some modifications, are offered by Airbus for the corporate jet market (AirbusCorporateJet). The extended version of the A320 is known as the A321 and competes with the later Boeing 737s.

Inspired by the success of the A320 family, Airbus decided to develop a family of even larger aircraft. This is how the twin-engine A330 and the four-engine A340 appeared. One of the key features of the new aircraft is the new wing design, it has a greater relative thickness, which increases its design efficiency and internal fuel volumes. The Airbus A340-500 has a range of 16,700 kilometers, the second longest range for commercial jet aircraft after the Boeing 777-200LR (range 17,446 km).

The company is particularly proud of its proprietary fly-by-wire technology, unified cockpit and on-board systems used in all in-house developed aircraft families; they make it much easier to train the crew and retrain to new models.

The latest development of the A350XWB company is designed to compete with new model Boeing - 787.

The boeing company- one of the world's largest manufacturers of aviation, space and military equipment.

The headquarters is located in Chicago (Illinois, USA).

The main production facilities of the company are located in the cities: Everett (Washington state), California, St. Louis (Missouri).

The company produces a wide range of civil and military aviation equipment, being, along with Airbus, the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world. In addition, Boeing manufactures a wide range of aviation space technology military (including helicopters), conducts large-scale space programs (for example, the CST-100 spacecraft).

The factories of the company are located in 67 countries of the world. The company supplies its products to 145 countries of the world. Boeing works with more than 5,200 suppliers in 100 countries.

In 2001, a division of Boeing International was formed, which controls the work of the company in 70 countries of the world, except for the US market, where it is responsible for the development and implementation of the company's global development strategy. It determines and evaluates the competitive advantages and opportunities in the host country for the development of intellectual resources and technologies, the development of partnerships and business.

3. Comparative characteristics of Airbus and Boeing production

The companies operate mainly in the segments of narrow-body and wide-body short- and medium-haul aircraft.

Below is a comparative characteristic of the production of certain aircraft models over the years.

• ? B-737 and A320. Medium-sized aircraft for medium-haul airlines, each type has many modifications. In recent years, A320s have been sold in higher volumes than Boeing products.

Table 5. Deliveries of Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 aircraft for 1988-2010

• B-747 and A380. High-capacity aircraft for medium to long haul airlines. Asian airlines, traditional users of the 747s, are the main customers of the A380. Currently, B-747s are produced in an amount of no more than 10 units per year, there are very few new orders for passenger cars (out of 99 ordered from the beginning of 2006, only 27 B-747s are passenger). At the same time, the portfolio of A380 orders since the beginning of 2006 has increased by 60 passenger airliners.
• B-767 and A330. The Airbus aircraft has proved to be more commercially successful in recent years.

Table 6. Deliveries of Airbus A330 and Boeing 767 aircraft for 1994-2009

• B-777 and A340. Both aircraft appeared at the same time, but due to the higher fuel efficiency of the B-777 and a number of other factors, the American company sold twice as many aircraft as their European competitors.

Table 7. Deliveries of Airbus A340 and Boeing 777 aircraft for 1993-2009

There are very few new orders for the A340. It is assumed that the A350 will compete with the B-777, but the development of the latter is still very far from completion.

Embraer (Empresa Brasileirade Aeronautica) Is a Brazilian aircraft manufacturer, one of the leaders in the world market for regional passenger aircraft. Headquartered in São Jose dos Campos, State of São Paulo.

Founded in 1969 as a state-controlled company. In the 1990s, it faced a serious crisis, after which it was completely privatized in 1994 (the state had only a "golden share" left, giving the opportunity to veto the supply of military aircraft).

The company specializes in regional airliners and produces commercial, corporate, military, agricultural aircraft. Production capacity concentrated in Brazil.

By 2010, the company was tied for third or fourth place with Canadian Bombardier among the largest suppliers of commercial airliners, behind Boeing and Airbus. In 2009, the company delivered more than 240 aircraft to commercial customers.

The number of personnel is 17 thousand people (2005).

Embraer jet - a family of twin-engine narrow-body medium-range passenger aircraft manufactured by the Brazilian company Embraer. Includes 4 modifications: E-170, E-175, E-190 and E-195... The E-Jet was first introduced at the Le Bourget Air Show in 1999. Mass production started in 2002.

Table 8. Deliveries of Embraer E-jet 190, 195 in the amount for 2005-2010, pcs.

Bombardier Inc. (Bombardier), a Canadian engineering company. It is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec.

The company was founded in Valcourt (Quebec) in 1942 under the name L´Auto-NeigeBombardierLimitée by Joseph-Armand Bombardier. The company has been engaged in aircraft manufacturing since the mid-1980s. In 2003, the company sold its Bombardier Recreational Products division, which was engaged in the production of snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, jet skis, motor boats concentrating on railway and aircraft engineering.

The company belongs to the world's largest manufacturers of business jets, regional aircraft, as well as railway equipment and trams. The main divisions of the company are the world's largest manufacturer of railway equipment Bombardier Transportation and Bombardier Aerospace, the third largest manufacturer of civil aircraft in the world after Boeing and Airbus. In 2008, Bombardier employed 59,800 people.

Bombardier Canadair RegionalJet (CRJ) is a family of regional passenger jet narrow-body aircraft. The plane made its first flight on May 10, 1991. CRJ-100 became the first aircraft of the modern level among 50-seater aircraft. In terms of speed, the aircraft can be compared with larger aircraft, while its efficiency is quite consistent with the class. The family consists of several modifications that differ in fuselage length and flight range: CRJ100, CRJ 200, CRJ 700, CRJ 900.

The CRJ 900 is designed to carry 88 passengers. The Bombardier CRJ 900 made its first flight on February 21, 2001. In addition to the standard one, there are several more versions of the aircraft - extended and for long-distance flights.

The Bombardier CRJ 1000 program was launched by Bombardier Aerospace on February 19, 2007. First flown in September 2008, the 100-seat CRJ1000 is the latest model in the Canadian Regional Jet family.

Table 9. Deliveries of Bombardier CRJ 900, 1000 aircraft for 2005-2010, pcs.

4. Forecasts of growth of the world market of civil aircraft

According to Airbus forecasts, in the next 20 years, airlines around the world will buy almost 25 thousand new long-haul aircraft for a total of 2.9 trillion. dollars. Of these, about 10 thousand will be required to replace the aging fleet, and another 15 thousand - to further increase the carrying capacity. Moreover, narrow-body airliners will be in the greatest demand. They will be sold about 18 thousand for 1.27 trillion. dollars, which will amount to 70% of the total volume of all deliveries in kind. As a result, by 2030 the global airline fleet will almost double and exceed 30,000 aircraft. The high demand for new aircraft is driven by the growing need to replace low-fuel efficiency airliners, as well as the dynamic development of new markets and an increase in passenger traffic on existing routes.

According to Boeing's forecast, the market value for new civil aircraft over the next 20 years will be 3.6 trillion. The growth of the market will be accompanied by the recovery of the world economy after the crisis and an increase in demand for new and more efficient aircraft. According to the current 2011 market review, by 2029 the market capacity will be 30,900 new passenger and cargo aircraft.

Table 10. Future market value (in 2009 prices) and aircraft deliveries by region by 2029

The table shows that in the long term, the volume passenger transportation will increase by 5.3% per year under the influence of economic growth in regions with a different structure of demand for aircraft. Narrow-body aircraft will continue to be the fastest growing segment of the global market, thanks to the explosive growth in the number of low-cost airlines, the development of new markets such as India, China and Southeast Asia, and continued volatility in fuel prices. The growth rate of the narrow-body aircraft segment has outpaced the wide-body segment for the past ten years. This gap will continue to widen as older generation aircraft are removed from the airline fleet.

The highest growth rates are observed in the Asia-Pacific region, in which China is the undisputed leader.

Today, this region provides about 1/3 of the world volume air transportation... As a result of the growth of this market, by 2029 the Asia-Pacific region will account for almost 43% of inbound, outbound and domestic traffic. China alone will need 4,300 new airliners over the next 20 years.

Local airlines will also be the most active buyers of wide-body aircraft, generating about 40% of total demand.

Another fast growing market is the Middle East, which has one of the highest air traffic growth rates in recent years. Middle East airlines have achieved rapid growth by taking advantage of their geographic location, region demographics, acquisition modern aircraft and well thought out investment and business development plans. To the Middle East for the period 2011-2029 2340 aircraft will be delivered.

More detailed data on the distribution of deliveries of various types of aircraft in the main regions is provided in the following table.

Table 11. Deliveries of aircraft by region in accordance with the size for 2011-2029.

5. Increased competition and the end of the duopoly

Now the total portfolio of firm orders of Airbus and Boeing for narrow-body aircraft is approaching 3 thousand units, which is only 16% of the forecast demand for these airliners for a twenty-year period. Thus, the world market for long-haul aircraft has all the prerequisites for the emergence of at least one more major player, which, under certain circumstances, may well press the giants of the world aircraft industry. The duopoly is slowly coming to an end. Of all the aircraft manufacturers in the world, the Canadians were the first to challenge the Big Two - Airbus and Boeing. Five years ago, Bombardier decided to begin development of the C-Series narrow-body aircraft, designed to carry 110-130 passengers. Initially, the implementation of this project was hampered by the intractability of aircraft engine manufacturers, who, according to some experts, under pressure from Airbus and Boeing, did not show any desire to create new engine modifications specifically for the new Bombardier aircraft. They motivated their decision by the narrowness of the sales market. But thanks to the efforts of the Canadian authorities and the position of Pratt & Whitney Canada, as well as the changed market situation, this problem was ultimately resolved. With financial support from the province of Quebec, Pratt & Whitney nevertheless developed a new family of Pure Power engines. These are exactly the units that Irkut will use on its MS-21. But unlike the MC-21 program, the C-Series project has already passed more than half the way. In the middle of last year, Bombardier presented working drawings of the SC100 test aircraft, and the final design of the left side of the aircraft fuselage was shown at the Saint-Laurent plant in Montreal. Now at this enterprise, the assembly of composite panels on the tail section of the liner is already in full swing.

The new aircraft should take off in 2012, and the first deliveries of the airliner to airlines are scheduled for 2013. But, despite all the advantages of the new liners, Bombardier cannot yet boast of a large portfolio of orders for them: the Canadians have only 90 firm contracts for the purchase of SC100 and the same number of options. The main customers for these aircraft are the Lufthansa Group, the Irish leasing company LCI and the American Republic Holdings. But Bombardier is pinning its hopes on the Chinese market. The Canadian company expects it to become the second largest commercial aviation market over the next 20 years. To achieve this goal, the company decided to partner with Chinese aircraft industries.

China has its own project to create a long-range narrow-body aircraft - C919. And this project is nothing more than China's long-term plan to destroy the Airbus-Boeing duopoly. The name of the model and its numerical code for the Chinese have a great symbolic meaning. The first number "9" can be interpreted as "a long time that needs to be spent on overcoming a difficult route", and "19" means that the first Chinese mainline aircraft will be able to carry 190 passengers. In addition to the basic version, the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC) has begun designing two more models - for 156 and 168 passengers.

Within a few months, COMAC expects to complete the overall technical design of the aircraft and select suppliers for all key systems. This process has been actively going on for the last year and a half.

COMAC plans that the first flight of the C919 should take place in 2014, and commercial operation of the liner will begin in 2016. In total, the Chinese intend to produce 2,500 new aircraft within 20 years. However, COMAC has not yet paid firm orders for С919. But there is no doubt that they will appear in the near future.

The expansion of three new mainline aircraft manufacturers into the market at once forced Airbus and Boeing to begin full-scale preparations to repel the attack. Airbus has decided to launch a re-engining program for the A320 family airliners, which, after being equipped with new engines, will be named NEO. The European concern intends to invest about 1 billion euros in this project. The new aircraft are supposed to be equipped with all the same engines of the LEAP-X and PurePower families. Moreover, Airbus intends to equip its modernized airliners with new wingtips, which will further reduce fuel consumption by 3-4%. Thus, the total fuel savings will be about 18%. The design of the A320 NEO airframe is 95% similar to the aircraft of this family currently in operation. The European concern only has to strengthen the wing and pylons. The re-engineered aircraft will hit the market in 2016 and will cost only $ 6 million more than their predecessors. In total, Airbus intends to sell about 4 thousand A320 NEOs. And it is possible that sooner or later this plan will be fulfilled. In a month and a half of sales, Airbus has already acquired three large customers. The starting customer of the A320 NEO was Virgin America, which signed a contract for the purchase of 30 aircraft. India's IndiGo and Malaysia's AirAsia soon followed suit, signing preliminary agreements to purchase more than 200 new aircraft. This led to the fact that the shares of EADS (parent company of Airbus) rose in price by 5% on the day. The company's management is confident that the residual value of the existing A320 models will not suffer much, but the newly-made competitors of the European concern will have a hard time.

Boeing saw the launch of the NEO project as a belated response to its Next Generation aircraft, which have been in production for over a decade. At the same time, Boeing intends to create a new family of aircraft in the near future to replace the existing versions of the Boeing 737 NG. The company understands the expectations of Airbus from the release of the new NEO model, but does not see the need for such airliners, the company's strategy, in accordance with the expectations of its customers, is aimed at designing a new aircraft.

Brazilian Embraer is also considering the possibility of creating a new mainline aircraft for 110-130 passengers. The company is waiting for Boeing to accept final decision about the release of their new liner, and even then they will think whether they should be engaged in a competing project.
***

The modern aviation industry is a global network of thousands of specialized suppliers of various components and manufacturing services located around the world, incl. and in Russia.

The current state of the aviation industry market is characterized by a stage of stabilization. It is characterized by an established mature market for the products of the relevant industry. This means that the aviation industry market is segmented:

• medium and long-haul wide-body aircraft;
• medium and long-haul narrow-body aircraft;
• regional aircraft;
• local planes.

An important feature of the state of the civil aircraft market today is the continuous increase in the role of innovation for achieving success: changing the situation in the external environment requires a revision of the role and place of innovation in the activities of companies. Analysis of the development trend of the world market in the XX century, revealed main feature: the development of the market is a continuous increase in volatility, instability and unpredictability.

The development strategies of the world's leading manufacturers of civil aircraft are based on continuous technological improvement of their products and reduction of operating costs of offered aircraft models, including fuel consumption and repair and maintenance costs, as well as the development of deep and long-term relationships with airlines by providing them with comprehensive support in operation. , modernization and renewal of the aircraft fleet. At the present stage, the range of products manufactured by Boeing and Airbus, as well as Embraer and Bombardier, is largely similar when compared in terms of such characteristics as size, range and cost of the aircraft.

Aircraft construction implies the design and creation of a full-fledged aircraft and its components. Few and very expensive products are subsequently used for both civilian and military purposes.

There is no doubt that the most convenient transport for travel is the plane. There is no need to talk about the importance of aircraft in the country's defense. All this makes the aircraft industry a priority and makes the largest aircraft building companies in the world a special category.

Aircraft giants

Almost all engineering products are used in the aircraft industry today. In addition, all innovative scientific and technical processes are undoubtedly used in it. It is logical to assume that if the state is able to locate such an industrial complex on its territory, this means its financial viability, the opportunity to show itself as a reliable business partner.

Direct aircraft rental can become interesting idea for a startup. A vivid example of such a business is described.

The constant development of the industry presupposes the use of supernovae information technologies (we are talking not only about the manufacture of aircraft, but also the component parts for them). From the economic point of view, these are, of course, certain and very serious financial investments. On the other hand, every state needs the aviation industry. This formulation of the question makes it necessary to help such enterprises from the state.

Below is a list of the ten largest aircraft manufacturers in the world. The Forbes rating is based on the market value of enterprises, which placed them in the top 10.

10th place: starting with Rolls-Royce Holdings

A division of a well-known company specializes in the production of engines for civil aviation... The organization has been working in the aircraft industry since 1904. For more than a century of history, the corporation has earned worldwide recognition and the desire to cooperate with foreign customers. In this regard, Russia is not lagging behind either: it is Rolls-Royce that offers to supply its engines for the future Russian-Chinese long-haul airliner.

The company employs 54,100 people. Annual revenue last year was $ 20.18 billion.

9th place: French company Thales

The $ 20.6 billion in capital value of this company is deservedly driven by the hard work that dates back to 1918. Today the organization is engaged in the production of aerospace information systems. Among the company's products are components for military aviation, electronics for fighters.

The organization is named after Thales of Miletus, an ancient Greek philosopher. Offices are located in more than 50 countries of the world, and the total staff of all employees working in it reaches 68,000 people. Sales revenue for 2016 was $ 16.5 billion.

8th place: British company BAE Systems plc

BAE Systems is essentially a British defense company that promotes its products in the aerospace industry. He works with foreign customers (mainly from the USA) through a subsidiary of BAE Systems Inc. A division of British Aerospace (BAe) works directly with the aerospace environment.

The organization actively lobbies its interests in the former Soviet republics. For example, since 2001, it owns 49% of the national Kazakh carrier Air Astana.

According to the latest data, the organization employs 88,200 people worldwide. The headquarters itself is located in London. Now about the financial component: in 2016, the corporation's revenue amounted to $ 24 billion.

7th place: French corporation Safran

Aerospace and aeronautical equipment are among several areas of this French industrial conglomerate. It mainly specializes in commercial and military engines, as well as the restoration and repair of jet engine models. There is also a turbo direction - turboshaft engines for helicopters and turbines for missiles. In addition, other components for aircraft and engines are manufactured.

In total, the enterprise employs 57495 people. Revenue for 2016 was $ 18.23 billion.

6th place: Northrop Grumman Corporation (NOC)

This corporation was founded in 1994 and united the Northrop Corporation and the Grumman Corporation. Aviation and space are not the only areas of its activity. As a technique for this, the company produces military fighters and even airships (Airlander 10).

Northrop Grumman Corporation generated revenue for 2016 in the equivalent of $ 24.51 billion. In total, this organization employs 67,000 people.

5th place: Raytheon

The top five starts with an American manufacturer, which earns more than 90% of its income from defense orders. The products are of a rather specific nature - these are radio-controlled missiles and guidance systems that make up space systems, guidance technologies.

The name Raytheon is interestingly translated - "Divine Ray", which is associated with the original production of ray tubes from 1922. Raytheon retrained into an aviation-related company during World War II. The project was the development of protection against attacks by Japanese kamikaze, which expanded into large-scale production.

Raytheon currently employs 63,000 people. Revenue for 2016 was $ 24.07 billion.

4th place: American General Dynamics

One of the giants in the production of military and aerospace technical arsenal is the fifth on the planet to conclude contracts related to the supply of aircraft for defense needs.

The organization is a supplier of the most powerful information systems, which include intercontinental missiles, satellite data processing systems and the like. For a long time, General Dynamics collaborated with NASA.

In addition to aerospace products, the company is also engaged in the production of naval and combat systems. The leading role here lies in the development of information technology. In total, the organization employs 98,800 employees, who provided revenue of $ 31.35 billion over the past 2016.

3rd place: bronze Dutchman Airbus Group (formerly EADS)

The organization is better known today under the name Airbus Group. It is the largest aerospace corporation in Europe, headquartered not only in the capital of Holland, but also in Paris and Ottobrunn.

The company is relatively young, formed by the merger of other large specialized organizations in 2000. EADS was renamed into Airbus Group only in 2013. At the same time, the management announced a restructuring, after which three divisions are expected: Airbus will deal with commercial aircraft construction, Airbus Helicopters will specialize in the production of helicopters, and Airbus Defense & Space will become a platform for the production of military and space technology.

The company's revenue for 2016 was $ 73.7 billion. The Airbus Group employs 133,000 people.

2nd Place: Lockheed Martin Silver Medalist

Lockheed Martin Corporation is a global company that specializes in the defense and space segment of the market. Notable examples of production include fighter-bombers (5th generation F-35) and F-22 class fighter models.

The main client of the company is the native American government, which generates approximately 82% of the company's revenue. The rest is provided by international contracts (work on the arms sales program). The number of commercial orders is only 1% of the revenue. The company's total profit for 2016 is $ 79.9 billion.

All in all, this organization employs 97,000 people. Headquartered in American state Maryland, in the city of Bethesda.

1st place: the undisputed leader of Boeing

The world's largest manufacturer is headquartered in Chicago. Specialization - the production of aviation, military and even space technology. The military arsenal is handled by the Boeing Integrated Defense Systems division, and the civilian direction is under the wing of Boeing Commercial Airplanes.

In addition, one of the largest aircraft manufacturing companies in the world produces a wide range of military equipment (including helicopters) and participates in large-scale space programs (an example is the CST-100, a spacecraft).

The company's capitalization is $ 108.9 billion, and last year's revenue was $ 94.6 billion. Today this structure employs 150,500 people. Factories operate in 67 countries of the world, and goods are supplied to 145 countries. And that's not all the numbers: more than 5,200 suppliers from 100 countries are partners of the organization.

Features of the aircraft industry

Initially, the aircraft industry was formed as a military sector. The release of civilian objects began to be thought about later. This made the aircraft industry monetized and gave certain specific features:

1. The production of military products is determined by the military orders of its own state and the possibilities of export world supplies.
2. The production of civil aircraft is entirely dependent on the receipt of national and world orders. Naturally, these figures can fluctuate greatly depending on demand.

The production of airliners may well become a domestic import substitution program. You can find out more information in this article.

A separate issue concerns the cost of production itself. It may be surprising that back in the mid-90s it was valued 4 times less than the automobile one, that is, only $ 250 billion. Everything can be explained simply: airplanes cannot be called a mass product, this is a piece production. The annual production of civil aviation facilities hardly exceeds the volume of 1000 units, the figures for the military structure may be even less, only 600 units per year.

The situation is a little saved by the well-established production of so-called light aircraft. The great demand for them is also due to the affordable price - from 20 to 80 thousand dollars. Most often, such products are used for educational, sports or business purposes.

The high science intensity of the entire process is also of great importance. Typically, the development of any aircraft (both military and civilian) can take from 5 to 10 years. High prices for the design and creation of aircraft objects are so high that few companies in the world can afford such activities:

Position in the Russian market

The leader of the domestic aircraft industry is the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). It was created in 2006 and united all the previously existing aircraft design organizations of the country.

The corporation's revenue is RUB 295 billion. During the work, more than 200 aircraft were delivered. In recent years, special emphasis has been placed on the development of the short-haul line Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ100). In 2016 alone, 34 deliveries of this aircraft model took place. To date, more than 50 such machines are in operation, and 13 of them are used outside Russia.

The aircraft industry in Russia can be considered as an object of the venture business. Read more about this concept.

Another promising direction of the UAC is the new generation MC21 medium-range airliners, the first flight tests of which took place last year. There is a demand for them: immediately after the tests, 175 orders and applications for the manufacture of such equipment were received. The UAC plans to produce 72 of these airliners per year.

10

10th place - Pakistan

The Royal Pakistani Air Force was formed in 1947. The Pakistani Air Force actively participated in the wars with India, and during the Afghan war intercepted Soviet and Afghan aircraft that invaded the country's airspace. Pakistan buys aircraft of mainly American and Chinese production. The Air Force has 65,000 soldiers and officers (including 3,000 pilots). The state has about 955 combat, transport and training aircraft.

9

9th place - Turkey

The Turkish Air Force was founded in 1911. By 1940, Turkey had the largest air force in the Middle East and the Balkan Peninsula. The Turkish Air Force participated in the invasion of Cyprus (1974) and military operations in the Balkans in the 1990s, and is also periodically involved in military operations within the country. The number of personnel is about 60,000 people. The development of its own fifth generation fighter TF-X is underway.

8

8th place - Egypt

The Egyptian Air Force was created on November 2, 1930 by the decree of King Fuad I. Egyptian aviation took an active part in the Arab-Israeli wars. In the 1950s-1970s, the armament consisted mainly of Soviet-made aircraft. After the severance of relations with the USSR, Egypt began to buy aircraft from the USA and France. The number of troops is about 40 thousand people.

7

7th place - France

Created as part of the French army in 1910. The French Air Force actively participated in the First and Second World Wars. After the German occupation of the country in 1940, the national air force split into the Vichy Air Force and the Free French Air Force. The main manufacturer of aviation equipment is Dassault Aviation. She is engaged not only in the creation of military types of aircraft, but also regional and business class. The second largest Airbus company S.A.S manufactures cargo, military transport and passenger vehicles.

6

6th place - South Korea

The main weapons are American-made aircraft and helicopters, but the government South Korea significant efforts are being made to organize the production of their military equipment and reduce military-economic dependence on the United States. There is also a certain amount of Russian, British, Spanish and Indonesian aircraft in service. In terms of the number of aviation equipment and the number of personnel, the South Korean Air Force is more than twice inferior to the North, but it is armed with more modern technology, and the average flight time of pilots is higher. Since 1997, female cadets have been enrolled in the Air Force Academy. The number of the composition is about 65 thousand people.

5

5th place - Japan

The Japan Air Self-Defense Force was established in 1954. Until the end of World War II, aviation was directly subordinate to the imperial army and navy of Japan. It was not singled out as a separate type of troops. After the Second World War, during the formation of the new armed forces, the Air Self-Defense Forces of Japan were formed, which were armed with aircraft manufactured by the United States. After the US refused to sell the fifth-generation F-22 fighter to Japan in 2007, the Japanese government decided to build the Mitsubishi ATD-X, its own fifth-generation aircraft. On this moment the number of personnel is 47 123 people.

4

4th place - India

The Indian Air Force was created on October 8, 1932, and the first squadron appeared on April 1, 1933. They played an important role in the fighting on the Burmese front during World War II. In 1945-1950, the Indian Air Force wore the prefix "royal". Indian aviation took an active part in the wars with Pakistan, as well as in a number of smaller operations and conflicts. For 2017, the number of personnel is 127,000 people.

3

3rd place - China

The PLA Air Force was established on November 11, 1949, following the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the civil war. The Soviet Union played an important role in their creation and armament. Since the mid-1950s, the production of Soviet aircraft began at Chinese factories. The Great Leap Forward, the severance of relations with the USSR and the Cultural Revolution caused serious damage to the Chinese Air Force. Despite this, the development of its own combat aircraft began in the 1960s. After the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR, China began modernizing its Air Force, purchasing multifunctional Su-30 fighters from Russia and mastering the licensed production of Su-27 fighters. Later, China canceled the contract for the supply of Russian fighters and began to produce its own aircraft based on the acquired know-how. The number of personnel is 330,000 people.

2

2nd place - Russia

Since 1998, they have been a new type of the Russian Armed Forces, formed as a result of the unification of the Air Force (Air Force) and the Air Defense Forces (Air Defense). The basis of the combat strength of the Air Force is made up of air bases and brigades of aerospace defense forces. During the war, 44,093 pilots were trained. Killed in battles 27,600: 11,874 fighter pilots, 7,837 attack pilots, 6,613 bomber crew members, 587 reconnaissance pilots and 689 auxiliary pilots. After the collapse of the USSR in December 1991, the USSR Air Force was divided between Russia and other former Soviet republics. As a result of this division, Russia received approximately 40% of the equipment and 65% of the personnel of the Soviet Air Force, becoming the only state in the post-Soviet space with long-range strategic aviation. Many planes were transferred from the former Soviet republics to Russia. Some were destroyed. In particular, 11 new Tu-160 bombers located in Ukraine were dismantled in cooperation with the United States.

In January 2008, Air Force Commander-in-Chief A. N. Zelin called the state of Russia's aerospace defense critical. In 2009, purchases of new aircraft for the Russian Air Force approached the level of purchases of aircraft of the Soviet era. The fifth-generation PAK FA fighter is being tested; on January 29, 2010, its first flight took place. The 5th generation fighters are planned to enter the troops in 2020. The number of personnel is 148 thousand people.

1

1st place - USA

In terms of the number of personnel and the number of aircraft, they are the largest air forces in the world. The United States Air Force was formed in its current form on September 18, 1947, shortly after the end of World War II. Up to this point, they were part of the US Army. The number of personnel is 329,638 people.

The United States Air Force provides high mobility to the American military. In this component, no army in the world comes close to the United States. The Air Force is a special type of force for the United States, which includes two components of the strategic triad at once: intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and strategic aviation. It is the US Air Force that is a kind of pole of attraction for most of the innovations that Americans are actively using in the military industry.

Beneficially influenced her aviation market... The demand for new aircraft has perceptibly revived, since one of the main problems of airlines continues to be an outdated fleet of equipment. It is expected that in the coming years more than 1000 aircraft of European and domestic (including those produced in the CIS countries) production will be purchased.

The leaders of the world aircraft production (Airbus and Boeing) predict two types of development of air passenger transportation. According to the vision of Airbus specialists, the hub-and-spoke model will be implemented, which essentially means the following. From the airports of the regions, by medium and small planes, passengers get to a large junction center, from where long-distance flights are carried out to similar centers of the world.

Boeing analysts see a different path of development, offering a point-to-point model, that is, the passenger gets to the destination with minimal transfers. Both companies have presented to the market long-haul aircraft projects that allow implementing the proposed models for the development of air travel.

The Russian aviation market implements both models. Within the country, the number of point-to-point flights will inevitably increase, and international flights will be carried out via hub-and-spoke. Already, the demand for wide-body aircraft is growing, and the demand for long-distance international flights, according to experts, will grow in the next 15-18 years up to 5% annually. Growth of incomes of citizens, liberalization of transport laws and cheaper services will affect the domestic aviation market, which will also grow.

The situation for now and the near future

As of today, there are about two hundred airlines operating in Russia. However, by 2025, a maximum of a couple of dozen successful ones will remain. Small regional companies continue to go bankrupt, as their main steam is made up of obsolete (still Soviet) aircraft that have practically exhausted their flight life. But such companies cannot afford to buy new equipment and will have to leave the aviation market.

Only large network carriers can look forward to future success. They still work successfully today, have established networks of routes that are profitable and familiar to passengers, and have programs for updating the fleet of cars. Among the successful airlines that represent the country's aviation market are Aeroflot, S7, UTair, AiRUnion, Transaero and some others. The share of passenger traffic each by 2020 will be at least 10 million people annually. It is possible that close companies may consolidate in the future, which will allow them to get considerable advantages and profitably purchase new aircraft.

Already now, the most successful Russian airlines are abandoning the secondary aircraft market, purchasing the latest developments of aircraft manufacturers on a par with the world's leading airlines. The only drawback for the aviation market and the domestic economy as a whole is that the Russian aviation industry will not be able to present a decent competitive aircraft for medium-haul flights earlier than in 10-12 years (with the exception, perhaps, of the Sukhoi SuperJet).

How the regional air transportation market will change

It is in the domestic aviation market of regional transportation that many specialists see the future of aviation. The railway remains the main competitor here: it is cheaper, simpler, no passport and face control are required, no advance registration is required. However, it is expected that over time, the price of air tickets will become closer to the railway and more affordable, and security measures will be tightened at the stations. Of course, even a rise in price train tickets will leave their positions 20-30% more profitable, but the absolute advantage of the railway will go away.

If it becomes not much more convenient to use the train than to go through the plane control, and the ticket prices are comparable, then many passengers will eventually prefer planes. Their undoubted advantage in travel speed to the desired place is undeniable. From that moment on, air transportation by small planes over short distances will spur the Russian aviation market when half-forgotten flights between neighboring cities and regions return.

It is hoped that the expected gigantic potential of the domestic air transportation market will prevent the authorities from giving it over to foreign carriers. Today, they have no access to the domestic Russian aviation market; there is an agreement at the intergovernmental level that regulates air transportation between Russia and other countries. The number of flights is clearly recorded and even a specific carrier from the country is determined. The leading position is occupied by Aeroflot, which has the authority of a carrier on most foreign routes. However, after joining the WTO, it will not be easy for him to maintain his position.

General characteristics of the world market

The growth outlook for the civil aviation market is highly dependent on rising jet fuel prices and the CAGR of the global economy and trade. With an average annual growth rate of the world economy in 2007-2025. At the level of 3.1% per year, the average annual growth in the volume of air passenger traffic for the same period will be 4.9%, and freight traffic - 6.1%. Then, according to the forecast estimates of the Boeing Co firm, the volume of the market for new civil aircraft in 2007-2025. will be about 2.6-2.8 trillion. dollars. In the period up to 2025, airlines will need approx. 28,600 new passenger and cargo aircraft. The global fleet of civil aircraft will more than double, from 17,330 aircraft (2005) to about 36,000 (2025). Basically, these will be narrow-body (100-240 passengers) and wide-body (200-400 passengers) aircraft. 9,580 new airliners will replace less efficient aircraft being removed from the companies' fleets. Most of them will be decommissioned, but 2,220 passenger liners will be converted into cargo aircraft... In addition, the airlines will receive 770 new cargo planes.

The aircraft in this segment, such as the Boeing-787 and Boeing-777, will allow airlines to successfully develop by operating more flights to more airports, which meets the needs of passengers. Boeing-747 and larger aircraft will be actively operated on routes connecting Asian countries with other regions, as well as on transatlantic routes. According to forecasts, there will be a steady demand in the market for large-capacity cargo aircraft due to their high efficiency, reliability, flight range and excellent load factors.

The number of aircrafts with 30-60 seats in operation in the world by 2015 will slightly exceed 2000 units available in 2005, and by 2025 it will amount to 2500 units. At the same time, the number of cars for 61-90 passenger seats will increase from the current 700 to 1700 in 2015 and 3300 in 2025. The fastest growing demand will be for cars with a capacity of 91 to 120 passengers. If in 2005 there were just over 700 of them in the world's airlines, then by 2015 the fleet of such aircraft will increase to 2,500, and by 2025 - to 3,800 units. In total, by 2025, 7,950 aircraft with a capacity of 30-120 passengers will be sold in the world for about $ 180 billion.

The business jet market is booming and will continue to expand over the medium term. In 2005, 737 business jets were sold in the world, 850 were delivered in 2006, and in 2007 (according to preliminary estimates) the expansion of sales approached the level of 1000 aircraft. For the period 2008-2010 the total volume of orders is estimated at 3.1-3.4 thousand aircraft. The main customers will be North American companies (61% of orders), which are to renew their fleet of business jets by 23%. Stable demand is expected from European countries, and it will expand as a result of rising incomes of the population of Russia and Eastern Europe. By 2011-2012. orders from Asia, Africa and the Middle East are forecast to jump (up to 50% compared to current levels).

In total, in the period from 2007 to 2025, about 24,000 business jets will be produced in the world.

According to the forecast of Boeing Co., by 2026 the airlines will acquire:

3,700 regional aircraft (with a capacity of less than 90 passengers);

17,650 narrow-body aircraft (90-240 passengers in a two-class layout);

6,290 wide-body aircraft (200-400 passengers with a three-class layout);

960 aircraft of the Boeing-747 class and larger capacity (more than 400 passengers with a three-class layout).

Geography of world production and consumption

The global civil aircraft market is currently provided mainly by the products of four companies: the mainline aircraft market is the sphere of interests of Boeing (USA) and Airbus (EU), and the overwhelming majority of regional aircraft supplies are provided by Bombardier (Canada), Embraer (Brazil) and ATR ( Italy). Positions in the specified market of other aircraft manufacturing enterprises of the world, including Russian ones, can be characterized as starting ones at the moment.

In 2006, the world leaders of the civil aviation industry produced ~ 820 long-haul and ~ 250 regional aircraft of all types.

The largest market in the period 2006-2025 will be the countries of the Asia-Pacific region - 36% of the total amount of 2.8 trillion. dollars, which is due to the significant demand for wide-body airliners in the region. Airlines from North America will account for 28% of purchases, Europe - 24%. The remaining 12% are for customers in Latin America, the Middle East and Africa.

An additional operational factor for the Asian market in comparison with the American and Western European is the presence of large passenger flows with a short length of air lines. With a large market volume, this feature can lead to the appearance of modifications or types of aircraft designed specifically for the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

The number of countries producing aviation equipment is expected to expand. The traditional players of the long-haul aircraft market, the aviation industry of Europe, the American corporation Boeing, will face competition from Russian (UAC), Asian manufacturers (AVIC-I, Mitsubishi HI), as well as projects of long-haul aircraft created by companies that are traditional representatives of the regional and business markets. aviation (by Bombardier and Embraer). The regional jet aircraft market will also acquire a multipolar supply due to falling into the sphere of interests of the aviation industry of developing countries. In addition to traditional players such as Embraer and Bombardier, currently dividing the market almost on par, in the near future the Russian SSJ-100 and Chinese ARJ-21 may enter the market.

New products and technologies

The main trends in the technological development of civil aviation for the period up to 2025 include the following areas:

development of environmentally friendly power plants (ensuring a margin of 15 EPNdB for noise, as well as a 20% reduction in emissions of harmful substances);

improvement of the expenditure characteristics of civil aviation aircraft (on average by 20%);

improvement of airframe aerodynamics (search for alternative layouts, implementation of the concept of the load-bearing fuselage);

implementation of the concept of an all-electric aircraft (development of engines with an integrated electric generator, electric control systems for aerodynamic surfaces, an autonomous air conditioning system, electromechanisms for landing gear retraction and release, and re-standardization of the on-board electrical system);

"Black plane" - a constructive and technological solution to the problems of manufacturing an aircraft structure from light composite materials (for example, with carbon reinforcement);

the use of nanotechnology for controlling the boundary layer, solving problems of increasing the strength of structures (nanomaterials), interactive diagnostics and taking readings of pressure, temperature, deformations, etc., (nanosensors);

global introduction of digital flight and navigation aids using satellite navigation systems.